贵州贞丰—关岭花江喀斯特石漠化地区土壤厚度的空间分布特征

土壤厚度与石漠化发展程度有着密切的关系,土壤也是石漠化地区生态恢复以及农业生产的基础。为了研究典型高原峡谷中-强度石漠化地区的土壤厚度空间分布规律,在土壤厚度野外调查的基础上,利用地统计学方法分析了贵州典型石漠化地区——贞丰—关岭花江小流域土壤厚度空间分布特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤平均厚度仅为26 cm,土壤平均厚度表现为坡耕地>荒地>林地;（2）土壤厚度空间变异性以强度为主,荒地的土壤厚度空间分布连续程度优于林地和坡耕地,林地的土壤厚度空间分布有明显突变性,坡耕地的土壤厚度具有点状分布特征,有耕作物附近土壤厚度较大;（3）土壤厚度与海拔、基岩裸露率、坡度之间均有明显负相关关系;（4）自然和人为因素综合影响下的土壤强侵蚀是研究区土壤厚度分布极为不均的主要原因,对该区域石漠化的治理可以采用工程措施与生物措施相结合的方法。研究结果对研究区石漠化因地制宜地防治及其他地区水土流失防治、生态恢复、农业合理生产具有一定的参考价值。     

东北黑土区黑土层厚度的时空变化

黑土层厚度是评价东北黑土区土壤质量的重要参数,但其厚度的空间分布及多年变化情况仍然不够明确.针对东北黑土区第二次土壤普查的61处典型土壤剖面进行了现状实地调查,并对黑土层厚度变化进行了对比分析.结果表明:近40年来,东北黑土区黑土层厚度平均减少了12cm,平均减薄速度为0.32cm/a.四省(区)黑土层减薄厚度具有显著差异,表现为吉林(23.65cm)>辽宁(11.83cm)>内蒙古(10.33cm)>黑龙江(6.83cm).吉林省黑土层减薄厚度和比例最大,生态风险最为严峻.吉林省黑土层厚度变化值与气温升高值呈显著的负相关关系,表明随着气候变暖,土壤有机质下降明显,黑土层的厚度也呈减薄趋势.研究表明,水蚀作用也是黑土层厚度减薄的重要影响因素.未来应加强黑土层厚度判定和黑土层厚度空间制图等方面研究,对指导黑土地保护利用具有重要意义.     

广东揭阳土壤镉含量的空间分布特征及影响因素

以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,采集了1 330个表层土壤(0~20 cm)样品和331个深层土壤(150~200 cm)样品,通过 GIS 空间分析技术、半变异函数拟合和方差分析等方法对研究区土壤镉含量的富集特征、空间分布、结构特征以及影响因素进行了系统分析。结果表明,研究区表层土壤镉含量的均值为0.09 mg/kg,高于该区土壤背景值,但低于GB 15618—2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》的标准值。通过富集因子法研究表明,研究区表层土壤镉主要为轻微污染和中度污染。从结构特征来看,研究区表层土壤镉含量呈中等空间相关性。揭阳市表层土壤镉含量高值区主要分布在人类活动密集的东部和南部地区。土地利用类型、成土母质和土壤类型是影响表层土壤镉含量的重要因素,在不同土地利用方式下,建筑用地土壤镉含量最高;不同成土母质中,第四纪沉积物土壤镉含量显著高于其他母质;不同土壤类型中,水稻土的镉含量相对较高。     

广东省揭阳市土壤铅的空间分布特征及影响因素

以广东省揭阳市土壤为研究对象,采集了表层土壤(0~20 cm)样1 330个和深层土壤(>150 cm)样331个,测定了土壤Pb含量。利用GIS空间分析技术、半变异函数拟合和方差分析等方法研究土壤Pb含量的空间结构、特征和影响因素。结果显示: 揭阳市不存在明显的土壤Pb污染,表层土壤Pb含量平均值39.26 mg/kg,低于揭阳市土壤Pb背景值(43.71 mg/kg),略高于广东省土壤Pb背景值(36.00 mg/kg);富集因子表明研究区表层土壤Pb富集程度主要为无富集和轻微富集,分别占52.11%和42.63%,Pb富集不明显;研究区表层土壤Pb空间分布呈中等自相关性;表层土壤Pb高值区主要分布在人类活动影响强烈的东部和南部地区。按土地利用、成土母质、土壤类型及其理化性质的分类统计表明,林地及未利用地表层土壤Pb含量最高;页岩风化形成的土壤Pb含量显著高于其他成土母质区土壤;黄壤Pb含量相对较高;有机碳和pH值均与土壤Pb含量呈显著正相关。     

滁州地区土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究

基于滁州地区多目标区域地球化学调查数据资料,统计获得了表、深层土壤地球化学基准值、背景值及相关的地球化学参数。研究表明：成土母质类型对土壤元素地球化学基准值影响显著,表层土壤元素含量相对于深层土壤既有继承性,又有差异性。在不同的土壤层的一些元素含量明显不同。土壤的形成过程和人类活动已经对土壤中元素含量的分布有显著的影响。因此,土壤地球化学基准值与背景值研究中应多考虑地质背景、物质来源等因素的影响,     

稻田土壤中的CH4产生

通过对意大利稻田及我国湖南地区稻田土壤中CH_4产生率的实地测量,甲烷产生主要发生在稻田土壤耕作层的还原层(2—20cm),但不同的农业操作对此有较大的影响;在意大利稻田中7—17cm土壤层是重要的甲烷产生区域,13cm处的CH_4产生率最大;由于我国湖南地区独特的有机肥铺施操作,土壤中甲烷的产生在土壤上部即耕作层氧化层以下(3—7cm)就达到最大值。土壤湿润度能影响土壤主要CH_4产生区域的深度,当土壤湿润度低于某个临界值后,主要的CH_4产生区域将向土壤深处移动,CH_4产生量也明显减少。种植水稻的稻田土壤中CH_4产生率要比不种水稻的大,同块稻田中CH_4产生率还有一定的空间变化。另外,水稻植物根部土壤比水稻行间土壤能产生较多的CH_4。在大多数情况下CH_4产生率在下午大于上午,但在一日间没有明显的日变化规律,因此CH_4排放路径的日变化可能是CH_4排放日变化的主要原因。在湖南地区不同施肥和水管理稻田的CH_4产生率差别十分显著。这种差别能完全在CH_4排放率的差异上体现出来。总有机酸含量差别在各不同施肥田中较小而在各不同水处理田中较大实验室培殖发现温度能够较大地影响土壤CH_4产生率,每上升10℃,甲烷产生率能增加3倍多。在整个水稻生长季节中,仅施化肥或不施肥的意大利稻田土壤中CH_4产生率随时     

祁连山退化高寒草甸土壤水分空间变异特征分析

利用传统统计学方法和地统计学方法,对祁连山地区受到过度放牧影响而退化为以狼毒为优势种的高寒草甸的土壤水分垂直变异特征、水平空间异质性以及分布特征进行了系统分析. 结果表明：在垂直方向上,0~100 cm土壤水分含量随深度的增加而逐渐减少,土壤水分含量的变化速度随深度的增加也趋于减少;土壤水分分布的变异系数在浅层和深层土壤较大,在中层土壤较小. 在水平方向上,0~40 cm土壤水分具有中等空间变异性,其中10~20 cm土壤水分变异性主要受根系的影响,随机部分引起的变异性最大;而在其他土壤层,随着深度的增加土壤水分含量由随机部分引起的空间异质性程度减弱,由空间自相关部分引起的异质性程度增强. 整体上,土壤水分含量与微地形关系密切,与距离溪流的远近程度正相关,与高程分布负相关.     

安徽石台大山地区岩石-土壤地球化学特征

通过对安徽石台大山地区内岩石、土壤地球化学特征的论述,阐述了岩石和土壤中元素地球化学背景值,对不同类型的岩石和不同时代的岩石中元素地球化学背景值、表层和深层土壤元素背景值特征进行了论述,并对岩石—土壤系统地球化学迁移性进行探讨,探讨了土壤元素背景值与基岩的关系、元素的富集与贫化特征和主要土壤元素类型特征。     

冬小麦遥感冠层温度监测土壤含水量的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期(2002年4月初到5月底),对不灌溉的冬小麦测定了冠层温度、地温、气温以及土壤含水量,计算了冠气温差且分析了冠层温度和冠气温差与不同土层厚度的土壤含水量相关关系。结果表明:14:00的冠层温度能较好地反映20cm土层的土壤含水量变化,但与其它各土层相关性有较大的波动性;14:00的冠气温差能较好地反映40cm以上土层的土壤含水量变化,二者的相关性很高,在20cm、40cm土层,两者相关系数R2分别为0.98866、0.99389,这为用区域遥感数据反演主要生育期冬小麦的冠气温差进而监测区域40cm土壤含水量提供了实验性的依据;拔节期和灌浆期,用14:00冠气温差来拟合各土壤层的土壤含水量有较高的精度,从而为用区域遥感数据监测区域土壤含水量提供了经验性的模型。     

北京某金矿区土壤重金属污染特征及风险评价

使用网格布点法采集144个浅层土壤样品,分析测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn共8种重金属元素的含量.通过多元统计方法、土壤重金属含量空间分布及极值点分析,揭示了金矿地区土壤污染特征及污染风险.结果显示,区内浅层土壤重金属含量超过该地区背景值较高的元素为Pb、As、Cd,与背景值接近的元素为Cr与Ni.重金属污染风险较高的区域集中分布在金矿开采区、尾矿库、选矿厂及其下游约1.5 km范围内,主要污染元素为As、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn,基本不存在Cr、Ni、Hg污染.相关性与主成分分析结果显示,矿山开采及冶炼是土壤重金属污染的主要来源.污染物的主要迁移途径为金矿开采区、尾矿库及选矿厂的废渣和尾矿析出的重金属通过废渣及尾矿堆的孔隙下渗进入底垫土壤,通过地表径流进入下游土壤中.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.