下扬子地块宣城地区荷塘组富有机质页岩古环境恢复——以宣页1井为例

元素地球化学特征可以有效地反映沉积物沉积背景与沉积环境。以宣城地区宣页1井（下称XY1井）下寒武统荷塘组富有机质页岩为例,利用元素地球化学指标,对下扬子地块宣城地区荷塘组富有机质页岩的构造背景与沉积环境进行了分析。结果显示,荷塘组富有机质页岩属于温暖潮湿气候背景下的稳定大陆边缘沉积,为缺氧-贫氧的海相环境,水体具有较高生产力。综合古环境参数恢复结果认为,荷塘组富有机质页岩为深水滞留沉积的产物,水体深度先加深后变浅。     

下扬子地区官地1井下寒武统海相泥页岩孔隙发育特征及影响因素

以下扬子陆域地区官地1井下寒武统幕府山组海相泥页岩岩心样品为研究对象,综合运用场发射扫描电镜、X衍射分析、气体吸附、高压压汞和有机地球化学分析等实验测试手段,系统研究了官地1井幕府山组泥页岩孔隙结构特征和孔隙发育影响因素。研究表明：(1)官地1井幕府山组泥页岩矿物组成以石英、方解石胶结物和黏土矿物为主,其总有机碳含量较高,有机质类型以I型干酪根为主且均处于过成熟阶段;(2)泥页岩孔隙类型主要为基质孔隙（粒间孔隙和粒内孔隙）、有机质孔隙和微裂隙,其中以有机质孔隙含量居多,而粒间孔隙面孔率占比最高;(3)有机质丰度对有机质孔隙的孔径和比表面积具有一定的影响,压实作用则构成过成熟阶段孔隙演化的主要因素,而刚性矿物具有一定的支撑作用并对有机质孔隙的保存具有积极意义;(4)分形维数与总有机碳含量和比表面积相关性较好,而与孔隙体积相关性弱,反映孔壁粗糙程度及孔隙结构复杂程度受有机质丰度影响。     

赣东–浙西下寒武统荷塘组稀土元素特征及其地质意义

为揭示下扬子下寒武统黑色岩系的物源属性、构造背景及其沉积环境等特征,对赣东-浙西地区下寒武统荷塘组野外露头及钻井岩心进行了系统采样与稀土元素分析测试。结果显示,荷塘组样品稀土元素总量变化波动大（16.83×10−6 ～ 321.22×10−6）,均值低（103.11×10−6）,轻稀土元素富集且分异明显,重稀土元素亏损但分异小,普遍存在Ce负异常和明显Eu正异常。研究表明：①荷塘组硅质泥页岩形成于缺氧还原的裂陷海盆环境,构造背景为被动大陆边缘,物源受陆源、海水和热液共同影响,横峰、上饶受热液和海水影响最大,受陆源碎屑影响最小,常山、江山与之相反;②沉积过程普遍有热液活动参与,在上饶存在热液活动中心,活动强度呈西强东弱特点,并发现低温热液活动有利于有机质的富集。     

下扬子巢湖地区鼓地1井五峰组-高家边组下段页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

下扬子巢湖地区鼓地1井揭示了上奥陶统五峰组（WF2-3带）和下志留统高家边组下段（LM2带和LM5-6带）页岩。基于该套地层的页岩岩心样品的元素地球化学测试分析,对其沉积构造背景、物源区背景、古气候、古生产力、海水深度和盐度、氧化还原条件进行了研究。结果表明,鼓地1井五峰组-高家边组下段页岩主量元素、微量元素以及稀土元素纵向分布不均匀,LM2带与WF2-3带和LM5-6带相比明显异常。沉积时期的构造环境主要为活动大陆边缘,同时兼具大陆岛弧的特征。物源具有长英质物源和成熟大陆石英物源混合物源的特征。WF2-3带和LM5-6带为浅水环境,底层海水含氧高,气候温暖湿润,古生产力较低,海水较浅且盐度较低;LM2带为深水环境,海水盐度高、滞留程度较弱,底层海水缺氧,气候干燥炎热,古生物生产力较强。     

下扬子地区龙潭组煤系地层特征

下扬子地区二叠系龙潭组既是重要的烃源岩,也是重要的储集层,局部含煤层。通过对下扬子陆域龙潭组的沉积特征、沉积层序研究以及陆域和海域龙潭组煤系地层特征的对比认为,龙潭组煤系地层从陆域到海域,沉积物的岩性从碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩逐渐演变为碎屑岩;煤层主要分布在龙潭组的中上部,但陆域煤层之上通常发育一套"压煤灰岩",而海域通常缺少这一套"压煤灰岩";陆域龙潭组烃源岩丰度较高(TOC为2%~4%),厚度较大(200~600 m),以生油为主(Ro:0.5%~2%);与南黄海盆地崂山隆起相邻的滨海隆起二叠系分布局限,但丰度可能较高,因此,推测南黄海盆地崂山隆起二叠系烃源岩分布局限,丰度较高。     

塔里木盆地古城地区蓬莱坝组白云岩稀土元素地球化学特征及其指示意义

塔里木盆地塔东低隆起中下奥陶统白云岩成因众说纷纭,严重阻碍了该区油气勘探步伐。基于岩芯、薄片、阴极发光等观察,针对塔东低隆起古城构造带中下奥陶统蓬莱坝组,对各种粒度白云岩、缝洞方解石、泥晶灰岩进行了系统的稀土元素地球化学特征的测试。各种粒度白云岩、缝洞方解石测试结果用泥晶灰岩稀土元素含量进行标准化。结果表明,样品稀土元素配分曲线可分为三种类型。综合白云岩岩石学特征和地球化学特征发现,较细粒白云岩及缝洞充填物呈现明显的负δCe特征,表明其形成于蒸发环境;较粗粒白云岩和缝洞充填物则分为负δEu型、正δEu型两种,其中负δEu型样品形成于埋藏环境,而正δEu型样品形成于热液环境。而早期形成的白云岩在埋藏过程中可能受到埋藏流体、热液流体的再作用。     

下扬子下寒武统岩相古地理及烃源岩条件研究

以下扬子下寒武统为研究对象,利用野外露头、岩心、岩石微观分析、有机地球化学等资料,在地层对比基础上,开展了下扬子下寒武统岩相古地理研究及烃源岩条件评价。结果表明：下扬子下寒武统主要发育硅质岩、硅质泥页岩、碳质泥页岩、灰质泥页岩、泥灰岩、白云岩6种岩石类型;地层可划分为3段,其中安吉-石台-上海地区三段发育齐全,其他地区一段大部分缺失,二段存在不同程度缺失;沉积相主要发育盆地、陆棚、斜坡、台地边缘、局限台地5种类型;烃源岩主要分布于石台-安吉、滁州-盐城、德兴-桐庐盆地相及周边陆棚相,石台-安吉地区是烃源岩发育最有利区,泥岩厚度300~700m,TOC为3%~9%,平均4.5%~5.76%;德兴-桐庐地区泥岩厚度200~400m,TOC为3%~9%,平均4.96%;滁州-盐城凹陷泥岩厚度50~200m,TOC为2%~4%。下扬子下寒武统烃源岩干酪根类型全部为Ⅰ型,有机质组分主要为腐泥组,以藻类体为主,含少量腐泥无定形体。下扬子下寒武统烃源岩均处于过成熟演化阶段,总体上由皖南盆地区向两侧台地逐渐降低,九江、景德镇、黄山及开化淳安地区受火山岩影响Ro在4.0%以上;安庆-溧阳-南通以南,湖州-苏州以西处于盆地、陆棚及斜披部位,埋深大,Ro为3.0%~4.0%;潜山、南陵、无为、金坛及苏北中新生代凹陷由于后期埋深较大,Ro在3.0%以上;其他区域Ro为2.0%~3.0%。     

下扬子巢湖鼓地1井五峰-高家边组生物地层及部分笔石带缺失原因

鼓地1井位于安徽巢湖鼓山,该井开口层位即为高家边组地层,在770.5～1 234.5 m处钻遇高家边组（下段）和五峰组黑色笔石页岩,笔者据此开展了该井笔石生物地层研究及其部分笔石带缺失的原因分析。鼓地1井由下而上能鉴定出Dicellograptus complexus-Paraorthograptus pacificus带（WF2—WF3）、疑似Akidograptus ascensus带（LM2）、Coronograptus cyphus带（LM5）、Demirastrites triangulatus带（LM6,未见顶）4个生物地层单元。与下扬子区连续沉积的五峰-高家边组笔石生物带相比,鼓地1井缺少Metabolograptus extraordinarius-Metabolograptus persculptus带（WF4—LM1）和Parakidograptus acuminatus-Cystograptus vesiculosus带（LM3—LM4）。分析认为,受“江南古陆”扩展的影响,鼓地1井可能在WF4—LM1时期存在沉积间断,并未接受沉积;而LM3—LM4在邻区可见,推测是由于鼓地1井位于逆冲推覆构造带上,受构造滑脱的影响致使该段地层缺失;这些原因也导致了该井五峰-高家边组有利黑色页岩厚度小。Coronograptus cyphus带和Demirastrites triangulatus带（LM5和LM6）厚度大,应是受逆冲推覆构造的影响,地层出现了重复。     

中上扬子下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相烃源岩评价

中、上扬子地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组烃源岩分布广泛,在川东-鄂西-黔北-黔中一带,高有机质丰度的泥质烃源岩具有相当大的厚度.通过采集烃源岩样品分析,并根据前人对海相烃源岩评价标准,对该区牛蹄塘组海相烃源岩进行了综合评价.研究表明,中上扬子地区烃源岩有机碳含量总体很高,大部分烃源岩达到了好、很好的标准,有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型,烃...     

苏北盆地阜宁组源储特征及页岩油勘探方向探讨

对苏北盆地重点凹陷的70口钻井采集395件样品进行实验分析,并结合前人资料详细研究了苏北盆地古近系古新统阜宁组阜二段、阜四段两套烃源岩地化特征、岩矿特征、储集空间类型及储集性能,在重点油井解剖的基础上,探讨了页岩油的富集机理。苏北盆地阜宁组有机碳普遍大于 1.0%,有机质类型较好,整体处于低熟-成熟阶段,具备良好的生油基础;微裂缝、孔隙较发育,具有一定的储集条件,阜二段泥页岩整体黏土矿物含量低于35%,脆性矿物含量大于50%,有利于页岩油的开采。通过对重点凹陷典型页岩油藏的两口井的数据解剖,认为页岩油藏受高有机质丰度的成熟泥页岩、脆性矿物含量、裂缝发育程度、异常高压等因素控制。苏北盆地的金湖凹陷、高邮凹陷、海安凹陷和盐城凹陷的深凹带是泥页岩油气勘探和开发的有利区带。     

下扬子区下古生界油气有利勘探区带探讨

下扬子区下古生界具有良好的油气地质条件,具备形成大型油气藏的物质基础,但一直未获得油气勘探的突破。本文通过地质、地球物理综合解释,结合部分地质露头、钻井资料及上扬子勘探成果,重点对下扬子区下古生界构造地质特征与油气地质条件等开展了综合分析研究。从构造沉积充填角度将下扬子区分为4个二级构造单元,中部地区的无锡-黄山断隆带构造相对稳定,分析认为其西北部的无锡-黄桥低褶带为油气勘探的有利区带,具有形成下古生界弱改造型油气藏的勘探前景。     

The geochemical characteristics and factors controlling the organic matter accumulation of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian black shale in the Upper Yangtze Basin,South China

Organic-rich black shale of the Upper Yangtze Basin from the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian is considered an excellent source rock in South China. The formation and preservation conditions of this resource are revealed by its geochemical characteristics in this study. Geochemical indices, including redox indices (V/(V + Ni), V/Cr, V/Sc, and Ni/Co) and primary productivity indices (P/Ti and Ba/Al), and paleoclimate, clastic flux and sedimentary rate analyses are presented to investigate the accumulation mechanism of organic matter. Redox indices suggest that a stagnant, anoxic environment predominated in the Upper Yangtze Basin during accumulation of Wufeng and Longmaxi formations. In contrast, ventilated and oxygenated marine conditions pervaded the Upper Yangtze Basin during deposition of Linxiang and Guanyinqiao formations. The concentrations of V and U demonstrate that accumulation of organic matter was mainly controlled by redox conditions. Besides, such factors as clastic fluxes, fresh water inflows or a mixed deposition with a rapid sedimentary rate cannot be ignored due to their influences on organic matter enrichment and preservation. However, weak co-variance relationship of TOC content and productivity proxies, including P/Ti and Ba/Al, demonstrates that the accumulation of organic matter was not controlled by primary productivity. Results of the present study suggest a depositional model that stresses the importance of tectonic movements and glacial events on the accumulation and preservation of organic matter. The model shows that the Upper Yangtze Basin was a semi-restricted basin system influenced by the isolation of Xuefeng, but also it implies that oxygen-depleted bottom water of the basin favored the accumulation and preservation of sedimentary organic matter, resulting in the formation of organic-rich black shale.     

Modeling free gas content of the Lower Paleozoic shales in the Weiyuan area of the Sichuan Basin,China

Two sets of Lower Paleozoic organic-rich shales develop well in the Weiyuan area of the Sichuan Basin: the Lower Cambrian Jiulaodong shale and the Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale. The Weiyuan area underwent a strong subsidence during the Triassic to Early Cretaceous and followed by an extensive uplifting and erosion after the Late Cretaceous. This has brought about great changes to the temperature and pressure conditions of the shales, which is vitally important for the accumulation and preservation of shale gas. Based on the burial and thermal history, averaged TOC and porosity data, geological and geochemical models for the two sets of shales were established. Within each of the shale units, gas generation was modeled and the evolution of the free gas content was calculated using the PVTSim software. Results show that the free gas content in the Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian shales in the studied area reached the maxima of 1.98–2.93 m³/t and 3.29–4.91 m³/t, respectively (under a pressure coefficient of 1.0–2.0) at their maximum burial. Subsequently, the free gas content continuously decreased as the shale was uplifted. At present, the free gas content in the two sets of shales is 1.52–2.43 m³/t and 1.94–3.42 m³/t, respectively (under a current pressure coefficient of 1.0–2.0). The results are roughly coincident with the gas content data obtained from in situ measurements in the Weiyuan area. We proposed that the Lower Cambrian and Lower Silurian shales have a shale gas potential, even though they have experienced a strong uplifting.     

长江口及其邻近海域溶解硒的地球化学控制过程研究

Dissolved selenium in the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary and its adjacent waters was determined by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry to elucidate the source, behavior in estuary, adsorption-desorption process and biological role. In surface water, Se(IV) concentration ranged 0.05–1.14 nmol/L and Se(VI) concentration varied 0.01–1.20 nmol/L, with the means of 0.76 and 0.49 nmol/L, respectively. In bottom water, Se(IV) content varied 0.03–0.27 nmol/L and Se(VI) content ranged 0.04–0.85 nmol/L, with the averages of 0.10 and 0.40 nmol/L, respectively. High level of Se(IV) was observed near the shore with a significant decrease towards the open sea, suggesting the continental input from the adjacent rivers. Large value of Se(VI) was found in bottom water, reflecting the release from suspended sediment. Besides, high value appeared in the same latitude of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay illustrated the effect of lateral mixing and the long-distance transport of selenium. Se(VI), more soluble, occupied higher percentage in aqueous environment. The presence of Se(IV) resulted from the degradation of residue and the reduction of Se(VI) under anaerobic condition. The positive relationship to suspended particulate material(SPM) and negative correlation to depth indicated that Se(IV) tended to be released from the high density particulate matter. Instead, Se(VI) content did not significantly relate to SPM since it generally formed inner-sphere complex to iron hydroxide. Se(IV) content negatively varied to salinity and largely depended on the freshwater dilution and physical mixing. While, Se(VI) level deviated from the dilution line due to the in situ biogeochemical process such as removal via phytoplankton uptake and inputs via organic matter regeneration. As the essential element, Se(IV) was confirmed more bioavailable to phytoplankton growth than Se(VI), and moreover, seemed to be more related to phosphorus than to nitrogen.     

Depositional environment of oil shale within the Eocene Jijuntun Formation in the Fushun Basin (NE China)

The non-marine Fushun Basin in NE China is a fault-controlled basin filled with Eocene sediments. It hosts the largest opencast coal and oil shale mine in Asia. A single thick oil shale layer overlying sub-bituminous coal occurs within the Middle Eocene Jijuntun Formation. Based on mineralogy, inorganic and organic geochemistry, organic petrography, stable isotope geochemistry, and vitrinite reflectance measurements, the depositional environment and the oil shale potential of the oil shale-bearing succession were investigated. The Jijuntun Formation is subdivided into a lower and an upper unit characterized by a low and high quality oil shale, respectively. The thick oil shale layer of the Jijuntun Formation developed under long-lasting stable conditions in a deep freshwater lake, after drowning of a swamp. The organic matter in the lower unit is characterized by landplant-derived macerals. The sediments containing a type II kerogen (HI: ∼400 mgHC/gTOC) were deposited during warm and humid conditions. Lacustrine organisms predominant in the upper unit are forming kerogen type I (HI: ∼700 mgHC/gTOC). High bioproductivity and excellent preservation conditions resulted in high TOC contents up to 23.6 wt.% in the upper unit. The organic matter preservation was controlled by photic zone anoxia originating in a temperature stratified water column in the deep lake, without significant changes in bottom water salinity. Mid-Eocene cooling during deposition of the upper unit of the Jijuntun Formation is reflected by clay mineral composition. A hot and arid climate favoring brackish conditions in a shallow lake prevailed during accumulation of the overlying carbonate-rich Xilutian Formation. Individual geochemical parameters in the Fushun Basin have to be used with caution, e.g. the maturity proxy T_max is affected by kerogen type, the redox proxy Pr/Ph ratio is probably biased by different sources of isoprenoids. This demonstrates the importance of multi-proxy studies.