板桥凹陷钱圈地区沙河街组沉积及砂体展布特征

板桥凹陷钱圈地区沙河街组物源主要来自北部陡坡带增幅台地区和南部北大港潜山地区,在研究区北部陡坡带形成了扇三角洲沉积,在南部缓坡带形成了辫状河三角洲沉积。利用层序地层学和地震沉积学的研究思路和方法,在波阻抗数据体的基础上采用地层切片技术,在等时层序地层格架内结合单井岩-电关系,对三角洲体系砂体的展布特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:①南部缓坡带沙三上亚段沉积时期,物源主要来自北大港潜山地区,辫状河三角洲的砂体呈进积特征,展布范围逐渐变大,反映湖盆基准面下降的特征,在沙二段沉积时期,辫状河三角洲沉积物源来自增幅台和北大港潜山2个地区;陡坡带沙二段至沙一上亚段沉积时期,扇三角洲砂体呈退积特征,砂体展布范围逐渐变小,反映湖盆基准面上升的特征;②以地震波阻抗数据体为基础的地层切片技术可以清晰地刻画三角洲沉积体系的砂体沉积相带平面展布,砂体预测结果得到了钻井资料的进一步证实。     

沾化凹陷渤南—罗家地区沙四上亚段层序地层及沉积演化研究

陆相断陷湖盆特殊的凸洼相间分布的地貌条件和多断裂发育的构造格局决定其物源的多方向性、沉积相的多类型性和平面分布的复杂性。综合地震、钻井岩芯、录井和粒度分析等各项测试资料,以及通过识别层序界面和总结沉积相变规律建立渤南—罗家地区沙四上段层序地层格架,并在此基础上通过统计砂体连通性和岩屑组分类型确定物源方向,通过岩芯观察、单井-连井沉积相分析、地层等厚图等单因素图件分析,阐释渤南—罗家地区沙四上段平面沉积相展布特征和演化过程。研究表明,渤南—罗家沙四上亚段系由低位域、湖侵域和高位域组成的三级层序单元。在沙四上段沉积初期,湖盆中所充填地层终止于渤南断层,范围局限;至沙四上段沉积末期,湖水持续上涨,湖盆范围扩展到南部陈家庄凸起。低位域沉积地层主要分布于渤南断裂带以北部位并向南超覆于下伏地层,主要为来自于北部和东北部物源的厚层陡坡扇三角洲前缘沉积。湖侵域和高位域沉积地层则在全区均有分布,其中前者包括北部和东北部陡坡扇三角洲、南部和东南部缓坡扇三角洲以及中西部滩坝沉积;高位域沉积地层在盆地中心以深湖—半深湖沉积的厚层泥膏岩为特征,而在南部由于较长的搬运距离和相对低缓的地形条件而以缓坡扇三角洲沉积、浅水低隆起区碳酸盐岩沉积及其二者的混合沉积为主。     

北三台地区北83井二叠系梧桐沟组沉积物源分析

为了弄清准噶尔盆地北三台凸起南斜坡带北83井区二叠系梧桐沟组物源与其沉积体系展布特征,对研究区地层厚度、砂岩碎屑组分组成特征、重矿物组合及ZTR指数以及粒度分布特征等方面的资料进行了分析,分析结果显示出母岩区类型以火成岩为主,存在南部、北部两个方向的主要物源。在南部物源的控制下,发育有辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,而在北部物源的影响下,工区北部发育湖底扇沉积。通过对工区梧桐沟组沉积物来源、沉积特征、砂砾岩百分含量等值线、泥岩百分含量等值线、沉积相划分、储层物性统计分析,可知油气分布基本上受控于沉积相,主要为岩性油气藏。     

西藏双湖托纳木地区上侏罗统雪山组物源分析

地处羌北坳陷与中央隆起带毗连地带的托纳木地区广泛发育上侏罗统雪山组沉积,厚达1500m。本文重点研究了雪山组的地层特征、古水流特征以及砂岩碎屑组分特征,在此基础上简单分析了其沉积相特征。根据雪山组的岩性及沉积构造将雪山组划分为三段,其沉积相分别为雪山组一段为前三角洲亚相,二段为三角洲前缘亚相和三角洲平原亚相组合,三段为冲积扇相。古水流复平方向分布样式指示雪山期的物源方向主要来自西南边;砂岩碎屑组分表明雪山组的母源区岩性十分多样;三角图解定量分析显示物源区基本上属于再旋回造山带,而且以石英再旋回为主,表明其物源来自于西南部的中央隆起带。     

箕状断陷湖盆缓坡带层序地层格架内成岩特征研究——以东营凹陷南部缓坡带沙河街组为例

东营凹陷在沙河街组沉积期为北陡南缓的箕状断陷湖盆。通过钻井岩心、测井、薄片及扫描电镜分析,在断陷湖盆的南缓坡带古近系沙河街组中识别出了冲积扇、河流、三角洲和湖？白沉积体系,以及滨浅湖砂坝和缓坡远端浊积扇沉积相。建立了东营凹陷南部缓坡带层序地层格架及层序演化模式。在此基础上,详细研究了层序地层格架内的成岩作用特征。层序地层格架内主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、压溶作用、溶解作用等,成岩阶段为早成岩A、B期,晚成岩A、B期。层序地层格架内发育了碳酸盐胶结、石英次生加大、高岭石胶结和泥岩压实四种成岩相。     

二连盆地宝勒根陶海凹陷北洼槽下白垩统构造-沉积响应特征

通过钻井、地震等资料研究表明,宝勒根陶海凹陷北洼槽发育下白垩统赛汉塔拉组、腾格尔组、阿尔善组及侏罗系为非对称单断箕状凹陷。根据不同区带的沉积构造特点,可将该凹陷划分为东部陡带、中央洼槽带、西部斜坡内带和斜坡外带4个次级构造单元。宝勒根陶海凹陷的断裂系统主要由东部边界大断层控制及其派生出来的二级或三级断层组成,以北东走向断层为主,断层控制了地层沉积和构造形成。宝勒根陶海凹陷东断西超的地质结构控制了沉积相带的展布,多期构造运动形成多期沉积间断和多期湖侵(生油中心),沉积地层具有多物源、近物源和粗碎屑的沉积特点,以扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和近岸水下扇为特色的砂体类型,形成了低成分、低结构成熟度的岩石类型和中低孔、低-特低渗储集类型。北部主洼槽区沉积生烃中心的缓坡带和中央洼槽带,是发现整装工业性油藏的有利区带。     

鄂西—湘西北地区二叠纪栖霞期岩相古地理

对鄂西—湘西北地区多个沉积剖面的地层及沉积相进行了详细分析,结果表明,该区二叠纪栖霞期至茅口初期主要为内克拉通碳酸盐岩缓坡环境,发育内缓坡相、中缓坡相、外缓坡相和盆地相.内缓坡相以厚层至块状生物碎屑石灰岩为主,生物颗粒以绿藻和底栖有孔虫为主,缺乏高能沉积的生物颗粒.中缓坡相以中厚层含生物碎屑颗粒石灰岩以及厚层灰泥石灰岩...     

陆东凹陷前河地区上侏罗统层序地层与沉积体系特征

利用该区8口系统取心井的岩石薄片、粒度分析、古生物等资料,以层序地层学理论为指导,在层序界面识别的基础上,建立陆东凹陷前河地区层序地层格架。并将上侏罗统划分为1个Ⅱ级层序和3个Ⅲ级层序,自下而上分别对应九佛堂组、沙海组、阜新组。其中九佛堂组层序发育完整,由低水位体系域、水进体系域和高水位体系域组成,沙海组由湖侵及高位体系域组成,阜新组由湖退体系域组成。根据层序分析结果,对层序格架内的沉积体系类型和沉积相特征进行分析,编制了前河地区九佛堂组及沙海组各个体系域的沉积相图,结果表明九佛堂、沙海时期陡坡一侧以近岸水下扇沉积为主,发育岩性—构造圈闭。西北缓坡带以扇三角洲及滨浅湖滩坝沉积为主,发育地层超覆及透镜体圈闭。     

南堡凹陷南部沙一段控砂模式

南堡凹陷盆地内部构造特征复杂,砂体时空分布差异较大。为了明确砂体分布规律,首先对南部缓坡带构造-沉积背景进行研究和岩心相观察,识别了沙一段辫状河三角洲前缘砂体;进而通过对南部缓坡带层序地层格架的建立、沉积学研究和地震地质解释,发现沙一段砂体同时受到顺源和逆源两种同沉积断裂坡折带类型控制。其中,顺源坡折带控制了断槽物源通道的走向,逆源坡折带改变了水流的流向,阻止了砂体的运移。据此,建立了南堡凹陷南部缓坡带沙一段同沉积断裂的控砂模式,得出沙一段砂体具有"沙垒田凸起供砂,断槽物源通道输砂,逆源坡折带阻砂和同沉积洼槽带聚砂"的发育特点。     

渤海海域南部古水系恢复及其沉积耦合响应预测

通过Global Mapper和ArcGIS软件对内蒙古Jargalant Nuruu与Turgen-Kharkhiraa山系的现代水系及渤海湾盆地埕北低凸起与渤南低凸起的古水系进行拾取,结合边界条件、断裂样式和母岩岩性三要素进行综合分析,认为水系在三要素约束下的组合样式多样:边界条件影响水系汇聚程度,陡坡带水系汇聚程度低,缓坡带水系汇聚程度高;断裂样式影响水系走向,边界断裂与水系走向垂直相交,斜交断裂与水系同向发育;火成岩地层水系样式多样,碳酸盐岩地层水系以亚平行状为主,变质岩地层水系以树枝状为主,整体发育单支平行状水系、羽状水系、梳状水系、亚平行状水系和树枝状水系五种水系样式.结合现代源汇与渤海湾盆地古源汇系统的不同水系样式对应沉积体差异性指出,（1）缓坡/稳定斜坡?边界断裂?火成岩/变质岩物源体系下形成第一级次水系?树枝状水系,沉积体以坡积扇和辫状河三角洲为主,砂体范围大,相对独立,富砂型;（2）缓坡/稳定斜坡?平行断裂?碳酸盐岩/火成岩物源体系下形成最次级水系?亚平行状水系,沉积体以洪积扇和辫状河三角洲为主,扇体范围小,相对独立,富泥型.通过古今类比、校验,准确拾取源区水系分布与发育特征,可有效指导地下沉积区优质沉积体预测,对源汇系统要素耦合具重要推进作用,切实服务地下规模性储集体勘探预测工作.      

苏北盆地高邮凹陷深凹带东部古近系戴南组二段沉积相及沉积演化

通过岩心观察描述和测井、录井、分析化验资料等综合分析,结合区域地质背景,对高邮凹陷深凹带东部古近系戴南组二段的沉积相类型及其分布、演化特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,戴二段发育扇三角洲、三角洲和湖泊三种沉积相类型,扇三角洲分布在南部陡坡区,三角洲分布在北部缓坡区,湖泊分布在扇三角洲、三角洲侧翼及深凹带中央地带,这种沉积格局受凹陷周边断层和古地形控制。平面上从凹陷边缘至中心,沉积相由扇三角洲相或三角洲相渐变为滨浅湖相;垂向上自下而上,沉积物粒度呈现粗-细-粗的变化规律。戴二段沉积演化可划分为初、早、中、晚和末期五个阶段。各时期的沉积特征、沉积相展布表现各异,总体表现出水体由浅变深,再次变浅,扇三角洲和三角洲先退积后进积的特点。末期湖盆整体抬升,戴二段地层顶部遭受剥蚀,与上覆地层呈不整合接触。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系蓬莱坝组碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积特征及油气勘探意义

塔里木盆地奥陶系蓬莱坝组广泛发育的白云岩是油气勘探的主要目标之一,储层的分布受沉积相控制作用明显,普遍认为蓬莱坝组沉积模式是弱镶边-局限台地的沉积模式。本文基于地震资料精细解释,结合野外露头与钻井岩相类型及发育特征分析,对沉积模式与相带展布特征进行研究,首次提出了蓬莱坝组为碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积的新认识,并探讨了其油气勘探意义。依据地震地层结构、地层厚度变化特征,以及岩相发育规律体现的颗粒滩普遍发育特征、岩性的分区性揭示的岩性变化受古地貌明显控制的特征,认为蓬莱坝组沉积时期为缓坡沉积环境,可分为内缓坡相、中缓坡相和外缓坡相,且具有中缓坡和内缓坡两种成滩背景。其中中缓坡高能颗粒滩平面上呈条带状在塔中北斜坡-顺南-古城地区及塔北南缘地区规模发育,是蓬莱坝组颗粒滩储层勘探的优选区。碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积新认识改变了传统的台缘礁滩勘探思路,拓展了勘探领域,对推动蓬莱坝组勘探具有重要的参考价值。     

南堡凹陷柳赞地区沙三段中下部物源方向对砂岩体展布的控制作用

由于对柳赞地区沙三段物源发育方向认识单一,导致对砂体发育特征和岩性圈闭分布模式的认识与钻探结果不完全相符,从而制约了本区进一步精细勘探挖潜。针对该问题,本文通过进行柳赞地区沙三段中下部层序地层格架分析,重新认识沙三段中下部物源发育特征,建立柳赞地区沙三段中下部砂体发育模式。取得以下4项研究新进展：1） 发现柳赞沙三段中下部地层中层序3底面典型的下超（过去被解释为上超） 地震不整一现象;2） 通过岩心相和地震相分析识别出了近岸水下扇,建立了陡坡带两种储集相模式;3） 利用典型地震相识 别、重矿物分析等技术,发现柳赞地区沙三段沉积早中期由层序1-层序2的东部小型物源演变为层序3北西大型物源,改变了沙三段只发育北东向物源的传统认识;4） 基于对层序地层格架和沉积相发育的研究,建立了柳赞地区沙三段中下部砂岩体发育模式,指明岩性圈闭勘探的重要方向。上述研究新进展不仅对老区挖潜有重要指导意义,而且深化了陆相断陷盆地陡坡带强烈构造运动控制物源迁移和砂岩体分布规律的认识。     

川西前陆盆地上三叠统沉积特征

应用层序地层学方法将川西前陆盆地上三叠统划分为4个三级层序和12个体系域。在层序格架内,研究了不同时期的古地理背景、物源、沉积类型和沉积相展布,明确了上三叠统存在龙门山古陆、米仓山-大巴山古陆、康滇古陆、江南古陆4个物源,识别出上三叠统海湾、冲积扇、曲流河、辫状河、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲和湖泊8种沉积相类型。层序Ⅰ沉积时期,盆地处于海陆交互相向陆相转变的时期,整体具有填平补齐的沉积特征,发育海湾等沉积;层序Ⅱ沉积时期,川西前陆盆地成为统一的内陆湖盆,其湖侵期为须家河期最大的湖侵期,主要发育三角洲沉积和湖相沉积;层序Ⅲ沉积时期,米仓山-大巴山古陆提供充足的物源,在米仓山-大巴山两逆冲推覆带前缘广泛发育大型冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲沉积体系;层序Ⅳ沉积时期,主要受江南古陆的影响,发育三角洲沉积和湖泊沉积。整体上,川西前陆盆地沉积相带的展布格局受构造控制,具有平行构造带展布的特点。盆地西北部陡坡带发育粗粒的冲积扇、扇三角洲-湖底扇,西南部陡坡带发育辫状河三角洲、北部-东北部陡坡带发育辫状河三角洲,而在东南部缓坡带则发育远源的曲流河、曲流河三角洲。     

同沉积断裂构造对沉积相展布的控制——以黄河口凹陷沙三中亚段沉积相研究为例

研究表明,黄河口凹陷沙河街组三段中亚段发育的沉积相类型有辫状河三角洲相、扇三角洲相、湖底扇相和湖泊相。同沉积断裂特征对沉积具有控制作用,陡坡带活动盆缘断裂控制扇三角洲的分布,缓坡带活动盆缘断裂控制辫状河三角洲分布;二级断裂对湖底扇和深水沉积区有明显的控制作用,东部断阶带中部发育的F20东西向同沉积断裂,控制了物源的主要注入通道——沟谷,对东部物源的注入具有长期影响。     

Facies sequences on a carbonate ramp: the Carboniferous Limestone of South Wales

During early Carboniferous times a major sea-level rise led to the development of an extensive carbonate ramp over what is now South Wales. Differential subsidence and sea-level changes resulted in distinctive facies sequences in the ramp succession and a model is offered which recognizes three distinct geomorpho-tectonic settings; inner, mid- and outer ramp. The inner ramp zone occurs in the more landward part of the province and was an area undergoing little or no subsidence. The sequence is dominated by oolitic grainstones and peritidal limestones representing shoal and back shoal environments. The peritidal units are transgressive deposits consisting of stacked asymmetrical shallowing-up cycles. The sequence contains many subaerial breaks and tectonic uplift resulted in base-level changes and fluvial incision. The mid-ramp zone sequence is intermediate in thickness between the inner and outer ramp successions and consists mainly of bioclastic limestones deposited below fairweather wave base. Sedimentation periodically exceeded sea-level rise and subsidence, and regressive (progradational) oolitic sand bodies developed, the thickest of which are stacked units with up to four individual sand bodies. Storm processes were of major importance in this setting. The outer ramp zone is represented by a thick sequence of muddy bioclastic limestones deposited below storm wave base and major Waulsortian reef-mounds also developed. None of the shallowing phases seen in the other ramp zones can be detected in this sequence. Subsidence and eustatic sea-level rise seem to have been the major controls on deposition but the recognition of eustatic sea-level falls is difficult. The detailed facies model for ramp carbonates presented here may be applicable elsewhere in the geological record.     

Basin shape and sediment architecture in the Gun Supersequence: A strike‐slip model for Pb–Zn–Ag ore genesis at Mt Isa

Sequence‐stratigraphic correlations provide a better understanding of sediment architecture in the Mt Isa and lower McNamara Groups of northern Australia. Sediments record deposition in a marine environment on a broad southeast‐facing ramp that extended from the Murphy Inlier in the northwest to the Gorge Creek, Saint Paul and Rufous Fault Zones in the southeast. Depositional systems prograded in a southeasterly direction. Shoreline siliciclastic facies belts initially formed on the western and northern parts of the ramp, deeper water basinal facies occurred to the east and south. The general absence of shoreline facies throughout the Mt Isa Group suggests that depositional systems originally extended further to the east and probably crossed the Kalkadoon‐Leichhardt Block. Fourteen, regionally correlatable fourth‐order sequences, each with a duration of approximately one million years, are identified in the 1670–1655 Ma Gun Supersequence. Stratal correlations of fourth‐order sequences and attendant facies belts resolve a stratigraphic architecture dominated by times of paired subsidence and uplift. This architecture is most consistent with sinistral strike‐slip tectonism along north‐northeast‐oriented structures with dilational jogs along northwest structures as the primary driver for accommodation. Although reactivated during deformation, the ancestral northwest‐trending May Downs, Twenty Nine Mile, Painted Rocks, Transmitter, Redie Creek and Termite Range Fault Zones are interpreted as the principal synsedimentary growth structures. Sinistral strike‐slip resulted in a zone of long‐lived dilation to the north of the May Downs/Twenty Nine Mile and Gorge Creek Fault Zones and a major basin depocentre in the broad southeast‐facing ramp. Subordinate depocentres also developed on the northern side of the ancestral Redie Creek and Termite Range fault zones. Transfer of strike‐slip movement to the east produced restraining or compressive regions, localising areas of uplift and the generation of local unconformities. Northwest‐ and north‐northeast‐oriented magnetic anomalies to the south and west of Mt Isa, identify basement heterogeneities. Basement to the south and west of these anomalies is interpreted to mark intrabasin siliciclastic provenance areas in the Gun depositional system. Pb–Zn–Ag deposits of the Mt Isa valley are interpreted as occurring in a major basin depocentre in response to a renewed phase of paired uplift and subsidence in late Gun time (approximately 1656 Ma). This event is interpreted to have synchronously created accommodation for sediments that host the Mt Isa deposit, while focusing topographically and thermobarically driven basinal fluids into the zone of dilation.     

Facies analysis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Late Oligocene Attard Member (Lower Coralline Limestone Formation), Malta

The Oligocene represents a key interval during which coralline algae became dominant on carbonate ramps and luxuriant coral reefs emerged on a global scale. So far, few studies have considered the impact that these early reefs had on ramp development. Consequently, this study aimed at presenting a high‐resolution analysis of the Attard Member of the Lower Coralline Limestone Formation (Late Oligocene, Malta) in order to decipher the internal and external factors controlling the architecture of a typical Late Oligocene platform. Excellent exposures of the Lower Coralline Limestone Formation occurring along continuous outcrops adjacent to the Victoria Lines Fault reveal in detail the three‐dimensional distribution of the reef‐associated facies. A total of four sedimentary facies have been recognized and are grouped into two depositional environments that correspond to the inner and middle carbonate ramp. The inner ramp was characterized by a very high‐energy, shallow‐water setting, influenced by tide and wave processes. This setting passed downslope into an inner‐ramp depositional environment which was colonized by seagrass and interfingered with adjacent areas containing scattered corals. The middle ramp lithofacies were deposited in the oligophotic zone, the sediments being generated from combined in situ production and sediments swept from the shallower inner ramp by currents. Compositional characteristics and facies distributions of the Attard ramp are more similar to the Miocene ramps than to those of the Eocene. An important factor controlling this similarity may be the expansion of the seagrass colonization within the euphotic zone. This expansion may have commenced in the Late Oligocene and was associated with a concomitant reduction in the aerial extent of the larger benthonic foraminifera facies. Stacking‐pattern analysis shows that the depositional units (parasequences) at the study section are arranged into transgressive–regressive facies cycles. This cyclicity is superimposed on the overall regressive phase recorded by the Attard succession. Furthermore, a minor highstand (correlated with the Ru4/Ch1 sequence) and subsequent minor lowstand (Ch2 sequence) have been recognized. The biota assemblages of the Attard Member suggest that carbonate sedimentation took place in subtropical waters and oligotrophic to slightly mesotrophic conditions. The apparent low capacity of corals to form wave‐resistant reef structures is considered to have been a significant factor affecting substrate stability at this time. The resulting lack of resistant mid‐ramp reef frameworks left this zone exposed to wave and storm activity, thereby encouraging the widespread development of coralline algal associations dominated by rhodoliths.     

准噶尔盆地中新生代砂岩型铀矿地层沉积特征与产铀远景预测

分析准噶尔盆地周缘中新生代的地层结构、含铀"泥-砂-泥"结构、含铀沉积类型及展布特征,认为垂向上叠置的湖退进积-湖进退积组合所形成的"泥-砂-泥"结构为大尺度上定位砂岩型铀成矿的有利地层结构,其中低位体系域(湖进退积)形成的辫状河-辫状河三角洲沉积是盆地砂岩型铀矿最为有利的沉积相带。主物源、转换带以及相带的变化进一步控制了砂岩型铀成矿的有利区分布:(1)原生灰色(还原)沉积地层中有利砂体分布往往受到主物源以及构造转换带的影响,主物源方向的河道砂体及构造转换带处的富砂区域是砂岩型铀矿主要的远景区域;(2)杂色沉积地层中的有利砂体分布主要受局部沉积环境变化的影响,有利砂体多发育在局部沉积相带突变(砂岩层有机质含量增加)的区域。