胶州湾沉积环境演变的分析

从剖析表征沉积环境演变的生物学、地质动力学以及地球化学指示因子入手,系统总结了近年来胶州湾沉积环境演变研究的进展,揭示了诸如有孔虫、沉积物粒度、生源要素、污染物及有机质等众多指示因子以及它们的相关组合与环境演变的关系。综合分析表明,胶州湾沉积速率较低,属于缓慢淤积的海湾,是一个典型的潮汐汊道系统。胶州湾的沉积环境演变分为4个阶段:陆相、三角洲沼泽相、海陆过渡相和海湾相。在过去的50 a中,特别是近20 a来,由于受人类活动与工业排污的影响,胶州湾的沉积环境发生了显著的变化,海域面积大大减少,陆源输入已经成为胶州湾沉积物的主要来源,沉积速率不断增加,局部海域特别是河口附近污染加重。这些变化都是通过各种生物、地质动力和地球化学因子来综合体现的。     

黄渤海沿岸海湾—溺谷型潮汐汊道的地貌结构

本文以丁字湾等基岩海湾为例，论述了黄渤海沿岸海湾－溺谷型潮汐汊道的地貌结构，尤其着重于口门段深槽及涨、落潮三角洲。认为涨、落潮三角洲的发育状况与入湾河流的供沙量、纳潮水域容量、波浪作用、潮差以及口外海域的开阔程度有关；泻湖型潮汐汊道的落潮三角洲的典型模式可以应用于海湾－溺谷型潮汐汊道，但涨潮三角洲因受基岩海湾的复杂岸线的限制而不能充分发育。本文还讨论了海湾型潮汐汊道与半开敞海湾在动力和形态中的差异     

黄渤海沿岸潮汐汊道的P－A关系

本文计算了１５个潮汐汊道的大潮潮棱体Ｐ及平均海面下口门最小过水断面积Ａ之间的回归方程式。黄渤海沿岸潮汐汊道的天然状态下的Ｐ－Ａ关系为：Ａ＝０．０８４５Ｐ１．０２０。Ｐ与Ａ不仅具有密切的相关性，还有相当大的离散性，这主要与潮汐汊道所获取的泥沙丰度及潮汐汊道的发育阶段有关。与南海、东海沿岸Ｐ－Ａ关系的对比表明，中国海和海区Ｐ－Ａ关系中的常数Ｃ和ｎ差别不大。研究也表明，泻湖型和海湾－溺谷湾型两种潮汐汊道可求得统一的Ｐ－Ａ关系。但与滨临深水区的半环抱形海湾不同。后者主要因为没有较充裕的泥沙供应及海湾水域较为开敞，而不应列入潮汐汊道的范畴。     

泉州湾水体结构的潮周期变化

泉州湾6个站点的观测数据显示：内湾涨潮流历时由底层向表层逐渐变短,而落潮流历时则逐渐变长;同时,各个站点实测的盐度水深结构也具有明显的潮周期变化特征,这可能与局地水体的层化和混合机制的交替变化密切相关．进一步定量分析S2站位上影响水体结构变化的四种机制发现：外湾的河口环流作用与潮汐张力、风混合以及潮汐混合作用相比要小一个量级．在一般天气条件下的大潮周期,潮汐混合与潮汐张力相互竞争是导致水体结构交替变化的根本原因;小潮周期由于潮流混合作用减弱,水体层化现象得以持续较长时间,风的搅动在特定时刻可以起到削弱层化结构的作用．     

柘林湾多口门潮汐汊道动力地貌的演变

潮汐汊道是连接内湾和外海、维持港口通航和水体交换的枢纽,其演变特征是整个澙湖、海湾地貌体系研究的基础。选取典型多汊型潮汐汊道系统——柘林湾为研究对象,以实测资料和历年海图、地形图为基础,结合SELFE(semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian finite-element)模型,研究多汊型潮汐汊道水动力结构、泥沙运动及自然和人类活动影响下的演变特征。结果显示,20世纪70年代澄饶大联围之前,共享柘林湾125km2纳潮水域的5个汊道同时维持稳定;围垦工程后,西侧2个汇潮口门封闭,纳潮面积减少50%,导致湾内动力减弱,韩江来沙中断,湾外浅滩冲刷,泥沙向湾内输送,30多年来三百门水道显著淤积,小金门稳定,大金门冲淤调整,小门水道淤积不稳。围垦工程后小金门水道的纳潮面积变化甚少,水动力及输沙仍为落潮占优,汊道环流发育,汊道断面冲淤微调,维持稳定;大金门汊道所控制的纳潮面积减小1/3,口门涨、落潮流速不对称性减弱,汊道冲淤调整;小门水道纳潮面积剧减一半以上,汊道延长弯曲,大金门与小门水道的环流结构加剧了该汊道的淤积和不稳定。     

胶州湾沉积环境与潮汐汊道演化特征

研究了胶州湾沉积物输运格局，沉积速率和潮汐汊道演化特征，结果表明，胶州湾口门水道内的悬沙净输运是从湾内指向湾外，湾内水体悬沙浓度终年较低，胶州湾的泥沙来源较少，沉积速率较低。历史上的围垦活动虽造成了纳潮量的减少，但口门过水断面面积并未减小。胶州湾是一个地貌演化缓慢，口站过水断面面积小于均衡状态面积的汊道系统。今后，可应用沉积动力学等方法确定维持港口和航道资源所需的纳潮量，结合纳潮海湾的环境保护和生态建设，定量地确定胶州湾的围垦潜力。     

福清湾北部及其以东近岸海域沉积环境和沉积特征

本文对福清湾北部及其以东近岸海域的地质地貌，潮流和波浪等沉积环境因素，以及对沉积物和悬浮泥沙的粒度，矿物特征进行研究，认为福清湾为溺谷型的半封闭潮汐汊道海湾存在着较大的潮差和潮流流速，沉积物沿潮流方向呈东粗西细和岸边细、向海变粗的潮流分异特征，潮流控制着沉积物的布局，而属于潮控的浅海沉积环境。     

胶东半岛南部典型海湾地貌过程对滩涂养殖的响应

应用3S技术和海湾涨/落潮不对称原理,研究了最近40年来胶东半岛南部四个典型潮汐汊道海湾的动力地貌演变,分析了大面积修建养殖池对海湾地貌过程的影响。结果表明,最近30年来4个海湾的海岸地貌类型面积、空间分布格局、地貌类型转换、地貌结构和地貌冲淤状态发生了显著改变。在大面积养殖池被围建以前的1960s年代末到1980s年代初,丁字湾处于涨潮不对称状态但不对称程度增高,乳山湾、五垒岛湾和靖海湾也处于涨潮不对称状态但不对称程度在降低。最近30年来的大面积滩涂养殖池修建,使丁字湾由不断增强的涨潮不对称向落潮不对称状态逆转,使五垒岛湾、靖海湾由涨潮不对称向落潮不对称状态的转化提前,使乳山湾由涨潮不对称向落潮不对称状态的转化延缓。     

钦州湾悬浮泥沙特征北大核心CSCD

钦州湾由于湾内外特殊的海洋动力、泥沙来源和地形地貌条件,导致海湾悬浮泥沙特性存在较大差异。通过2007年和2010年钦州湾13个站位的实测悬浮泥沙含沙量数据,总结了钦州湾的泥沙来源,分析了钦州湾悬浮泥沙的空间分布特征、运移趋势和输沙能力。研究结果表明,钦州湾泥沙主要来自河流输沙、海向来沙及岸滩侵蚀;水体含沙量最大值空间分布整体表现出"外湾>内湾>湾颈"的特点,平均值由内湾到外湾逐渐减小;水体垂向平均含沙量最大值出现层位不同,内湾表底层平均含沙量趋于一致,但中层略大,而外湾由表层至底层存在渐进变化;潮流强度、地形特征及泥沙来源是影响悬浮泥沙空间分布的主要因素;悬浮泥沙输运主要受潮流控制,输沙强度呈"湾颈>外湾>内湾"特点,总体输沙趋势由湾顶向湾外、沿落潮流由北向南输运。     

近70年胶州湾水动力变化的数值模拟研究

采用无结构三角形网格海洋模式FVCOM,基于胶州湾不同年代的岸线和水深地形条件,建立胶州湾及其邻近海域各年代的三维潮汐潮流数值模型,从数值模拟角度分析和比较胶州湾不同年代纳潮量、潮汐潮流、水交换率等水动力参数的变化。结果表明:随着胶州湾水域总面积不断缩小,纳潮量在逐渐减小,2008年全湾的纳潮量相对于1935年减少了31.5%,约合3.9×108 m3;海湾流场结构变化很小,流速呈减小趋势;胶州湾欧拉余流"团团转"的多涡结构基本保持不变,最大值都发生在团岛附近;海湾的水交换能力趋弱,对整个胶州湾水体的半交换时间进行海湾平均,不同年代5套岸线下海湾的水体半交换时间分别是37.0 d,36.7 d,39.2 d,39.7 d和40.8 d。     

Physical oceanography of Rangaunu Harbour,Northland, New Zealand

Current meter, current drogue, salinity, temperature, and tidal elevation observations from Rangaunu Harbour are presented. The flow is dominated by the tides, the ebb tide in general being stronger than the flood. The time of high tide is increasingly delayed with distance from the open ocean. High tide at the head of the harbour lags about an hour behind that at the mouth. The phase of the flow relative to that of the elevation is less than that for a frictionless system. This difference from a quarter of a tidal period results from tidal energy dissipation and probably varies through the spring‐neap tidal cycle. The outer harbour has essentially coastal water which is exchanged each tide. Residence time of the inner harbour waters and the inner harbour shallows (where evaporation is sufficient to raise the salinity) is several days.     

Breaking of a tidal internal wave on a steep shelf as inferred from temperature measurements

The structure, evolution, and breaking of a tidal internal wave on a steep shelf are discussed on the basis of the data of temperature measurements. The bottom slope at the measurement site is close to the critical slope for a tidal wave. The tidal wave and other waves are inclined coastward. The tidal-wave amplitude increases monotonically with increasing horizon depth. The tidal wave is nonlinear in amplitude and turns over on the outer shelf. On the inner shelf, the internal wave is close in shape to rectangular and generates harmonics of its own. The harmonics make the tidal wave steeper and form solitary rises similar to bilateral bores. All these features ensure a more rapid sink for the internal-tide energy.     

水团相互作用与东海高密水环流的演变

本文利用水文和海流观测资料，从水团相互作用去研究东海高密水及其环流的演变。获得如下一些结果：东海高密水冬季形成于东海中部陆架混合水中，入春以后水团挤压，高密水显得更为突出，入秋后高密水变性，东海中部陆架混合水重新形成；东海高密水核心区可形成气旋环流，从冬到秋经历了一个弱—强—弱的演变过程。海流观测结果证实这个环流是存在的；在东海高密水南侧存在较明显的密度锋，从冬到秋它也经历了一个弱—强—弱的演变过程；水团分析发现，各种与主体分离的混合水从春到夏可在高密水核心周围组合成一个环，从而进一步印证了这个高密水环流的存在     

NotesBenthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out. The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth. Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough. From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough, benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages: (1) Continental shelf break assemblage, dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus, corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (2) upper continental slope assemblage, dominated by Cassidulina carinata , Globocassidulina subglobosa, corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (3) intermediate continental slope assemblage, dominated by Uvigerina hispi-da, corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline; (4) lower continental slope- trough b     

基于船载ADCP观测的红沿河核电站周边海域潮流–余流的分离计算

基于红沿河核电站取水口周边海域3个不同断面的船载ADCP短期重复走航观测资料,采用传统调和分析方法和L曲线方法对该资料进行潮流–余流分离计算,并通过对比潮流特征、分析水团运动和余流流向的关系,以及对分离后的潮流与余流进行回报,验证L曲线方法对观测时间较短、重复次数不多的走航ADCP资料进行潮流分离的合理性与有效性。结果表明:(1)应用L曲线方法分离的潮流特征与以往的观测结果较为一致,该方法可有效分离半日潮流与全日潮流,但本文采用的数据长度小于1个典型全日潮周期长度,故整个全日潮族以及区内流场动力方面的分析结果尚存不合理之处,还需采用观测时间较长、重复次数较多的走航观测资料改进;(2)分离后的余流近岸向南、离岸向北的分布,符合观测海域的温盐要素分布,余流结果具有合理性;(3) L曲线方法的回归值与实测瞬时流速线性拟合的相关程度较高,均方根误差为6 cm/s左右,相对误差百分比约为10%。该方法可拓展并推广到近海其他关键断面走航流速观测的潮流分离中,以获得流速特征与物质输运通量等重要信息。     

广东流沙湾4个测站2个周日潮流观测的准调和分析

采用短期资料的潮流准调和分析方法,对水深为4.4～17.0 m的流沙湾4个测站2个周日潮流观测获得的表、中、底层的潮流资料进行了分析,分别计算了4个测站O1、K1、M2、S2、M4、MS4共6个主要分潮的潮流调和常数,并给出了各观测站位在各层的潮流椭圆要素.计算结果表明：流沙湾主要为日潮流海区,其中湾外为规则日潮流,湾内为不规则日潮流;湾外主要分潮流的北分量一般大于东分量,而湾内主要分潮流的北分量一般小于东分量.观测期间余流的流向主要呈西北向,最大余流流速出现在湾内地形突然收窄处,且在湾内中层余流流速要大于表、底层余流流速.整个海区潮流的可能最大流速表层在57～107 cm/s之间,中层在53～106 cm/s之间,底层在34～98 cm/s之间.流沙湾湾外潮流主要为顺时针的旋转流运动,湾内为带有旋转流的往复流运动.     

Benthic foraminiferal distribution in surface sediments along continental slope of the southern Okinawa Trough: dependance on water masses and food supply

Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out.The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth.Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modern shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough.From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough,benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages:(1) Continental shelf break assemblage,dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus,corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(2) upper continental slope assemblage,dominated by Cassidulina carinata,Globocassidulina subglobosa,corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current;(3) intermediate continental slope assemblage,dominated by Uvigerina hispida,corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline.     

一个潮流不对称计算方法及其在北仑河口的应用

河口近岸海域潮流不对称对于物质输运、地形地貌变化有重要作用,因此研究河口近岸海域潮流不对称具有重要的意义。从统计学角度出发推导了一种潮流不对称的计算方法,并将该方法应用于全日潮类型的北仑河口。研究认为:从三阶原点矩出发推导的计算方法能够合理的量化潮流不对称;潮流不对称的方向由分潮的相对相位决定,不同分潮对潮流不对称的影响大小由其相对振幅和相对相位共同决定;在正规全日潮海区,三阶原点矩即可满足对潮流不对称的计算。北仑河口潮流表现为落潮流速占主导,潮流不对称空间上表现为口门强于外海,浅滩强于深槽。     

The morphology and evolution of tidal sand bodies in the macrotidal Gulf of Khambhat,western India

Tidal sand bars and tidal sand ridges are extensively developed in the macrotidal Gulf of Khambhat, offshore western India. The inner and outer regions of the gulf are characterised by the development distinct tidal sand bodies with discrete geometries and dimensions. The outer gulf ridges are long, narrow, curvilinear and several metres high (∼20 m). They are asymmetric in cross-section and migratory in nature, forming ‘ribbon’ like sand bodies separated by tidal channels. Active dunes on these ridges indicate the presence of sand and their orientation parallel to palaeo-shorelines supports a tidal origin. In contrast to the outer gulf tidal sand ridges, sand bars associated with macrotidal estuaries flanking the Gulf of Khambhat typically have an elongate to diamond shape and are only hundreds of metres in width and a few kilometres length. These tidal sand bars occur in the estuary mouths and within the tidally influenced fluvial reaches of the rivers flowing into the gulf. The height of these sand bars is in the range ∼1–3 m. Due to high tidal ranges and bi-directional flow the sand bars do not develop significant height and are formed between the mutually evasive ebb and flow channels. Their bi-directional foresets and the presence of abundant mud drapes associated with the dunes within in-channel sand bars indicate a tidal origin.The Gulf of Khambhat acquired the present configuration in the last few thousand years since the Pleistocene sea-level lowstand (last glacial maximum, ∼18 ka) when the entire continental shelf was subaerially exposed and rivers down-cut into the coastal plain. With increasing sea-level rise, the exposed shelf was drowned, flooding parts of the Modern western Indian peninsula, and large tidal sand ridges formed in the outer gulf. After the fall of sea-level at 2 ka the gulf acquired the Modern configuration with multiple estuaries on both coastlines, rivers supplied the embayment with sandy sediment, and tidal sand bars formed in the Modern estuaries.Quantitative data gathered from the Modern Gulf of Khambhat indicates that for the P50 case, a vertical drill hole will encounter tidal sand bodies (ridges and bars combined) of approximate dimensions 1700 m long, 470 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a spacing of 400 m. In subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs, where data is sparse and only limited amount of core is available, this quantitative dataset can be useful to constrain subsurface geocellular models. Also, the overall geometry, distribution and aspect ratio of the tidal sand ridges and tidal sand bars can be used to identify ancient counterparts through seismic geomorphology or in core.     

珠江伶仃河口湾及邻近内陆架的纵向环流与物质输运分析

根据实测资料分析了珠江伶仃河口湾与邻近内陆架在不同径流影响下的水体混合空间状态和季节变化特征。主要由河口湾表、中层冲淡水和内陆架底层上溯的高盐补偿流构成了河口湾和内陆架之间的净环流,在高径流量和西南大风的情况下,环流下移向内陆架扩展增强。计算表明,7月纵断面上的净环流输运是盐分纵向净通量的控制因素,输运方向指向上游,而其余季节则以向海的净平流输运为主。悬沙净通量主要受净平流及潮抽吸输运控制,潮抽吸输运强度与大小潮有较密切关系。