1980-2015年黄河流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化分析

本文利用1980-2015年黄河流域及周边166个气象站点36 a的降雨资料,采用日降雨侵蚀力计算模型,对克里金插值后的栅格数据,通过利用主成分分析法、isodata聚类和最大似然法实现区域划分,并在此基础上应用重心模型研究了黄河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化。研究结果表明：黄河流域内不同区域的年降雨侵蚀力差异较大,最小的区域在200 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1左右变化,最大的区域可达3000 MJ·mm·hm^-2·h^-1,年降雨侵蚀力具有由西北向东南递增的趋势。年降雨侵蚀力大的区域其侵蚀力值在不同年份中波动范围也大。西宁、呼和浩特等所在的一区、二区和三区的年降雨侵蚀力的重心总体上呈现向东北方迁移趋势。太原、西安所在的四区、五区其重心总体上呈现向西南方迁移趋势,其年降雨侵蚀力重心迁移范围小,重心点分布更紧密。各区域年降雨侵蚀力重心的迁移范围在空间和时间尺度上总体呈现由西北向东南方向逐渐缩小趋势。     

基于TRMM数据的福建省降水时空格局BME插值分析

传统空间插值方法可获得福建省区域内降水的总体分布,但该地区气象站点较稀疏且分布不均,导致该区域内降水的空间插值结果误差较大。为提高插值精度,本文利用TRMM卫星数据以弥补站点数据的不足,尝试将TRMM数据作为"软数据"、台站数据作为"硬数据",两者相结合后采用贝叶斯最大熵(Bayesian Maximum Entropy,BME)方法对福建省降水的时空格局进行分析。以2000-2012年近13年20个气象站点的年降水量和月降水量为基础数据,分别利用普通克里格法(Ordinary Kriging,OK)和TRMM为"软数据"的BME插值法,分析福建省多年降水的时空分布格局,并对2种方法的插值结果进行比较。结果表明:在时空分布上,以TRMM数据为辅助变量的贝叶斯最大熵插值结果能更好地体现降水的局部差异特征;在误差评价上,以TRMM数据为辅助变量的贝叶斯最大熵插值结果的MAE和RMSE较小,表明TRMM数据作为"软数据"参与插值的BME方法可以在一定程度上弥补站点数据的不足,有效降低预测结果的绝对误差。通过对福建省降水插值的时空分布格局分析和误差评价可看出,BME插值法通过对基础台站数据,以及TRMM卫星产品数据的利用,使降水的时空分析结果更加真实客观,同时,为TRMM卫星降水数据的应用提供了一个新思路。     

结合TRMM数据的区域降水高精度曲面建模研究

高精度曲面建模方法（High Accuracy Surface Modeling, HASM）,从理论上解决了传统方法在插值过程中峰值削平和边界震荡等问题。其模拟精度相对于经典插值方法有很大提高,已成功应用于人口密度、土壤属性,以及气候要素等领域的空间制图。然而,由于地面气象站点数量和分布的限制,使得HASM仅依靠站点数据难以得到高精度的空间降水估计数据,因此,本文以地貌与气候类型复杂多样的我国中西部地区2010年年降水量空间分布模拟为例,采用混合插值法进行HASM区域降水模拟。结果表明,TRMM作为背景场的HASM模拟的年降水量精度,在全局和局部明显优于IDW、Spline和Kriging等经典插值方法的结果,作为背景场的HASM模拟精度,MAE和RMSE分别为125.15 mm和155.80 mm,其他方法最好的模拟结果比其误差值分别高出53.6%和54.5%;其模拟误差在不同子区域都较小;各种方法在平原的精度都高于山区的精度。     

我国不同历时年最大降雨量的随机性及空间差异性

极端降水极易引发山洪和城市内涝等水灾害,给生态环境安全、社会经济发展、人民生命财产安全等带来极大损失,认识其（尤其是短历时）空间分布差异对洪涝灾害防治等具有重要意义。本文利用60 min、6 h和24 h共3种历时的年最大降雨量的统计特征参数,生成服从皮尔逊-Ⅲ型分布的长序列样本,并选用信息熵指标研究其随机性及空间分布差异。结果显示：各历时年最大降雨量的随机性均呈现由东南向西北逐渐减小的空间格局,但不同历时降水随机性的空间分布存在差异,主要体现在青藏高原东部、海河流域和淮河流域3个区域。此外,所求年最大降雨量信息熵值主要考虑了其取值的相对离散情况,故该信息熵值与整个序列绝对离散程度（即标准差）的关系不明显,而主要由序列均值处峰值高低的峰度系数决定,二者呈现明显的负相关关系;且由于峰度系数和变差系数的良好相关性也导致了变差系数与信息熵值之间呈现出良好关系。季风、台风、局地天气系统和人类活动等因素综合影响,决定了不同历时极端降水的空间分布格局及其差异。信息熵指标可以很好地反映中国各历时年最大降雨量随机性的空间分布格局,因而结果可为洪涝灾害防治、农业规划布局、生态环境规划保护等提供科学依据。     

新疆阿克苏河流域降水空间变异特征分析

根据阿克苏河流域降水空间观测数据,其降水稀疏且分布不均匀的特点,选取不同模型对降水空间变化规律进行研究,其结果精确性差异很大。通常应用地统计理论研究降水空间变异性,一般只涉及单个变量,传统的多元回归分析虽然涉及多个变量的影响,但缺乏区域化的空间结构特征。揭示具有协同区域化特征的降水空间变异现象及建立其空间分布模型,既要考虑多元信息的空间位置关系,即同一变量在不同地理位置上的相关性,又要考虑多元信息由于空间重复性引起的协同关系,即同一地理位置上不同变量的相关性。本文用阿克苏河流域范围内的降水观测数据建立析取-协克立格模型,考虑高程变量对降水量空间分布的影响,定量地揭示降水区域化变量的空间变异规律,并将其结果用于降水量的空间最优插值。     

Interpreting sedimentation dynamics at Longxi catchment in the Three Gorges Area,China, using Cs-137 activity,particle size and rainfall erosivity

Reservoir sedimentation dynamics were interpreted using Cs-137 activity,particle size and rainfall erosivity analysis in conjunction with sediment profile coring.Two sediment cores were retrieved from the Changshou reservoir of Chongqing,which was dammed in 1956 at the outlet of Longxi catchment in the Three Gorges Area using a gravity corer equipped with an acrylic tube with an inner diameter of 6 cm.The extracted cores were sectioned at 2 cm intervals.All sediment core samples were dried,sieved(2 mm) and weighed.137 Cs activity was measured by γ-ray spectrometry.The particle size of the core samples was measured using laser particlesize granulometry.Rainfall erosivity was calculated using daily rainfall data from meteorological records and information on soil conservation history was collated to help interpret temporal sedimentation trends.The peak fallout of 137 Cs in 1963 appeared at a depth of 84 cm in core A and 56 cm in core B.The peaks of sand contents were related to the peaks of rainfall erosivity which were recorded in 1982,1989,1998 and 2005,respectively.Sedimentation rates were calculated according to the sediment profile chronological controls of 1956,1963,1982,1989,1998 and 2005.The highest sedimentation rate was around 2.0 cm?a~(-1) between 1982 and 1988 when the Chinese national reform and the Household Responsibility System were implemented,leading to accelerated soil erosion in the Longxi catchment.Since 1990 s,andparticularly since 2005,sedimentation rates clearly decreased,since a number of soil conservation programs have been carried out in the catchment.The combined use of 137 Cs chronology,particle size and rainfall erosivity provided a simple basis for reconstructing reservoir sedimentation dynamics in the context of both physical processes and soil restoration.Its advantages include avoiding the need for full blown sediment yield reconstruction and the concomitant consideration of core correlation and corrections for autochthonous inputs and reservoir trap efficiency.     

Hydrological Simulation Using TRMM and CHIRPS Precipitation Estimates in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin

Satellite-based products with high spatial and temporal resolution provide useful precipitation information for data-sparse or ungauged large-scale watersheds. In the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin, rainfall stations are sparse and unevenly distributed, and the transboundary characteristic makes the collection of precipitation data more difficult, which has restricted hydrological processes simulation. In this study, daily precipitation data from four datasets(gauge observations, inverse distance weighted(IDW) data, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) estimates, and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations(CHIRPS) estimates), were applied to drive the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) model, and then their capability for hydrological simulation in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin were examined. TRMM and CHIRPS data showed good performances on precipitation estimation in the Lower Lancang-Mekong River Basin, with the better performance for TRMM product. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) values of gauge, IDW, TRMM, and CHIRPS simulations during the calibration period were 0.87, 0.86, 0.95, and 0.93 for monthly flow, respectively, and those for daily flow were 0.75, 0.77, 0.86, and 0.84, respectively. TRMM and CHIRPS data were superior to rain gauge and IDW data for driving the hydrological model, and TRMM data produced the best simulation performance. Satellite-based precipitation estimates could be suitable data sources when simulating hydrological processes for large data-poor or ungauged watersheds, especially in international river basins for which precipitation observations are difficult to collect. CHIRPS data provide long precipitation time series from 1981 to near present and thus could be used as an alternative precipitation input for hydrological simulation, especially for the period without TRMM data. For satellite-based precipitation products, the differences in the occurrence frequencies and amounts of precipitation with different intensities would affect simulation results of water balance components, which should be comprehensively considered in water resources estimation and planning.     

Clustering gully profiles for investigating the spatial variation in landform formation on the Chinese Loess Plateau

The gully is the most dynamic and changeable landform unit on the Loess Plateau, and the characteristics of gully landforms are key indicators of gully evolution. Different gully profiles are connected and combined through runoff nodes. Thus, it is necessary to cluster gully profiles into a gully profile combination(GPC) to reveal the spatial variation in gully landforms throughout the Loess Plateau. First, the gradient and gully evolution index(GEI) of two sample areas in Changwu and Suide in Shaanxi Province, China are calculated and analysed based on GPC. Then, the gradient and GEI are calculated by using 90-m-resolution digital elevation model(DEM) data for the severe soil erosion area with the basin as the research unit. On this basis, the spatial variation in the development degree is analysed with Getis-Ord Gi*. The results show that the degree of gully undercutting decreases from southeast to northwest under the influence of rainfall. Due to the soil properties, the loess in the northwest is more prone to collapse, resulting in the decrease of GEI from northwest to southeast. The development degree of gullies is closely related to rivers. The strong erosive capacity of rivers leads to greater differences in gullies within the basin. At the same time, the skewness and kurtosis of the gully index in the basin are correlated; when the distribution of the gully index in the basin is less normal, the distribution of the gully index is more concentrated. These results reveal the spatial variation characteristics of the Loess Plateau based on GPC.     

中国气候舒适度时空分布特征分析

气候舒适度对人类活动和地区适宜性评价等研究具有重要意义,而温湿指数是气候舒适度评价的一项重要指标。传统的温湿指数计算都是基于站点数据,无法获取大尺度区域舒适度的时空变化特征。本文利用2005—2018年MODIS地表温度、大气可降水量数据,结合地理加权回归方法对经典温湿指数模型进行改进,计算并分析中国年均和月均气候舒适度时空演变特征。结果如下：① 采用GWR方法进行地表温度和气温的拟合,拟合精度（Adjusted R²=0.9~0.98,RMSE=0.14~1.89 ℃）较为理想,说明采用LST、NDVI、DEM作为自变量的地理加权回归分析,能够较精确地拟合地面气温;② 2005—2018年年均温湿指数统计结果表示,云南省累计舒适月数最多,高达167个月,中部省份相对于东南沿海省市舒适时期较多,最高舒适月数差值可达到41个月。中国年均舒适度空间分布规律基本保持一致,除新疆、西藏和东北的部分区域以外,舒适度空间呈现从南到北,舒适度等级由舒适变寒冷。从舒适度等级面积变化情况看,2005—2018年全国舒适度等级呈现由寒冷变舒适的趋势;③ 2018年全年舒适面积最大的月份为5月,其次为10月,不舒适月份集中在1月和7月,全国呈现极冷或极热。春季和秋季空间分布特征较为相似,呈现由东南到西北逐渐递减的趋势;除青藏高原地区外,夏季和冬季呈现由南到北递减趋势。舒适区域主要集中在低纬、中海拔地区。     

西藏浅层地温气候特征分析及与降水的关系

选择了西藏地区建站早、有代表性的１５个站１９６１～１９９６年逐月１０ｃｍ、２０ｃｍ、４０ｃｍ三个层次的地温资料以及月降水量资料。运用ＥＯＦ方法分析了各层地温的时空特征,并对不同时段的地温场和降水场进行ＳＶＤ分解,并讨论了前期地温变化,尤其是１０ｃｍ地温变化与我区降水之间的关系。分析表明,浅层地温最高值雅鲁藏布江中游地区出现在６月,其它各地一般出现在７月,最低值全区均出现在１月。地温年较差雅鲁藏布江中游地区最小,林芝、昌都次之,阿里地区最大。雅鲁藏布江中游大部分地区近３６年浅层地温呈现上升趋势,且冬春季升温幅度较汛期要高。阿里、昌都及林芝变化则不明显。地温阿里地区最低,低值中心靠近改则,昌都的西北部和南部为两个次低值区;雅江一线、东南部地温较高,最高值中心在察隅,次高值在泽当～林芝的沿江地区。１０、２０、４０ｃｍ地温年变化和冬春季、汛期变化存在准３年或准６年的周期性规律。前期地温场变化,特别是１０ｃｍ地温变化与降水有着密切的联系。大部分地区,特别是雅江中游地区和阿里地区、冬春季地温偏高（低）,汛期降水偏少（多）,两者间存在明显的反位相关系     

Soil detachment and transport under the combined action of rainfall and runoff energy on shallow overland flow

Rainfall and runoff energy results in soil erosion. This paper presents new the concepts of rainfall and runoff energy and analyzes the relationship of rainfall energy and runoff energy with sediment transport based on the conversion theory of kinetic and potential energy using artificial rainfall and mechanical calculation. The results show that the ratio of sediment detachment in sloping fallow overland flow increases with the slope gradient, rainfall energy and runoff energy, while the sediment detachment ratio under raindrop impact are significantly higher than those under no raindrop impact. The sediment concentration increases with the slope gradient and rainfall energy; when the slope gradient and rainfall energy are constant, the sediment concentration decreases as the runoff energy increases. Rainfall disturbance coefficients have a logarithmic correlation with the rate of rainfall energy and runoff energy. On the same slope gradient, when the rainfall energy is constant, the disturbance coefficient decreases as the runoff energy increases, while when the runoff energy is constant, the disturbance coefficient increases as the rainfall energy increases. Rainfall energy results in sediment detachment, and runoff energy is the transportation for erosion sediment. This showed that rainfall energy and runoff energy are important in the sediment detachment and transportation of shallow overland flow.     

东北地区TRMM数据降尺度的GWR模型分析

利用东北地区2000-2010年93个气象站点观测数据作为“真实值”,对TRMM降水数据进行精度验证,发现研究区TRMM降水数据与观测数据之间具有明显的线性相关性,且TRMM降水数据数值偏大于观测值,表明TRMM降水数据在东北地区具有一定的可信度。对东北地区多年平均、2001、2010年的TRMM数据,进行GWR模型降尺度研究,得到1 km的新降水数据,并与全局OLS回归模型进行对比。结果表明：（1）相比全局OLS回归模型,GWR模型的降尺度结果可获得更好的R与RMSE,说明GWR模型更适用于东北地区TRMM数据的降尺度研究;（2）东北地区GWR模型的降尺度分析结果与观测数据之间的相关系数在0.44-0.97之间,且分布较分散;（3）经过降尺度的TRMM降水数据,在空间分辨率上有较大提高,能更真实地反映研究区的降水特征,为该数据小尺度的应用研究奠定基础。     

Estimation of regional evapotranspiration in alpine area and its response to land use change: A case study in Three-River Headwaters region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Three-River Headwaters(TRH) region involved in this paper refers to the source region of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,the Huanghe(Yellow) River and the Lancang River in China.Taking the TRH region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a case,the annual evapotranspiration(ET) model developed by Zhang et al.(2001) was applied to evaluate mean annual ET in the alpine area,and the response of annual ET to land use change was analyzed.The plant-available water coefficient(w) of Zhang’s model was revised by using vegetation-temperature condition index(VTCI) before annual ET was calculated in alpine area.The future land use scenario,an input of ET model,was spatially simulated by using the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent(CLUE-S) to study the response of ET to land use change.Results show that the relative errors between the simulated ET and that calculated by using water balance equation were 3.81% and the index of agreement was 0.69.This indicates that Zhang’s ET model based on revised plant-available water coefficient is a scientific and practical tool to estimate the annual ET in the alpine area.The annual ET in 2000 in the study area was 221.2 mm,11.6 mm more than that in 1980.Average annual ET decreased from southeast to northwest,but the change of annual ET between 1980 and 2000 increased from southeast to northwest.As a vast and sparsely populated area,the population in the TRH region was extremely unbalanced and land use change was concentrated in very small regions.Thus,land use change had little effect on total annual ET in the study area but a great impact on its spatial distribution,and the effect of land use change on ET decreased with increasing precipitation.ET was most sensitive to the interconversion between forest and unused land,and was least sensitive to the interconversion between cropland and low-covered grassland.     

气象因素影响下中国手足口病时空演化特征研究

近年来,手足口病在我国感染者的数量仍然呈现逐渐增加的趋势,对公共健康造成很大的威胁,也对疾病防控提出严峻的挑战。为探讨气象因素（气温、降水）对我国手足口病（Hand Foot and Mouth Disease, HFMD）发病的时空影响特征及规律,本文以我国手足口病疫情平发年2017年为例,利用分地区、分月份疫情数据,采用地理探测器、空间自相关等分析方法分析各地气象（气温、降水）因素对手足口病发病影响及其时空分异。结果表明：① 在时间上,2017年我国各地中心城市手足口病发病有明显的季节差异,年内有单峰发病模式和双峰（高低峰、双高峰）发病模式,且2017年2、4、12月各地中心城市手足口病发病率有显著的空间相关;② 在空间上,2017年我国各省、市手足口病发病在空间上表现为东南各省市发病率高,西北各省市发病率低的特点,并随降水量由东南向西北呈现递减趋势;③ 2017年省、自治区、直辖市和地级市手足口病爆发热点时段（4—8月）时空演化分析,先由东南各省向西北各省蔓延,后又表现为由西向东退缩;④ 2017年我国各地中心城市手足口病月发病率分别与年均降水量、年均温,呈二次函数关系（R²=0.6623）和指数函数关系（R²=0.6469）;⑤ 气温和降水对手足口病交互作用结果表现为双因子非线性增强,气温和降水的交互作用对手足口病传播的影响更为显著。气象因素对我国手足口病发病存在影响,我国手足口病发病在时间和空间上均存在显著差异,分析结果在宏观尺度上可为我国手足口病防控提供参考。     

基于信息扩散理论的重庆北碚降水风险分析

为了解北碚地区的降水风险规律,减少地区旱涝引起的灾害损失.利用北碚区地面气象观测站的年降水观测资料（1981～2010年）,结合信息扩散理论模型,分析北碚地区的降水风险及成因.结果显示：（1）北碚地区降水的概率曲线为单峰型,峰值在1000～1100mm,夏季降水量离散程度比春、秋两季高,存在明显的旱季或涝季.（2）汛期降水量和年降水量的概率分布曲线趋势基本一致,也存在一些差异.（3）降水日分布特征显示雨量从21时开始增加,03时累积雨量为最大值,20时达到最低水平;降水频次从21时开始逐渐增加,并在08时达到最大.在暴雨小时降水量中5mm/h以下的降水次数最多,约占总次数的41％.     

A topographical model for precipitation pattern in the Tibetan Plateau

As the highest and most extensive plateau on earth, the Tibetan Plateau has strong thermo-dynamic effect, which not only affects regional climate around the plateau but also temperature and precipitation patterns of itself. However, due to scattered meteorological stations, its spatial precipitation pattern and, especially, the mechanism behind are poorly understood. The availability of spatially consistent satellite-derived precipitation data makes it possible to get accurate precipitation pattern in the plateau, which could help quantitatively explore the effect and mechanism of mass elevation effect on precipitation pattern. This paper made full use of TMPA 3B43 V7 monthly precipitation data to track the trajectory of precipitation and identified four routes (east, southeast, south, west directions) along which moisture-laden air masses move into the plateau. We made the assumption that precipitation pattern is the result interplay of these four moisture-laden air masses transportation routes against the distances from moisture sources and the topographic barriers along the routes. To do so, we developed a multivariate linear regression model with the spatial distribution of annual mean precipitation as the dependent variable and the topographical barriers to these four moisture sources as independent variables. The result shows that our model could explain about 70% of spatial variation of mean annual precipitation pattern in the plateau; the regression analysis also shows that the southeast moisture source (the Bay of Bengal) contributes the most (32.56%) to the rainfall pattern of the plateau; the east and the south sources have nearly the same contribution, 23.59% and 23.48%, respectively; while the west source contributes the least, only 20.37%. The findings of this study can greatly improve our understanding of mass elevation effect on spatial precipitation pattern.     

Imprint of the ENSO on rainfall and latent heating variability over the Southern South China Sea from TRMM observations

Analyses of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) datasets revealed a prominent interannual variation in the convective-stratiform rainfall and latent heating over the southern South China Sea (SCS) during the winter monsoon between 1998 and 2010. Although the height of maximum latent heating remained nearly constant at around 7 km in all of the years, the year-to-year changes in the magnitudes of maximum latent heating over the region were noticeable. The interannual variations of the convective- stratiform rainfall and latent heating over the southern SCS were highly anti-correlated with the Niño-3 index, with more (less) rainfall and latent heating during La Niña (El Niño) years. Analysis of the large-scale environment revealed that years of active rainfall and latent heating corresponded to years of large deep convergence and relative humidity at 600 hPa. The moisture budget diagnosis indicated that the interannual variation of humidity at 600 hPa was largely modulated by the vertical moisture advection. The year-to-year changes in rainfall over the southern SCS were mainly caused by the interannual variations of the dynamic component associated with anomalous upward motions in the middle troposphere, while the interannual variations of the thermodynamic component associated with changes in surface specific humidity played a minor role. Larger latent heating over the southern SCS during La Niña years may possibly further enhance the local Hadley circulation over the SCS in the wintertime.     

基于格网的洪水灾害危险性评价分析——以巴基斯坦为例

洪水灾害已成为给当今人类带来严重损失的自然灾害之一,因此,灾害风险评价是区域经济持续发展的前提与条件。本文从致灾因子和孕灾环境两方面进行分析,综合考虑降水(累计降雨量和最大降雨量)、河流(河网密度)、地形(高程值和坡度值)、土地利用和植被(NDVI)共5种相关因子,以1km格网数据为基础,运用AHP(层次分析法)对巴基斯坦洪水灾害进行了危险性评价。结果表明:巴基斯坦洪水灾害危险性受降雨和地形的影响较大,其危险程度东南部大于西北部,并由东南部向西北部逐渐递减。     

甘肃省近35年连阴雨天气气候特征分析

利用1967～2001年甘肃省80个气象站的逐日降水资料对连阴雨特征进行了较全面的分析.结果表明：甘肃省连阴雨分布的特点是自西北向东南呈台阶状增加,连阴雨相对比较多的地区为甘南地区、陇南东部和陇东东部地区,在甘肃中部-天水-武都一带相对形成一个南北向的少连阴雨带.区域性连阴雨过程的月、季特征表明,夏季区域性连阴雨过程最多,秋季次之,春季和冬季最少.年代际变化特征表明春季区域性连阴雨次数从20世纪70年代到90年代变化不大,但夏秋季连阴雨次数,70年代明显偏多,80年代之后总体次数减少幅度较大.最后从不同季节形成的连阴雨环流形式进行了分析.     

基于多源数据的华北平原地下水储量时空变化分析

利用GRACE卫星数据反演华北平原2003~2015年地下水储量变化,并用监测井数据进行验证。基于EOF方法分解GRACE年际地下水储量变化,结合冬小麦年均WFblue和TRMM降雨数据分析影响华北平原地下水储量年际变化的因素。结果表明,前2个特征向量方差贡献率为93.09%。其中,第1模态方差贡献率为80.04%,与华北平原2003~2009年冬小麦年均WFblue空间变化的相关系数为-0.69,且空间分布一致;第2模态方差贡献率为13.05%,与同时段降水数据的空间分布的相关系数为0.93。说明农业灌溉,尤其是冬小麦的灌溉对华北平原地下水的消耗起着至关重要的作用。