尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区逆冲构造演化特征

关于尼日尔三角洲盆地陆坡深水区的逆冲构造,其逆冲背景下的构造演化阶段及古地貌变迁特征,是一个需要深入研究的问题。以尼日尔三角洲盆地某深水研究区为例,基于三维地震资料解释,识别了3个关键界面和4种构造样式,将新生界划分为3个超层序,进一步分析了SSQ_1超层序内部的泥岩滑脱面;厘定了中新统逆冲构造的演化阶段,并分析了不同阶段内的地貌特征。形成于构造活动期的超层序(SSQ_3)可进一步划分为3个三级层序,自下而上依次由逆冲断层、泥底辟和披覆沉积所主控,对应3个不同的构造演化阶段:①逆冲断层主控阶段。在重力滑脱作用下,逆冲断层沿不同深度滑脱面发育,所产生的位移差导致构造变换带内地层受到剪切应力而发育撕裂断层,其走向与逆冲断层近垂直;剪切破裂面的存在使地层抗应力强度大幅降低,在地层超压作用下,构造变换带内沿撕裂断层发育泥底辟褶皱;顺陆坡倾向搬运的重力流沉积物受到逆冲相关褶皱阻挡而发生沉积,导致重力流岩性圈闭集中分布于逆冲断层上盘的地貌低部位。②泥底辟主控阶段。在差异负荷作用下,塑性超压泥岩向逆冲相关褶皱与撕裂断层相关褶皱核部集中,形成大型滑脱褶皱;泥岩的塑性变形主要发生在由不同深度滑脱面所限定的地层单元内;滑脱褶皱的存在使其两侧形成了沿陆坡倾向展布的地貌低部位,并成为重力流储层发育的有利场所。③构造平静阶段。构造活动明显减弱,在填平补齐作用下地貌逐渐趋于平缓。     

尼日尔三角洲的沉积-构造特征

尼日尔三角洲位于非洲大陆西海岸的几内亚湾,由尼日尔河注入大西洋形成的,是世界上最大的三角洲之一。它发育于冈瓦纳大陆裂解形成的中、西非裂谷系和大西洋被动大陆边缘交汇部位,主体位于大西洋洋壳之上,部分位于非洲前寒武纪结晶基底之上。中、西非中生代裂谷系通过控制贝努埃-尼日尔河系的发育,间接控制三角洲的形成演化。尼日尔三角洲是一个进积型三角洲,具有典型的进积三角洲沉积序列,自下而上依次是海相页岩(Akata组)、近海三角洲相砂岩-页岩互层(Agbada组)和陆相冲积砂岩(Benin组)。三个岩石地层单位均规律性穿时,向洋方向变新。尼日尔三角洲层序中发育一大型重力滑动构造。该重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中,可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张伸展构造变形区。挤压构造变形区发育褶皱冲断带,伸展构造变形区发育堑垒构造,两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。尼日尔三角洲的重力构造伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带(Cameroon volcanic line)有一定的关系。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积体系特征

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积研究是目前世界油气勘探的热点问题之一.通过对三维地震资料、岩心及测井曲线分析,揭示了尼日尔三角洲盆地南部地区新近系深水沉积体系特征.基于不同属性的层序界面识别,研究区划分出SQ1-SQ6共6个三级层序,并建立层序地层格架,进而总结出研究区深水沉积模式.研究区除堆积正常半深海-深海泥岩外,还广泛发育海底扇沉积,海底扇由浊积水道和海底扇朵体组成,其中水道分支少、弯度大,外部形态类似曲流河;朵体平面上成朵叶状分布,可以划分为末端朵体和决口扇朵体.研究区新近系地层自下向上由老到新,相对海平面先下降再上升,SQ1-SQ4层序以海底扇朵体沉积为主,SQ5-SQ6层序以浊积水道沉积为主.      

河北滦平盆地构造演化及对扇三角洲发育的控制作用

滦平盆地可与中国东部含能源盆地类比 ,其在构造发育上经历了 5个阶段 ,各阶段具有不同的盆地充填特点。盆地发育的动力学分析表明 ,中国东部中生代盆地发育的动力学因素包括深部高热流和厚地壳 ,以及板块间相互作用变化而导致的构造应力场的改变。滦平盆地构造活动通过改变湖水深度、古坡度并与古气候共同控制扇三角洲体系的发育     

尼日尔三角洲坡脚逆冲带沉积样式及构造控制

研究尼日尔三角洲深水坡脚逆冲带沉积样式、构造对沉积的控制可以揭示深水沉积分布与演化特征.运用生长地层翼旋转机理和地震相分析技术对研究区的沉积类型、构造与沉积关系进行了分析.认为在深水陆坡重力滑动作用所形成的微盆地内, 层序边界表现为微盆地边缘上超不整合面或重力流对下伏地层的侵蚀不整合; 逆冲构造隆升速率与沉积速率共同控制了重力流可容空间和沉积充填样式; 沉积垂向演化以块状搬运复合体-浊积扇-深海披覆泥或浊积扇-深海披覆泥为特征.在充分考虑构造隆升和沉积速率影响因素的基础上, 建立了单一微盆地和多个微盆地的沉积演化模式.      

尼日尔三角洲的重力滑动构造

位于南大西洋东岸被动大陆边缘之上的尼日尔三角洲发育一大型重力滑动构造。自非洲大陆向南大西洋方向,该重力滑动构造可以划分出前缘挤压构造变形区和后缘拉张构造变形区。前缘挤压构造变形,形成褶皱冲断带;后缘拉张构造变形,形成堑垒构造;两者之间的过渡带发育滑脱褶皱。三角洲沉积的时代为始新世—第四纪,地层剖面自下而上依次是海相页岩（Akata组）、近海三角洲相砂岩—页岩互层（Agbada组）和陆相冲积砂岩（Benin组）。3个岩石地层单元都是穿时的,向大洋方向变新。重力滑动构造的主滑脱面位于Akata海相页岩中。根据生长地层、不整合以及卷入变形的地层时代,重力滑动构造起始于约12 Ma,伴生有广泛发育的泥构造。重力滑动构造的形成可能与新生代喀麦隆火山带（Cameroon volcanic line）的火山活动有一定的关系。     

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积的二元结构特征及层序划分

本文根据测井曲线及地震相特征,建立了深水层序界面划分的5种判别标准,将尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区中中新统一上中新统地层划分了6个三级层序,2个二级层序.根据深水沉积自身沉积旋回所具有的二元结构特征及三角洲与陆架区相对海平面变化之间的关系,将经典的三分体系域划分为二分体系域:异地沉积体系域和原地沉积体系域.其中,异地沉积体系域从基准面下降开始海侵早期,主要发育重力流沉积(块状搬运沉积、浊积扇);原地沉积体系域从海侵中、晚期—基准面上升最大位置结束,主要以原地沉降的泥质披覆沉积为主.本文分析了层序发育的影响因素,综合研究认为:气候条件、海平面变化、构造抬升、沉积物供给、大陆架宽窄等共同制约了研究区深水沉积层序的发育.     

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区E油田重力流水道复合体沉积特征与内部期次解剖

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水区E油田A油组发育重力流水道复合体沉积,由于内部水道期次多,叠置关系复杂,导致油田开发难度较大.通过对地震资料、测井曲线、岩心照片等资料的分析,梳理了A油组重力流水道复合体的沉积特征,探讨了水道复合体期次解剖的级次问题,明确了复合水道期次解剖具有实际应用价值,并提出基于井-震联合多级旋回对比的复合水...     

转换型陆缘——尼日尔三角洲盆地成因类型再认识

尼日尔三角洲盆地是世界上规模最大、油气最为富集的陆缘三角洲盆地之一, 过去普遍被认为是起源于白垩纪三叉裂谷的伸展型被动大陆边缘盆地。本文综合前人研究, 剖析贝努埃槽和非洲陆上断裂体系及其相关盆地构造-地层结构, 认为冈瓦纳大陆裂解前(侏罗纪-早白垩世)陆内存在巨型走滑断裂系, 先期裂开的南大西洋和中大西洋沿该断裂系贯通形成赤道大西洋; 提出了尼日尔三角洲盆地为受先存大型走滑断裂体系影响的转换型陆缘盆地, 具有明显的窄洋陆过渡带特征, 致使现今三角洲主体沉积于新生洋壳之上; 重建了尼日尔三角洲盆地裂陷期、过渡期和陆缘期的形成演化历程, 提出因边缘脊和洋底转换脊的遮挡作用, 在过渡期转换型陆缘更有利于形成局限的海洋环境, 为形成大面积优质烃源岩创造了良好条件, 大幅度地提升了转换型陆缘盆地的油气勘探前景。

     

Composite Sand Bodies Architecture of Deep-Water Turbidite Channels in the Niger Delta Basin

Abstract: Deep-water turbidite channels have attracted much attention as a focused issue in petroleum exploration and development. Extensive studies have been performed on the architecture of turbidite channels, and most researches have focused on their geometric shapes, sedimentary processes and controlling factors. However, little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns, distribution laws and quantitative studies of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels. Taken one slope area of the Niger Delta Basin as an example, this study conducted a semi-quantitative to quantitative analysis on architecture of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels based on cores, well logging and seismic surveys. It is shown that turbidite channel systems can be classified as confined and unconfined channel systems. For confined channel systems, the vertical evolution process involves four stages. The sinuosity of a channel system is controlled by slope, with a negative power function relationship between them. When slope gradient reaches four degrees, the channel system is nearly straight. Based on the migration direction and migration amount of single channels within channel complexes, channel composite patterns can be divided into four classes (the lateral composite, en-echelon composite, swing composite and vertical composite) and several subclasses. Various channel composite patterns show specific distribution laws spatially. For meandering channel complexes at the middle-late evolution stage of confined channel systems, the lateral migration amongst single channels shows the features of integrity and succession. The sinuosity of single channels in the late period is greater than that in the early period, and cut-offs may occur locally when the sinuosity is larger than five degrees. This study provides a better understanding for the geological theory of deep-water sedimentary, and also improves exploitation benefits of this type of reservoirs.     

深水沉积差异及其对油气分布影响

尼日尔三角洲盆地深水油气资源丰富,其中盆地东部深水区已发现的亿顿级油气田数量和累计油气可采储量均约为西部深水区的两倍,东、西部深水区油气差异巨大,开展尼日尔三角洲盆地深水沉积特征和差异研究具有重要的生产意义和学术价值。通过对该盆地大量地震、测井和岩心等资料的分析,提出了西部深水扇主要是由三角洲提供物源,通过大型峡谷的运输,在深水平原区形成树枝状发散的深水扇,又称作“有根深水扇”;东部深水扇也是由三角洲供源,但由于缺乏大型峡谷的运输,沉积物沿大陆斜坡滑移至半深海—深海平原,形成根部不发育的“扇面状”深水扇,又称作“无根深水扇”。尼日尔三角洲盆地东西部深水区油气分布差异,除构造等因素外,其最主要的原因为有/无峡谷作为物源运输通道,分别形成的不同沉积类型,进而分别形成两种样式的深水圈闭类型,最终造成东西部深水区油气分布的巨大差异。     

Case histories of sand search in the Niger Delta

This paper discusses the imperatives of sand search and describes two case histories of sand search in the Niger Delta. These case histories highlight the project cycle of sand search operations and circumstances in which environmental peculiarities can influence procedures and strategies. Field and laboratory procedures emphasise the applications of particle-size distribution and compaction tests to field construction control. The need to integrate mitigative measures of potential impacts into the planning and execution of projects has been emphasised. Some environmental consequences of sand dredging have also been highlighted.     

Origin and depositional environments of source rocks and crude oils from Niger Delta Basin: Carbon isotopic evidence

Thirty-nine crude oils and twenty-one rock samples from Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria have been characterized based on their isotope compositions by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole rock extracts, saturate and aromatic fractions range from –28.7‰ to –26.8‰, –29.2‰ to –27.2 ‰ and –28.5 ‰ to –26.7 ‰, respectively while the bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole oils, saturate and aromatic fractions range from –25.4 ‰ to –27.8 ‰, –25.9 ‰ to –28.4 ‰ and –23.5 ‰ to –26.9 ‰, respectively. The average carbon isotopic compositions of individual alkanes (nC₁₂-nC₃₃) in the rock samples range from –34.9‰ to –28.2‰ whereas the average isotopic values of individual n-alkanes in the oils range from –31.1‰ to –23.8‰. The δ¹³C isotope ratios of pristane and phytane in the rock samples range from –29.2 ‰ to –28.2 ‰ and –30.2 ‰ to –27.4 ‰ respectively while the pristane and phytane isotopic values range from –32.1‰ to –21.9‰ and –30.5‰ to –26.9‰, respectively. The isotopic values recorded for the samples indicated that the crude oils were formed from the mixed input of terrigenous and marine organic matter and deposited under oxic to sub-oxic condition in lacustrine-fluvial/deltaic environments. The stable carbon isotopic compositions were found to be effective in assessing the origin and depositional environments of crude oils in the Niger Delta Basin.     

The effects of gas flaring on crops in the Niger Delta,Nigeria

Flaring of associated gas from oil exploitation has several consequences on the environment. This study explores the spatial variability effects of gas flaring on the growth and development of cassava (Manihot esculenta), waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), and pepper (Piper spp.) crops commonly cultivated in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Data was collected on soil and atmospheric temperature and moisture at a 20-m interval, starting at 40 m from the flare point to a distance of 140 m. Lengths and widths of crop leaves, height of crop plants and cassava yields were measured at the specified distances. The amino acid, ascorbic acid, starch, and sugar constituents of the cassava yields were determined. The results suggest that a spatial gradient exists in the effects of gas flares on crop development. Retardation in crop development manifests in decreased dimensions of leaf lengths and widths of cassava and pepper crops closer to the gas flare point. Statistical analysis also confirms that cassava yields are higher at locations further away from the flare point. In addition, the amount of starch and ascorbic acid in cassava decreased when the plant is grown closer to the gas flare. High temperatures around the gas flare appear to be the most likely cause of this retardation. The waterleaf crop, on the other hand, appears to thrive better around the gas flare point.     

尼日尔三角洲深水区层序地层及地震相研究

中新世至上新世,研究区发育深海平原和陆坡坡脚沉积。缺少反映海平面变化的上超特征和削截现象,很难利用地震反射终止类型（上超、顶超、削截）进行层序界面识别。文中利用深水区沉积旋回的地震相特征差异进行层序界面识别,并建立了研究区层序演化模式:低位体系域发育重力流沉积（块状搬运复合体、浊积扇）———海侵高位体系域深海泥质发育。以层序为格架进行地震相和沉积相在时间和空间分布特征分析。研究区识别出两类叠加地 震相样式:杂乱反射块状搬运复合体———丘形水道—堤岸复合体（浊积扇）———平行反射深海泥质沉积;丘形水道—堤岸复合体（浊积扇）———平行反射深海泥质沉积。     

The influence of pre-existing structure on the growth of syn-sedimentary normal faults in a deltaic setting,Niger Delta

Three dimensional seismic-reflection data from the western Niger Delta were used to investigate the segmentation and linkage of a syn-sedimentary normal fault array and to estimate the influence of a pre-existing normal fault on the geometry and growth of younger faults. The nucleation, growth and linkage of a regional (seaward-dipping) deltaic fault system were analyzed on reflectivity time-/horizon slices and vertical seismic sections. In the deep subsurface, a master fault that consists of two segments (northwestern, NW, and southeastern, SE) grew through time into a single fault by lateral tip propagation reaching a final length of about 15 km. After attaining this length, displacement along the fault system developed non-uniformly through time. The analysis of the hanging-wall sediments of the deep-seated master fault shows two different processes of vertical linkage above the NW and SE segment. The SE segment links vertically to several younger faults contemporaneously with displacement accumulation on the master fault; in contrast, fault linkage above the NW segment occurred only after an interval of master-fault inactivity connecting the deep-seated structure upwards to a single syn-sedimentary normal fault. The observed differences in fault development suggest that although multi-segment deltaic faults form single fault systems after segment linkage, individual pre-linkage characteristics can be preserved, supporting a possibly diverse upward growth and connection to younger faults in the overburden. The geological interpretations presented highlight the influence of large deep-rooted structures on the development, location and geometry of shallow deltaic faults, documenting the influence of an older structural grain on delta tectonics.