硅的生物地球化学过程的研究动态

陆地物质不断地随河流等载体输入海洋 ,经过海洋几千万种的生物吸收后 ,一起随海洋生物沉降到海底 ,展现了物质从陆地到海底的迁移过程。为了研究这个动态过程 ,本文通过海洋中硅藻的特性和迁移 ,阐述了硅的生物地球化学过程。并与氮、磷进行比较分析 ,讨论了海洋中营养盐的限制和水华产生的原因 ,并认为海洋在生态系统中保持着营养盐和浮游植物的动态平衡。１海洋中硅藻是浮游植物的优势种浮游植物是水生环境中从无机到有机物质转换的主要承担者 ,即主要的初级生产者。它们的变化直接影响着食物链中其他各环节的变化。因此 ,研究浮游植物的…     

十年来我国海洋浮游植物的研究

解放十年来我国海洋浮游植物的研究工作在党的正确领导与大力扶持下发展得非常迅速。解放前不过只几个人做了一些海洋浮游植物分类的工作。现在我们已有了一大批为国民经济及海防建设服务的海洋浮游植物科学工作者。他们正在祖国沿海各地广泛地进行着海洋浮游植物分类和生态方面的研究工作。在配合各重要渔场调查和港湾养殖方面已经取得一定的成绩。近两年来,在建设社会主义总路线的光辉照耀和大跃进形势的鼓舞下,随着全国海洋综合调查的开展,浮游植物的分类工作和生态研究已在中国海区的     

海洋浮游植物病毒的研究进展

海洋浮游植物病毒在海洋生态系统中,特别是在赤潮的消亡过程中起了很重要的作用。介绍了海洋浮游植物病毒的种类、多样性和丰度分布及其在海洋生态系统中的主要作用和研究现状。重点介绍和比较了海洋浮游植物病毒多样性、丰度的DNA聚合酶链扩增法(PCR)、透射电镜法、荧光显微镜法和流式细胞仪法等研究方法及其发展状况,以期为今后的研究奠定基础。     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布．本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量．     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布.本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量.     

2015年夏季黄渤海表层浮游植物种群分布特征研究（英文）

海洋浮游植物在海洋生态、环境和全球气候变化中担当着非常重要的角色,也是测量水质的指示生物。黄渤海地理位置独特,研究黄渤海的浮游植物种群分布特征对我国海洋生态的研究有重要意义。本研究利用2015年8月对黄海、渤海海域浮游植物数据进行调查取样,经HPLC技术进行色素分析,通过CHEMTAX软件对获取的色素数据进行统计分析,由此获取浮游植物群落结构信息。研究发现,首先,从海域的角度来看,2015年夏季渤海表层浮游植物的生物量高于黄海,而北黄海表层的浮游植物生物量又高于南黄海。其次,从浮游植物优势种的角度看,黄渤海表层的浮游植物优势种为硅藻、定鞭金藻和绿藻,三类优势种占比分别为55.76%、14.56%、14.55%,其中硅藻占绝对优势。     

流式影像术在海洋浮游植物分类研究中的应用

海洋浮游植物支撑着海洋生态系统的正常运转,对其种类的定性识别、鉴定和细胞数量的定量分析是海洋科学研究中最为关键的科学问题之一。流式影像术在海洋浮游植物形态特征识别与快速定量检测上是目前先进和可行的方法,它综合了流式细胞术和图像显微识别的技术优点,不但能够对快速流动状态中的海洋浮游植物进行相应的参数检测,而且可以获取流动过程中清晰的图像,通过计算机软件的图像处理和特征筛选,实现海洋浮游植物有效的自动识别。通过对流式影像术的原理、测定方法、技术特点及其发展动态等的综述,认为基于流式影像术对高速运动的浮游植物图像的清晰实时采集,可以有效地对图像进行模式的识别和分类。它是一种理想和实用的方法,将为海洋生物学研究提供新的实时、快速、高效平台,有很好的应用前景。     

南海海域浮游植物分布特征及研究进展

海洋浮游植物在海洋生态、环境和全球气候变化中担当着非常重要的角色,对大气CO2浓度有重要的调节作用。从早期的测氧法、放射碳法,到对生物总量研究的流式细胞测量技术和遥感观测,以及对群落结构研究的分子生物技术、色素和脂类化合物等化学方法,都极大地促进了海洋浮游植物的研究。南海地理位置独特,是西太平洋上最大的边缘海之一,同时受亚洲季风的强烈影响。在对浮游植物主要研究方法介绍的基础上,总结了南海现代海洋浮游植物的群落分布和时空变化特征,归纳了气候、环境等各种因素对浮游植物生态的影响,同时探讨了南海古生产力的演变特征和影响因素。     

流式细胞术在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用

传统的海洋浮游植物研究已经积累了许多形态学与分类学知识。但是对其生态学,以及微型浮游植物的研究[2],则由于技术限制而有所不足。80年代中期以来,国际上已开始把流式细胞术(FlowCytome-try,FCM)应用于海洋浮游植物研究,很大程度地弥补了传统浮游植物研究方法的种种不足[3]。流式细胞术首先应用在细胞生物学及医学等领域。它集中了现代流体力学、激光光学、精密机械电子及电子计算机等多种先进技术,可以对各种生物细胞群体进行快速、实时及多参数测定[1]。本文简要介绍了流式细胞术的原理及测定方法,及其在海洋浮游植物研究中的应用及…     

一种快速、简便测定海洋浮游植物光合作用－光强曲线的新方法

海洋浮游植物通过光合作用,利用光能同化无机碳的过程是整个海洋生态系物质循环和能量流动的基础.然而,与陆地生态系统不同,光在海洋中随着深度的增加是呈指数衰减的,这使得光在许多情况下成为海洋中浮游植物光合作用最主要的限制因子.因此,研究海洋浮游植物光合作用与光之间的关系已成为生物海洋学中最重要的研究课题之一.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.