应用TEM资料分析麻黄泉地区地层结构及沉积环境

为了在酒东盆地中寻找隐伏的砂岩型铀矿,需要研究麻黄泉地区的地层结构及沉积环境。通过开展瞬变电磁测量及相应的数据处理,建立了该区视电阻率与不同岩性的对应关系,根据岩性视电阻率差异,划分了盆地基底构造单元,确定测区存在3个大的视电阻率电性层,解释出沉积中心和冲积扇的空间位置。结合砂岩型铀矿的控矿因素,认为解释的斜坡区及冲积扇可作为下一步开展找矿工作的重点地段。     

大港滩海埕北断阶区沙河街组三段、二段近岸水下扇沉积微相特征

大港滩海埕北断阶区沙河街组沙三段、沙二段砂体是由辫状水道控制的近岸水下扇。主要发育基质支撑砂砾岩相、颗粒支撑砂砾岩相、正递变层理砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、逆递变层理砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、泥质支撑砂岩相和粉砂岩相,粒度粗是其主要特征;水平层理、块状层理、平行层理、交错层理、波状层理、包卷层理和变形层理十分发育;砂球、重荷模、砂岩脉和冲刷面等沉积构造也十分发育：电阻率曲线呈正韵律,曲线由高幅至中幅呈钟形及箱形,与不同岩性和不同沉积相具良好对应关系。通过对区内各井的岩性组合观察,结合各砂层组的沉积特征及其相应的测井相标志将研究区近岸水下扇划分为2个亚相和5个微相：扇中(包括辫状水道、辫状水道间和扇中前缘)和扇端亚相(扇端泥、扇端席状砂)。其中扇中辫状水道为主要储集层。     

湖泊相沉积体系划分方案及其测井特征讨论

在前人的基础上分析湖泊相带的划分,提出了湖泊相新的划分方案,把湖泊划为深水湖-较深水湖亚相、浅湖亚相、滨湖亚相,在湖泊环境中发育湖底扇亚相、湖控亚相(三角洲前缘亚相、前三角洲亚相、扇三角洲扇前缘亚相、水下河道、水下河口坝)都划为湖泊相,更有利于研究湖泊相的沉积体系.结合自然电位和视电阻率曲线上的可识别特征,使湖泊相带的研究向定量化发展.     

黄河口凹陷A区古近系沙河街组三段沉积相

通过岩心观察描述和沉积相分析,结合地震、测井、录井、分析化验资料综合分析结果表明：黄河口凹陷A区沙河街组三段发育扇三角洲相、湖底扇相和湖泊相。沙三段下亚段沉积相特征在沙三段沉积时期具有代表性。沙三段下亚段主要储层沉积相类型为扇三角洲相和湖底扇相。扇三角洲相划分为扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲前缘和前扇三角洲3个亚相。扇三角洲平原亚相由泥石流和水道沉积组成。扇三角洲前缘亚相由近端坝和远端坝沉积组成。湖底扇相可分为内扇、中扇和外扇3个亚相。内扇主要由滑塌堆积和碎屑流沉积组成,中扇主要由碎屑流和浊流沉积组成,外扇主要由浊流沉积组成。沙三段下亚段沉积时期,沉积相的平面展布具有一定的规律性,表现为：靠近南部盆缘断裂发育扇三角洲相,向湖方向发育湖底扇相,向北逐渐过渡为湖泊相。沙三段下亚段沉积时期,盆地明显为南陡北缓的箕状断陷湖盆,陡坡带活动盆缘断裂控制了扇三角洲相的分布。     

尼玛盆地南部古近系牛堡组沉积特征及其地质意义

对西藏尼玛盆地南部查昂巴古近系牛堡组实测剖面的沉积相研究识别出2种沉积相类型:扇三角洲相与湖泊相.根据沉积物岩性、结构、构造、颜色等特征,扇三角洲相可进一步划分为扇三角洲平原(包括辫状河道与河道间湾2个沉积微相)、扇三角洲前缘(包括水下分流河道与分流间湾2个沉积微相)与前扇三角洲3个沉积亚相;湖泊相可进一步划分为滨湖、...     

辽西凌源地区中侏罗统邓杖子组沉积环境探讨

通过对辽西凌源地区牛营子盆地邓杖子组地层剖面测制,结合岩石组合、沉积构造及相序叠置关系等因素分析研究,认为邓杖子组沉积环境为冲积扇相.邓杖子组下部岩性为灰色厚层—巨厚层中—粗粒石灰岩质砾岩,沉积环境为扇根亚相,由筛积物沉积、泥石流沉积组成;中部主要为灰绿色薄层中细粒长石砂岩、细粒钙质砂岩,夹灰色石灰岩质砾岩、含砂质灰岩等,由扇中亚相和扇端亚相组成;上部岩性为灰色中厚层—厚层夹厚层—巨厚层石灰岩质砾岩,沉积环境可识别出扇中亚相和扇根亚相,二亚相均由河道沉积和漫流沉积组成.     

川西前陆盆地上侏罗统蓬莱镇组沉积特征

经岩性、岩石组合、沉积韵律等综合分析认为川西前陆盆地上侏罗统蓬莱镇组主要为冲积扇、曲流河、三角洲和湖泊沉积.其中冲积扇发育扇中和扇端两个亚相,扇根不发育;曲流河发育河道和洪泛平原两个亚相;三角洲发育三角洲平原、三角洲前缘以及前三角洲三个亚相;而湖泊相主要发育滨浅湖和半深湖沉积,深湖在研究区内不发育.在龙门山前缘的盆地边缘发育冲积扇相带.大小不同的冲积扇体连接或叠覆构成冲积扇群.并依次出现扇中、扇端的微相分带.同时砾石由粗变细,逐渐过渡到河流的砂岩相;由河流往东则进入湖泊沉积区,并在河流入湖处形成三角洲相沉积.根据冲积扇-曲流河-三角洲一湖泊的时空展布规律,建立了本区蓬莱镇组的沉积模式.     

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东斜坡中二叠统扇三角洲储层特征与成因

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷东斜坡区中二叠统下乌尔禾组是区域油气勘探的重要领域,但勘探程度总体较低,成藏规律不明。以单井岩心、镜下薄片、扫描电镜等分析为基础,储层物性分析为辅,结合地震地球物理分析,对下乌尔禾组储层特征与成因进行分析。结果表明,研究区发育扇三角洲沉积体系,进一步可划分出扇三角洲平原、扇三角洲平原-前缘过渡、扇三角洲前缘等亚相。由于近物源区具有多级坡折古地貌形态,沉积相平面展布具较窄的平原亚相及较宽的三角洲前缘亚相,构成了纵向上由SW向NE方向长轴缓坡到短轴陡坡扇三角洲的潜在油气富集区带。扇三角洲前缘是油气富集的主要有利相带,其水下分流河道微相和水下分流河道间湾微相控制了主要的优质储层,加之多种成岩作用的共同影响及优越的鼻状构造圈闭条件,形成多个潜在油气藏富集区,是下步勘探的重点目标。     

二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组沉积相

根据岩心、电测曲线、录井、分析化验、地震等资料,研究了白音查干凹陷下白垩统腾格尔组沉积相类型和沉积特征,以及腾格尔组沉积相分布规律。结果表明,腾格尔组发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、湖泊和浊积扇4种沉积相,扇三角洲分布在北部陡坡,辫状河三角洲分布南部缓坡,从盆地边缘到盆地中心,沉积相由扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲沉积渐变为半深湖—深湖相沉积,在三角洲侧翼发育滨—浅湖相沉积,在三角洲前缘以及前三角洲和半深湖中发育浊积扇,整体呈南北分异、东西分化,这种沉积格局受盆地周边断层和古地形控制。扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲前缘亚相带仍然是油气聚集的重要相带,而与断层相关的其前缘近岸浊积扇是岩性油气藏勘探的有利目标。     

印度河盆地下白垩统海相三角洲沉积与油气富集规律

海相三角洲砂岩是下印度河盆地重要的油气储集类型和油气勘探目标。以M区块为例,综合运用岩心、测井、地震及分析化验资料,结合区域地质背景,开展了受水流和波浪作用的海相三角洲沉积特征研究,并总结了适合该区的三角洲沉积模式。研究表明:研究区三角洲识别出4个亚相,包含三角洲平原亚相、内前缘亚相、外前缘亚相和前三角洲亚相,三角洲前缘亚相面积大,平面上呈现向海凸出的半圆形或朵叶轮廓,内前缘亚相靠岸地带三角洲呈建设性,以水下分流河道砂岩为骨架砂体,而外前缘亚相末端指状砂体受到波浪和潮汐作用的冲刷改造,形成大面积分布、独具特色的席状砂体;最后指出了三角洲不同相带砂体与油气分布的关系,为油气勘探部署决策提供了依据。     

水库析出物中显微针铁矿的成因差异——以湖北省富水水库及南河水库为例

通过对湖北省富水、南河水库坝基渗漏水及其析出物的研究 ,探讨了不同水库沉积环境中显微针铁矿的成因差异及微生物在铁的生物矿化中的作用和意义。采用化学分析、X射线衍射、红外光谱、穆斯堡尔谱、透射电镜和扫描电镜分析等手段 ,研究了两个水库坝基渗漏水析出物的组成、物相和形貌特征。两个水库坝基渗漏水的成分相似 ,阳离子均以Ca2 + 、Mg2 + 、K+ 、Na+ 为主 ,Fe2 + 和Fe3 + 含量极少 ,阴离子以HCO-3 为主。渗漏水析出物的化学成分以铁的氧化物为主 ,析出物的主要矿物相为针铁矿、石英、伊利石、蒙脱石及微量方解石 ,呈弱结晶状态。穆斯堡尔谱图和SEM显微形貌特征证实了南河水库中针铁矿以化学成因为主 ,系菱铁矿风化而成 ;富水水库中针铁矿的形成受铁细菌的影响 ,以生物成因为主。     

Analysis of arsenic speciation in mine contaminated lacustrine sediment using selective sequential extraction,HR-ICPMS and TEM

In order to determine how As speciation in lacustrine sediment changes as a function of local conditions, sediment cores were taken from three lakes with differing hydrologic regimes and subjected to extensive chemical and TEM analysis. The lakes (Killarney, Thompson and Swan Lakes) are located within the Coeur d’ Alene River system (northern Idaho, USA), which has been contaminated with trace metals and As, from over 100 a of sulfide mining. Previous analyses of these lakebed sediments have shown an extensive amount of contaminant metals and As associated with sub-μm grains, making them extremely difficult to analyze using standard methods (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction). Transmission electron microscopy offers great advantages in spatial resolution and can be invaluable in determining As speciation when combined with other techniques. Data indicate that because of differences in local redox conditions, As speciation and stability is dramatically different in these lakes. Killarney and Thompson Lakes experience seasonal water-level fluctuations due to drawdown on a downstream dam, causing changes in O₂ content in sediment exposed during drawdown. Swan Lake has relatively constant water levels as its only inlet is dammed. Consequently, Killarney and Thompson Lakes show an increase in labile As-bearing phases with depth, while Swan Lake data indicate stable As hosts throughout the sediment profile. Based on these observations it can be stated that As in lakebed sediments is much less mobile, and therefore less bioavailable, when water is kept at a constant level.     

卵石沙洲发育与冲刷试验

沙洲是塑造分汊型河道最重要的形态因子,其发育与蚀退由于上游来水来沙变化呈现冲淤交替,从而影响分汊河道输水输沙平衡.通过单个卵石沙洲的淤积和冲刷试验,揭示不同加沙速率、粒径和来流量条件下,沙洲淤积和冲刷规律,并建立简化理论模型分析沙洲淤积速率.结果表明,4组加沙试验中,分流点后出现明显淤积下延至洲头,左汊和右汊成为输沙通道,洲尾中心线两侧的左右汊道有泥沙淤积,洲尾未出现淤积.7组清水冲刷试验中,洲头最先承受冲刷和蚀退,并沿洲体冲刷延伸,洲头冲刷的泥沙沿左右汊水流带到下游,洲尾未出现明显冲刷.卵石沙洲以洲头淤积为主导发育模式,泥沙粒径、洲头坡角和分流角是决定淤积速率的关键因子.     

珠江口沉积物210Pb分布特征及环境意义

根据珠江口及其邻近海域中的14个沉积柱样的210Pb随深度分布的测量数据以及210Pb过剩衰减法的原理,建立了基于傅立叶级数的变沉积速率模型,对珠江河口近50年来河口沉积物的沉积序列进行了分析。分别对各柱样的210Pb数据使用变沉积速率模型进行计算,获得了柱样更切实的沉积速率变化过程并分析沉积速率、年代计算结果与同时期内沉积环境之间的关系,结果表明:珠江口不同站位的沉积速率差异很大,几个站位的整体平均沉积速率分别是,7.25 cm/a,5.36 cm/a,3.26 cm/a,3.03 cm/a,1.58 cm/a;沉积速率的变化与同时期发生在区域内的洪水、风暴潮、人类活动、河口演变等一系列综合因素有较好的对应关系,这说明使用基于傅立叶级数的变沉积速率模型得到的210Pb沉积速率变化的垂直分布能够解释其对应时段内的沉积环境,此模型亦可为其它河口区域的210Pb沉积速率计算提供借鉴。     

不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的分析——特大型泥石流灾害发生的思考

通过对特大型泥石流灾害发生的思考,详细分析了蒋家沟1995—1997年43场泥石流暴发的不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的关系。分析结果表明：泥石流的产沙规模与不同权重降雨的入渗范围、深度的土体极限应力状态（C、Ф、P,）有关。根据不同权重的前期和始发日降雨量与泥石流产沙规模的关系,可以将泥石流分为：土力型（A）和迳流型（B）两大类型。土力型（A）泥石流有24场占总样本的55．81％,而其产沙量却占样本总产沙量的85％。迳流型（B）泥石流有19场占总样本的44．19％,但该类泥石流的产沙量只占样本总产沙量的15％。     

Test of experimental set-ups for electrodialytic removal of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd from different contaminated harbour sediments

Electrodialytic removal of heavy metals from different harbour sediments was investigated. Electrodialytic remediation experiments in laboratory scale were made with calcareous and non-calcareous harbour sediments. Two different experimental set-ups were used for the study, one with stirring of the sediment slurry, the other without stirring. The removal of heavy metals was highest in the non-calcareous sediment, where 94% Cd, 91% Zn and 73% Cu were removed after 24 days. The highest removal obtained for the calcareous sediment was 81% Cd, 76% Zn, 75% Pb and 53% Cu after 21 days, with stirred sediment slurry. Electrodialytic experiments without stirring of calcareous sediment gave high removals (84% Zn, 58% Pb and 48% Cu), but there were problems with precipitations in the sediment, which limited the removal. The stirred experiments gave the highest removals of heavy metals and the voltage was the most stable in these experiments, and thus, the stirred set-up is the best choice for experimental set-up. The order in which the heavy metals were removed from the harbour sediments was Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu.     

Conditions and mechanism for the formation of iron-rich Montmorillonite in deep sea sediments (Costa Rica margin): Coupling high resolution mineralogical characterization and geochemical modeling

Iron-rich smectite is commonly described in the diagenetic fraction of deep-sea sediment, as millimeter to centimeter aggregates dispersed in the sediment, or as a coating on sedimentary particles or nodules. This study examines several factors to elucidate formation mechanisms of a particular iron-rich smectite and its potential transformation to glauconite. The study combines a detailed mineralogical investigation on natural samples and a chemical modeling approach to assess mineralogical reactions and pathways.Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations and analytical electron microscopy (TEM-AEM) analyses were conducted on microtomed samples of millimeter- to centimeter-long green grains. These grains are widespread in pelagic calcareous sediment from the Costa Rica margin. They are composed of pyrites that are partially dissolved and are surrounded by amorphous or very poorly crystallized iron-rich particles. Iron-rich montmorillonite grows from an amorphous precursor and its formation requires the input of Si, O, Mg, K, Na and Ca; our results suggest that these inputs are supported by the dissolution of sedimentary phases such as volcanic glasses, siliceous fossils and silicates.Thermodynamic modeling of fluid-sediment interactions was conducted with the geochemical computer code PhreeqC, using mineralogical and pore fluid compositions from sediment samples and calculated estimates for thermodynamic constants of smectites that are not maintained by the computer code. Simulations confirm the possibility that the green grains are the product of pyrite alteration by seawater under oxidizing conditions. The extent of smectite production is controlled by the kinetics of pyrite dissolution and fluid migration. The absence of aluminum in the Costa Rica margin system explains the formation of an iron-rich montmorillonite instead of glauconite, whereas the presence of calcite that buffers the system explains the formation of an iron-rich montmorillonite instead of iron oxides.     

Physical simulation and application of a new TEM configuration

In some applications, especially for tunnel surveys and ancient tomb investigations, the scale of survey location is so small that it is impossible to lay a large enough transmitter loop for detection. A small-scale and high-power Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) transmitter configuration must be adapted to detect longer distance or greater depth. Redesigning the TEM surveying configuration may facilitate improving signal penetration and precision of TEM soundings. Based on physical simulation, a newly designed special-loop-source TEM survey configuration has been introduced, which employs four square apertures within a single large transmitter loop to excite stronger fields. The primary and secondary fields have been measured using both the new special-loop system and standard normal single loop TEM configuration for different receiver-transmitter separations and for different target depths. The response curves were compared, revealing that the primary field intensity and the secondary field response were improved by the special-loop transmitter system as compared to the standard system. The new special-loop configuration can be used for tunnel TEM prediction and other TEM investigations. A case study was conducted on tunnel forecasting in Hubei Province, China. This terra TEM survey showed that it is an effective and successful method for exploring and predicting challenging geological structures ahead of a tunnel wall during excavation.     

金沙江流域不同区域水沙变化特征及原因分析

在金沙江流域水文站控制的不同区间的水文资料和降水量资料,以及大量的长江上游水土流失重点防治区小流域综合防治工程(简称"长治"工程)拦沙减蚀量、水库拦沙量资料的基础上,对金沙江流域各水文站控制的不同区间、不同时段的来水来沙变化特征及其变化原因进行了定量分析.结果表明,金沙江流域水沙在地区分布上有明显的水沙异源特性,不同区间水沙变化特征存在很大的差异,降水/径流变化引起的沙量变化、水库拦沙、"长治"工程减沙在不同区间起着不同的作用.金沙江攀枝花以上地区以冻融侵蚀和坡面侵蚀为主,年产沙量仅0.521亿t,输沙模数200 t/(km2·a),但增沙的趋势较明显;攀枝花至屏山区间新构造运动剧烈,断层发育,岩层松软破碎,地形陡峻,植被稀少,以重力侵蚀为主,年产沙量1.58亿t,输沙模数达2 200 t/(km2·a),1991-2000年来沙量增加,2001-2004年来沙量大幅度减小.     

长江中游荆江段非均匀悬沙恢复饱和系数

三峡工程运行后,长江中游荆江河段含沙量大幅度降低,次饱和水流冲刷河床使含沙量在沿程逐渐恢复,但其恢复特点由于沿程床沙组成差异而有所不同。本文基于Markov随机过程及泥沙起动理论,推导非均匀悬沙的泥沙落距表达式;结合悬移质扩散理论,修正非均匀悬沙恢复饱和系数公式。在此基础上,基于荆江河段实测输沙过程,提出考虑床沙组成影响的分组悬沙恢复饱和系数计算方法;该方法主要与泥沙粒径、悬浮指标、床沙组成及止滚概率、止悬概率等因素有关,无需考虑非饱和调整系数的影响。计算结果表明:①不考虑床沙组成时,沙市、监利站恢复饱和系数计算值均在区间0.12~0.27内变化,而考虑床沙组成时分别为0.000 3~0.171 8和0.003 5~0.157 9。②不考虑床沙组成时,分组悬沙恢复饱和系数计算值细沙>中沙>粗沙;考虑床沙组成时细沙 < 中沙 < 粗沙;除落水期外,沙市站粗沙的恢复速度均大于监利站。③沙市、监利站恢复饱和系数在各计算时段的变化过程对悬沙分组具有敏感性,其中洪水期恢复饱和系数大于枯水期、涨水期和落水期。采用河床变形方程反算分组悬沙恢复饱和系数,并与本文计算结果进行对比;通过比较分析,本文公式能够用于描述荆江河段分组悬沙恢复特性,可为三峡工程下游非均匀悬沙沿程恢复过程研究提供参考。