云南个旧卡房矿田锡-铜矿床成矿作用过程探讨:成矿流体约束

云南个旧是世界上最大的锡多金属矿区,卡房矿田是其中一个主要的铜矿区。卡房铜矿主要的矿床类型有:变玄武岩型层状铜矿和接触带型铜矿,本文主要对前者进行了流体包裹体测试及同位素地球化学分析,并对比研究了接触带型铜矿的同位素地球化学特征。流体包裹体研究显示,卡房矿田变玄武岩型层状铜矿的成矿流体,属于岩浆流体体系演化的一部分,成矿作用分为三个阶段:石英-磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-方解石-黄铜矿-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱa)和石英-方解石阶段(Ⅱb)。从Ⅰ-Ⅱa-Ⅱb成矿流体的温度(平均从363.9℃至283.2℃至185.0℃)显著降低,流体盐度(平均从20.18% NaCleqv至12.59% NaCleqv至11.97% NaCleqv)缓慢降低,流体密度(平均从0.854g/cm³至0.863g/cm³至1.001g/cm³)基本不变。显微激光拉曼光谱分析显示流体包裹体的挥发份主要为H₂O及少量CH₄,液相中主要成分为H₂O及少量CO^2-₃。氢、氧同位素研究(δD_H2O值介于-98‰~-79‰;δ¹⁸O_H2O值介于-0.82‰~7.09‰)显示,成矿流体主要以岩浆水为主,在成矿流体上升过程中与地层中的大气降水相混合。硫同位素分析结果表明,卡房矿田变玄武岩型铜矿中硫化物的硫(δ³⁴S值介于-0.86‰~3.8‰)来源于三叠纪变玄武岩,而花岗岩浆和变玄武岩共同为卡房接触带型铜矿(δ³⁴S值介于-3.2‰~6.2‰)提供了成矿所需的大部分硫。     

云南哀牢山老王寨大型造山型金矿成矿流体地球化学

云南哀牢山金矿带是我国最重要的喜马拉雅期金矿带,而老王寨是其中最大的金矿。流体包裹体研究显示:老王寨金矿含金石英脉中流体包裹体类型主要为NaCl-H₂O型和CO₂-H₂O型,其均一温度为102~302℃, 峰值为160~180℃;流体盐度范围变化较大,介于2.5%~12.9% NaCleqv之间,峰值为6.0%~7.5% NaCleqv,显示老王寨成矿流体具有中低盐度和中低温度的特征。 氢氧同位素测定显示成矿流体δD_H2O=-115‰~-90‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O=5.2‰~6.8‰,显示其组成主要为岩浆水,可能与有机沉积物发生过同位素交换。流体包裹体碳同位素组成(δ¹³C为-6.5‰~-3.9‰)基本落在幔源碳变化范围之内,说明其中CO₂可能来自地壳深部,甚至上地幔。综合成矿地质特征和成矿流体的证据,提出老王寨金矿为喜马拉雅期造山型金矿。     

藏南折木朗造山型金矿成矿流体地球化学和成矿机制

折木朗金矿位于青藏高原雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段的南侧,矿体受大型脆-韧性剪切带的次级断裂控制。系统的显微测温和激光拉曼测定显示折木朗金矿矿石中存在3类流体包裹体: NaCl-H₂O溶液包裹体(类型Ⅰ);含CO₂盐水溶液包裹体(类型Ⅱ),此类包裹体又分为两相(Ⅱa)和三相(Ⅱb)2个小类;Ⅲ纯气相包裹体。折木朗金矿床中流体包裹体显微测温显示该矿成矿流体的盐度范围为2.31%~7.39% NaCleqv,平均值为5.33%% NaCleqv,峰值为4.0%~7.0% NaCleqv;均一温度的范围为164.5~273.1℃,峰值为220~240℃,平均值为221.0℃。相对应的密度范围为0.82~0.93g·cm^-3,峰值为0.84~0.90g·cm^-3,平均值为0.88g·cm^-3。折木朗金矿床成矿流体具有富含CO₂、低盐度、低密度、中低温度的特征,与造山型金矿成矿流体相似。此外,同位素测定显示成矿流体的氢氧碳同位素组成分别为δD_H2O=-36.7‰~-107.5‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O=4.1‰~5.5‰,δ¹³C=-9.6‰~-11.5‰,说明成矿流体主要为变质水,但有地幔流体的加入。综合成矿地质特征和成矿流体的证据,提出折木朗金矿为陆陆碰撞造山型金矿。     

新疆图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体镍铜钴成矿岩浆作用过程:流体化学与碳同位素组成制约

东天山造山带的图拉尔根镁铁-超镁铁杂岩体为一个早古生代长期活动的幔源岩浆通道,大型铜镍钴硫化物矿体赋存于Ⅰ号超镁铁质岩体的顶部,不同类型岩石中辉石矿物的流体挥发份化学组成以H₂O为主（平均91%,5400.4mm³/g）,其次为H₂（2.0%）、H₂S（2.3%）和CO₂（2.1%）;赋矿角闪橄榄岩中CO₂和H₂S含量最高,辉长岩中流体挥发份含量低于辉石橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩等岩浆早期结晶的岩石。CO₂和CH₄的δ¹³C值位于地壳与甲烷氧化的范围内,甲烷同系物的碳同位素组成具有正序分布模式,部分样品（TLG512）释出的CH₄和C₂H₆具有较重的δ¹³C值和反序分布特征。表明I号岩体不同类型岩石可能是不同期次岩浆活动的产物,成矿岩浆具有富H₂O和H₂S的特征,可能起源于被流体交代的亏损地幔源区,混染壳源组分可能为俯冲板片来源蚀变沉积有机质组分。     

岩浆去气作用碳硫同位素效应

 根据开放体系条件下的瑞利分馏原理,并考虑岩浆中可能溶解的合碳和含硫组分,从理论上定量模式了岩浆去气作用对火成岩碳、硫同位素组成的影响。结果表明,岩浆CO₂去气作用能够导致岩石中碳酸盐显着亏损¹³C,其δ¹³C值能够从原始-5‰变化到-20‰(PDB);岩浆CH₄去气作用则导致岩石中碳酸盐相对富集¹³C,其δ¹³C值能够从原始-5‰变化到+4‰。岩浆SO₂去气作用可以导致岩石中硫化物显着亏损³⁴S,其δ³⁴S值能够从0‰变化到-8‰(CDT);岩浆H₂S去气作用则导致岩石中的硫化物相对富集4S,其δ³⁴S值能够从0‰变化到+6‰。因此,除源岩原始同位素不均一性和地壳物质混染能引起火成岩的碳、硫同位素组成发生较大变化外,岩浆去气作用也是重要原因之一。     

造山型金矿成矿流体来源与演化的氢-氧同位素示踪：夹皮沟金矿带例析

在详细的矿床地质研究和成矿阶段划分基础上,系统采集了距夹皮沟断裂带100~3622m的6个金矿床不同成矿阶段的20件矿石样品,进行了氢、氧同位素测试。距夹皮沟断裂带由近及远,各金矿床的氢、氧同位素组成分别为:北沟(100~172m,δD=-97‰~-90‰,δ18O_w=-3.26‰~5.49‰)、二道沟(820~830m,δD=-95‰~-94‰,δ18O_w=-4.58‰~-0.50‰)、三道岔(1385~1412m,δD=-97‰~-91‰,δ18O_w=-3.58‰~-1.39‰)、四道岔(2776~2802m,δD=-99‰~-80‰,δ18O_w=0.75‰~4.69‰)、八家子(3400m,δD=-102‰,δ18O_w=0.22‰)、夹皮沟本区(3595~3622m,δD=-108‰~-92‰,δ18O_w=2.91‰~5.39‰)。成矿早、主、晚阶段δD、δ18O_w和W/R值分别为-97‰~-80‰、3.99‰~5.49‰和约0.1;-108‰~-90‰、-3.26‰~4.71‰和0.1~0.5;-97‰~-91‰、-4.58‰~-2.68‰和0.01~0.1。反映金矿早阶段成矿流体以变质水为主体,混入有少量岩浆水,W/R值较小;主阶段成矿流体为变质水和大气降水的混合,W/R值显著增大,氢、氧同位素和W/R值具有明显的空间不均一特征(成矿流体隧道式流动):前者与距夹皮沟断裂带的距离正相关、后两者负相关,而它们与各金矿床已探明资源量的相关性相反,可能表征了成矿系统有效流体压力对W/R值和金沉淀成矿的控制作用;晚阶段大气降水大量加入,成矿流体弥散式的流动机制引起大面积同位素均一化,W/R值最小。据此推断,氧同位素低值区与氢同位素和W/R高值区(尤其是它们的显著变化区)的套合部位是金大规模沉淀聚集的最有利地段暨找矿勘查的重要选区。     

西藏尼雄矿田滚纠铁矿成矿作用机制：来自矿物学和稳定同位素证据

本文分析了冈底斯成矿带西段尼雄矿田滚纠铁矿石榴子石、辉石、绿泥石成因矿物学特征,结果显示矿区石榴子石多为钙铁榴石,并存在一定量的钙铝榴石;辉石主要为透辉石、次透辉石和铁次透辉石,表明成矿流体早期为酸性、高温和高氧逸度环境。矽卡岩内接触带富钙铝榴石,外接触带富钙铁榴石,反映成矿流体由矽卡岩内接触带运移至矽卡岩外接触带过程中,温度逐渐降低,而pH和氧逸度逐渐升高。绿泥石主要为富铁贫镁的铁镁绿泥石,其在低温(206~268℃)、低pH值、还原环境下形成。方解石C-O同位素揭示成矿流体δ¹³C_∑C为-2.6‰~-0.7‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW为+9.8‰~+12.0‰。石榴子石、磁铁矿、石英δD_V-SMOW值为-121‰~-105‰,成矿流体δ¹⁸O_H2O为8.7‰~11.3‰,反映成矿流体主要来源于花岗质岩浆。磁铁矿矿石中黄铁矿弱富铁亏硫,S/Fe为1.05~1.07,Co/Ni>1,指示为岩浆热液成因;黄铁矿δ³⁴S为4.2‰~11.1‰,与花岗质岩浆硫相当,综合反映成矿物质也来源于花岗质岩浆。结合前人研究资料,认为高温、高氧逸度使金属元素大量进入岩浆,岩浆上升侵位、分异出富含成矿物质的流体。成矿流体运移过程中遭遇围岩,并与之反应形成矽卡岩和退化蚀变矿物,导致成矿流体物理化学性质改变,在温度(180~400℃)、氧化-弱氧化和弱碱性-碱性条件下,发生磁铁矿沉淀。     

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿床成矿流体及成矿机制探讨

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿位于燕辽成矿带东部,是近年来发现的中型钼铜矿床。辉钼矿呈细脉状、网脉状、浸染状、薄膜状赋存于长城系石英砂岩及白云岩中的矽卡岩带,钼矿化与硅化关系密切。矿体呈似层状、脉状和透镜状。矿床的形成经历了矽卡岩期和石英-硫化物期,铜和钼矿化主要形成于石英-硫化物期。研究表明,矽卡岩期矿物以发育液体包裹体为特征,石英-硫化物期石英中主要发育液体包裹体、含CO₂两相和三相包裹体。矽卡岩期成矿流体为高-中温(192~497℃)、中-低盐度(5.41%~16.53% NaCleqv)、中-低密度(0.59~0.92g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O体系。石英-硫化物期成矿流体为中-低温(主要变化于160~330℃)、低盐度(2.07%~15.17% NaCleqv)和中低密度(0.69~1.01g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ (±CH₄/N₂)型流体。石英的δD_SMOW为-128‰~-80‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOW值为9.6‰~14‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O值为-3.61%~5.30‰,表明成矿流体具有岩浆水混合大气降水的特征。硫化物的δ³⁴S变化于-0.9‰~5.7‰,平均值为2.9‰,表明成矿物质中硫来自深部岩浆。成矿时代为早侏罗世早期,成矿作用与花岗斑岩岩浆期后热液活动有关。     

中国东部CO2气地球化学特征及其气藏分布

中国东部CO₂气田(藏)发育广泛,分布复杂。本文对中国东部松辽、渤海湾、苏北、三水、东海、珠江口、莺琼、北部湾等盆地和内蒙古商都地区以及部分现代构造岩浆活动区CO₂气田(藏)和气苗中CO₂的地球化学特征进行了分析和研究,探讨了中国东部CO₂气的成因、来源及分布。中国东部CO₂气的含量主要分布区间为0~10%,其次为90%~100%,呈现典型的U字型。δ¹³C_CO2值则呈现典型的单峰式分布,峰值区间为-6‰~-4‰。CO₂含量、δ¹³C_CO2值和R/Ra值综合表明,中国东部高含CO₂气以幔源无机成因为主,混有部分有机成因气和(或)壳源无机气。中国东部已发现的36个无机成因CO₂气田(藏)在空间分布上与新近纪及第四纪北西西向玄武岩活动带展布一致,深大断裂和岩浆活动是无机成因CO₂富集、运移和分布最重要、最直接的两大主控因素。     

新疆阿尔泰两棵树铁矿流体包裹体及氢氧同位素特征

新疆两棵树铁矿位于阿尔泰南缘克朗盆地,矿床赋存于中-上泥盆统阿勒泰镇组片岩与二长花岗岩接触带的伟晶岩中。本文对矿石中石英流体包裹体进行显微测温分析,结果显示包裹体类型以液体包裹体为主,流体的均一温度变化于156~367℃,主要集中于210~250℃,成矿流体盐度w(NaCl_eq)为0.18%~18.72,密度为0.80~0.95 g/cm³,表明成矿流体属中温度、低盐度、中低密度的H₂O-NaCl体系。石英的δD_SMOW为-110‰~-76‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOW为5.3‰~7.9‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O为1.03‰~1.07‰,表明成矿流体来源于岩浆水,混合大气降水; 成矿时代为中泥盆世(约377 Ma),成矿作用与二长花岗岩的侵入有关; 温度和压力的降低、流体混合、水岩反应等在铁成矿过程中起着主导作用。     

祁连造山带玉石沟地幔橄榄岩中挥发分的流体化学和稳定同位素组成及古大洋岩石圈演化意义

Fluid inclusions in olivine and orthopyroxene of mantle peridotites from the Yushigou ophiolite can be divided into three types based on decrepitation temperature,shape and distribution.Type-1 fluid inclusions are characterized by oval or negative crystal shapes and small size(<5μm across).They occur in the cores and mantles of the host crystals,and decrepitated at>840℃.Type- 2 fluid inclusions have irregular or tabular shapes with relatively large size(10～100μm in length).They occur in irregular or circular healed micro-fractures in the host crystals,and decrepitated at 612～710℃.Type-3 fluid inclusions have size and shape,similar to type-2 fluid inclusions but occur in micro-fractures restricted to the margins of the host crystals,and decrepitated at much lower temperature from 190℃to 340℃.The three different types of fluid inclusions are interpreted to represent primary,metasomatic (pseudo-secondary)and secondary inclusions,respectively.Stepwise heating reveals three concentration peaks of volatiles at 200～400℃,400～800℃and 800～1200℃released from olivine and orthopyroxene in harzburgite and dunite from the Yushigou ophiolite, which are considered to correspond to the decrepitation of secondary,metasomatic and primary fluid inclusions at similar temperature ranges.CO2 is a major constituent in the volatiles released at three different temperature intervals.Trace amounts of H_2 and N_2 are present in the volatiles released at<800℃and trace amounts of H_2O and SO_2 are mainly present in the volatiles at 400～800℃.TheδD(-95.2‰,-306.3‰)of H_2O and theδ~(13)C(-15.5～-12.5‰)andδ~(18)O values(1.4～1.9‰)of CO_2 released at<800℃are lower than normal mantle values and suggest the mixing origin of crustal fluids( sedimentary organic)with ocean water,implying that Yushigou AOLM had undergone an intensive metasomatism by a fluid composed of CO_2.H_2O and SO_2,and followed by degassing. In contrast,the volatiles released at 800～1200℃are characterized by trace amounts of H_2 and CO in dunite and SO_2 in harzburgite, much lighterδ~(13)C(-29.1‰～-19.5‰),heavierδ~(13)O(8.8‰)of CO_2 and positive relationship between these isotopic ratios and the concentration of CO_2.Such features can be best explained by mixing of significant terrestrial crustal(organic)and minor mantle volatiles.We proposed that the Yishigou peridotites are more likely to have derived from a continental lithosphere instead of an oceanic lithosphere comprising the Yishigou gabbros and pillowed basalts.A supra-subduction tectonic setting is thus inferred for the Yushigou ophiolite.     

吉林大石头河子地区新生代橄榄玄武岩岩石学和地球化学研究

吉林大石头河子地区新生代橄榄玄武岩为裂隙式喷发火山活动所产出的溢流相橄榄玄武岩,属于钙碱性玄武岩,岩浆来源于软流圈地幔,上升过程中经历了不同程度的橄榄石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,但基本未受到地壳物质混染作用影响,形成与滨太平洋板块俯冲引起的松花江断裂再次复活,诱发区域性张裂作用关系密切,构造背景为板内拉张环境。     

俄罗斯Chukchi半岛新生代碱性岩的形成和演化：熔体和流体包裹体证据

Melt and fluid inclusions were studied in the minerals of Cenozoic olivine melanephelinites from the Chukchi Peninsula, Russia.The rock contain several generations of olivine phenocrysts varying in composition at mg=0.88～0.77.The phenocrysts bear fluid and melt inclusions recording various stages of melt crystallization in volcanic conduits and shallow magma chambers.Primary fluid inclusions are CO_2-dominated with a density of up to O.93 g/cm~3.All fluid inclusions are partially leaked,which is indicated by haloes of tiny fluid bubbles around large fluid inclusions in minerals.Melt inclusions contain various daughter crystals,which were completely resorbed in thermometric experiments at about 1230℃.Assuming that this temperature corresponds to the entrapment conditions of the CO_2 fluid inclusions,the minimum pressure of the beginning of magma degassing is estimated as 800MPa.Variations in the compositions of homogenized silicate melt inclusions indicate that olivine was the earliest crystalline phase followed by clinopyroxene,nepheline and orthoclase.This sequence is in agreement with the mineralogy of the rocks.The melts are strongly enriched in incompatible trace elements and volatiles(in addition to CO_2,high C1,F,and S contents were detected).There are some differences between the compositions of melts trapped in minerals from different samples.Variations in SiO_2,FeO,and incompatible element contents are probably related to melt generations at various levels in a homogeneous mantle reservoir.     

黑龙江鸡西盆地新生代玄武岩大地构造环境探讨

鸡西盆地新生代玄武岩的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学研究表明,岩石中发育橄榄石包裹体,且造岩矿物中也多含橄榄石晶体;δEu=0.87~0.94（大于0.7）,具基性岩浆分异特征.微量元素Nb^*值为0.91（接近1）、K^*值为1.09,略大于1,表明岩浆与消减作用相关不大,且有非地壳物质加入.总体分析,岩浆来源于上地幔,上升过程中遭受了壳源物质的混染.鸡西地区新生代玄武岩岩浆来源于上地幔,是裂谷作用的产物,为大陆裂谷型玄武岩,其形成与敦密断裂在上新世的拉张活动有关.     

Ore Genesis of the Kalatongke Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposits, Western China: Constraints from Volatile Chemical and Carbon Isotopic Compositions

The Kalatongke Cu–Ni sulfide deposits located in the East Junggar terrane, northern Xinjiang, western China are the largest magmatic sulfide deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of the volatiles trapped in olivine, pyroxene and sulfide mineral separates were analyzed by vacuum stepwise-heating mass spectrometry. The results show that the released volatiles are concentrated at three temperature intervals of 200–400°C, 400–900°C and 900–1200°C. The released volatiles from silicate mineral separates at 400–900°C and 900–1200°C have similar chemical and carbon isotopic compositions, which are mainly composed of H2O (av. ~92 mol%) with minor H2, CO2, H2S and SO2, and they are likely associated with the ore-forming magmatic volatiles. Light δ13CCO2 values (from ?20.86‰ to ?12.85‰) of pyroxene indicate crustal contamination occurred prior to or synchronous with pyroxene crystallization of mantle-derived ore-forming magma. The elevated contents of H2 and H2O in the olivine and pyroxene suggest a deep mantle-originated ore-forming volatile mixed with aqueous volatiles from recycled subducted slab. High contents of CO2 in the ore-forming magma volatiles led to an increase in oxygen fugacity, and thereby reduced the solubility of sulfur in the magma, then triggered sulfur saturation followed by sulfide melt segregation; CO2 contents correlated with Cu contents in the whole rocks suggest that a supercritical state of CO2 in the ore-forming magma system under high temperature and pressure conditions might play a key role in the assemblage of huge Cu and Ni elements. The volatiles released from constituent minerals of intrusion 1# have more CO2 and SO2 oxidized gases, higher CO2/CH4 and SO2/H2S ratios and lighter δ13CCO2 than those of intrusions 2# and 3#. This combination suggests that the higher oxidation state of the volatiles in intrusion 1# than intrusions 2# and 3#, which could be one of key ore-forming factors for large amounts of ores and high contents of Cu and Ni in intrusion 1#. The volatiles released at 200–400°C are dominated by H2O with minor CO2, N2+CO and SO2, with δ13CCO2 values (?25.66‰ to ?22.98‰) within the crustal ranges, and are considered to be related to secondary tectonic– hydrothermal activities.     

胶东金矿区矿田体系中基性—中酸性脉岩的碳，氧同位素地球化学研究

胶东金矿区矿田体系产出的脉岩是一套富含碳酸盐矿物相的中基性-中酸性脉岩，岩石类型主要有煌斑岩、安山玢岩类。对部分矿田体系产出脉岩的碳酸盐(方解石)碳、氧同位素及全岩氧同位素的研究表明该套脉岩的δ18OSMOW，方解石、δ13CPDB，方解石和δ     

Melt and fluid inclusion evidence for a genetic relationship between magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field and inorganic CO2 gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin,China

We have studied melt and fluid inclusions in minerals from alkali basalts, mantle xenoliths, and dawsonite-bearing sandstones from the Shuangliao volcanic field in southern Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The inclusions have been investigated using petrographic, geochemical, and laser Raman spectroscopic techniques. Volcanic rocks of the Shuangliao field are predominantly alkali olivine basalts that contain rare mantle xenoliths. Silicate melt and fluid inclusions are common in both olivine phenocrysts and the mantle xenoliths. The fluid inclusions are mainly composed of CO₂ with small amounts of CO, CH₄, N₂, and H₂O, which is consistent with an upper mantle origin. CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are mostly derived from a mantle–magmatic source. Coeval fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures, coupled with the thermal burial history, show that the CO₂ gas reservoirs in the southern Songliao Basin are Cenozoic (40–63 Ma) and coeval with the magmatism in the Shuangliao volcanic field. Despite the relatively small scale of this volcanic activity, it released large amounts of CO₂. Much of the magma was not erupted, and CO₂- and H₂O-rich magma was probably intruded into the basin along deep faults, acting as a major source of inorganic CO₂ gas in the southern Songliao Basin.     

青藏高原北部白榴碧玄岩年代学及地球化学研究

本文在可可西里北部边缘银顶山地区首次发现含橄榄石的高镁高钾质超基性火山岩。火山岩在阿尼玛卿-昆仑-木孜塔格缝合带南侧呈熔岩残丘形式产出,分布面积约为0.2 km²,其形成时代为上新世(5～4 Ma),是岩浆的快速侵位-喷溢的结果。斑晶主要为橄榄石(10%～12%)+白榴石(21%～27%)+霞石(13%～16%)±透辉石(29%～31%),基质主要为透辉石+云母+Fe-Ti氧化物+玻璃,定名为白榴碧玄岩。对3个样品51个点的橄榄石电子探针数据计算显示,橄榄石牌号为Fo_74-87Fa_13-26,属贵橄榄石,岩石中的橄榄石均不存在扭折带,表明这些橄榄石很可能是岩浆结晶的产物,而非岩浆捕获体。通过计算,银顶山地区橄榄石的结晶温度大约在1 226 ℃～1 234 ℃左右。白榴碧玄岩的化学组分:SiO₂<45%,MgO>10%, Na₂O+K₂O>8%,Mg^#(68.84～70.80),而Cr(149×10^-6～156×10^-6)和Ni(138×10^-6～151×10^-6),⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(约0.708 6)和¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴ Nd(约0.512 4),处于EMII源区范围内。初步认为藏北地区上新世超基性火山岩来自于较深的源区,最有可能是软流圈顶部地幔的局部熔融,并受到俯冲地壳物质的交代。     

兰坪盆地连城Cu-Mo多金属矿床流体包裹体和稳定同位素地球化学研究

兰坪盆地贱金属矿床是一套独特的受逆冲推覆构造系统控制的矿床类型,连城Cu-Mo多金属矿床是其重要组成部分。成矿过程包括早、中、晚三个阶段,分别以石英-辉钼矿、石英-多金属硫化物和石英-碳酸盐组合为标志。矿区不同阶段石英中广泛发育流体包裹体,可分为水溶液包裹体(A型)、纯CO2包裹体(C型)、CO2-H2O包裹体(B型)三类。早、中阶段主要发育B型和A型包裹体,均一温度集中在177～346℃,流体盐度介于1%～22%NaCleqv之间,密度介于0.67～1.04g/cm3;晚阶段主要发育A型包裹体,均一温度为121～185℃,流体盐度介于1%～9%NaCleqv之间。发育在早、中阶段的B型和C型流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO2,含有少量的CH4。成矿压力为50～160MPa,成矿深度为5～5.9km。矿区不同阶段矿石氧同位素组成总体变化较小(5.5‰～8.6‰),氢同位素变化较大(-56‰～-109‰),碳同位素组成变化为-3.4‰～-8.1‰,表明成矿流体可能以岩浆源为主,并伴有大气降水的参与。综合对比研究认为,65Ma左右印度-亚洲大陆发生对接碰撞,由此诱发的岩浆热液作用可能导致了连城Cu-Mo多金属矿床形成。温度的降低和流体的不混溶是导致钼等成矿元素沉淀和富集的重要机制。     

Tectonic environments of sapphire and ruby revealed by a global oxygen isotope compilation

Many sapphire and ruby occurrences are spatially linked with orogenic belts such as the Pan-African Orogen, the Himalayas, and regions of active or former subduction along the western margin of the Pacific Ocean. These gemstones have oxygen isotope compositions (δ¹⁸O) that span >45‰, reflecting the wide range of environments and conditions involved in corundum (Al₂O₃) formation. We compiled a global data base of sapphire and ruby δ¹⁸O, from which the following major groups of gemstones emerge: a dominant population of sapphires with δ¹⁸O centred around 5.5‰ (the mantle value) that is spatially related to regions of former subduction; a lesser population of sapphires and rubies with slightly higher δ¹⁸O that are associated with skarn and pegmatite; rubies with relatively low δ¹⁸O of 0‰–7‰ that occur in hydrothermally altered ultramafic metamorphic rocks in collision zones; and rubies with high δ¹⁸O of 14‰–25‰ that are found, almost exclusively, in Himalayan marble. The spatial distribution of the δ¹⁸O groups relative to plate boundaries provides insight into the two major periods of continental collision involved in sapphire and ruby formation: the Ediacaran collision of East and West Gondwana (the East African Orogeny) and the Cenozoic collision of India and Asia.