利用生产动态及地震资料分析井间河流相砂体连通性

渤海PL油田是位于渤海湾盆地的大型河流相油田,在其注水开发过程中,亟需准确认识注水井与生产井之间的砂体连通性,以便优化和调整注采井网,提高采收率.针对油田砂体横向变化快,纵向上薄砂体发育的特点,利用丰富的压力、水淹等生产动态资料及相位转换后赋予地质意义的地震资料综合分析砂体的连通性,进一步完善和修正了早期以地质及测井资料确定的砂体连通性分析成果,并引入注采连通率概念,用来定量表示井组范围内注水井与生产井之间的砂体的连通性.该套方法在PL油田注水优化及井网调整研究中得到了充分的体现,对其它河流相注水开发油田井组范围内井间砂体连通性研究具有一定的借鉴作用.     

秦皇岛A油田河流相储层展布特征

秦皇岛A油田位于渤海中部海域,区内油气藏主要发育在新近系的明化镇组。明化镇组下段为曲流河沉积地层,具有很强的非均质性,使得注水开发收效不均匀,平面矛盾突出。选取Ⅲ2砂体为研究对象,利用40余口钻井资料和覆盖油田的三维地震资料对储层内部结构和平面展布特征进行了系统的分析。研究认为,Ⅲ2砂体是由两期点坝砂体叠置而成,每一期砂体在平面上由4~5个单一点坝顺向组合而成,点坝之间的溢岸沉积是导致储层非均质性强的主要因素,控制了剩余油的分布。油田的生产动态证实,注入水流动规律与点坝砂体的平面展布具有良好的对应关系,部分井区水驱效果不均衡,个别单井产能低下都能从中找到原因。     

准噶尔盆地石西地区西山窑组沉积微相及砂体展布模式

岩心观察结果及分析化验资料显示,在石西地区西山窑组沉积物中,砂岩成熟度较低,砂、砾岩中炭屑及炭化植物枝干较多,沉积构造以平行层理、交错层理为主,并识别出了双向交错层理。结合石西地区测井资料及岩心资料,对石西地区西山窑组沉积体系展开研究。研究表明,该区属于曲流河三角洲相沉积,发育3种亚相和10种微相:曲流河三角洲平原分流河道、决口扇、河漫泥、河漫沼泽;曲流河三角洲前缘水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口砂坝、远砂坝、水下天然堤;曲流河前三角洲泥。在沉积微相研究的基础上,对西山窑组的砂体展布进行了研究,砂体类型以水下分流河道、河口砂坝、分流河道、河漫沼泽为主,总结了各种沉积微相的测井响应特征,探讨了砂体展布规律,得出了砂体展布明显受控于沉积微相的结果。     

基于地震属性的深水水道型浊积储层砂体展布预测

深水水道型储层蕴含了丰富的油气资源,但海上油气勘探往往由于井数量不足导致地下储层预测困难。基于对深水水道的地质认识,构建了不同成因类型的水道概念模型,设计了井点处砂体叠置样式,并通过正演模型分析地震响应特征及地震属性敏感性,结合多种敏感地震属性进行聚类分析及概率神经网络预测。将该方法应用于西非X油藏,预测结果符合率达到87.5%,能够有效预测该油藏的砂体展布特征。预测结果结合地震沉积学综合研究认为,目的层内砂体主要分布于水道中部,两端分布较少,其主要受控于沉积环境和弯曲段流态变化。     

红星地区沙一段储集砂体展布特征研究

以层序地层学及沉积学等理论为指导,综合区域地质资料,地震、测井及岩心资料分析等,在红星地区开展层序地层和沉积体系研究.在已有的区域层序地层格架内,识别出三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、前缘席状砂坝、分流间湾和滨浅湖等多种沉积微相类型,并总结了各种沉积微相的测井响应特征,进一步探讨了沙一段有利储集相带的分布规律.结合四级湖平面变化、同沉积断裂、火山活动、沉积相分布等分析了沙一段砂体分布的控制因素.     

东海盆地西湖凹陷W气田平湖组煤系潮控砂体储层地震预测

东海西湖凹陷油气资源丰富,具有较好的勘探开发潜力,其中平湖组作为重要的含油气层系,已成为近期勘探开发的焦点。平湖组普遍发育薄煤层,导致含油气砂体的地震响应存在多解性,严重制约着开发生产。为了识别薄煤层影响下的含油气砂岩,开展了储层地震预测研究工作。首先,通过岩芯、测井和分析化验资料解析了潮控沉积环境特征;然后,利用岩石物理分析技术归纳总结了在薄煤层影响下含水砂岩、含气砂层的叠前道集响应规律;最后,利用地球物理属性完成了潮控砂体储层预测,并结合沉积特征实现研究区有利目标优选。研究表明：平湖组以潮控三角洲-潮汐沉积环境为主,其中,水下分流河道、河口坝和潮汐砂坝等沉积微相是优势储集体;砂体储层受到薄煤层影响呈现近道为波峰、远道为波谷的Ⅱ -p类AVO特征;利用叠前道集响应规律指导叠前纵波速度/横波速度（Vp/Vs）反演,完成潮控储层定量预测;综合古地貌和沉积微相认识,实现了研究区潮控环境下潜力精细描述,明确③号砂体属于一类有利目标,可作为潜力目标。本研究方法有效提高了研究区储层预测工作的精确度,为该区块下一步深层煤系潮控砂体的井位部署提供了技术支撑。     

地震砂体刻画技术在鄂尔多斯盆地宁东26井区储层预测中的应用

利用宁东26井区延安组油层组不同厚度砂体在地震剖面上的反射波形结构特征差异,根据有利储集砂体的地震反射波形结构特征,在地震剖面上从已知井点出发向外横向追踪,定性地刻画出主砂体的空间展布特征;同时,采用地质统计学随机岩性反演技术对储集砂体进行定量预测,其定性、定量预测的结果相吻合,从而精确地刻画出砂体的空间展布特征,在预测的有利砂体范围内部署的井位,均获得高产工业油流。     

侵入砂体对深水油气勘探的研究意义

侵入砂体是指深水沉积砂体在超压流体作用下侵入至上覆泥质沉积物中形成的砂体,它是深水盆地松散沉积物变形构造中常见的地质现象。侵入砂体由于其特殊的形成特点,可以明显改变原生沉积地层的几何形态和深水沉积物的物性参数,进而使储层复杂化,影响深水油气的勘探与开发,主要表现在:①侵入砂体改变了深水储层的性质及分布;②侵入砂体可能形成油气运移或散失的通道,并且改变了深水油气储层的垂向连通性;③大规模的侵入砂体本身也可以作为良好的油气储层;④侵入砂体的研究可以揭示未固结砂的流动机理,对于研究深水环境中广泛出现的浅水流的成因具有重要的借鉴意义。     

基于精细地质研究静态数据库的砂体类型识别方法

以地质储量精细计算需要的砂体类型(河道与非河道厚、薄层砂体、Ⅰ类表外独立和渐变砂体、Ⅱ类表外独立和渐变砂体)为例,探讨了精细地质研究静态数据库中砂体类型识别方法,给出了不同类型砂体识别的方法。利用该方法从精细地质研究静态数据库中提取不同类型砂体厚度参数,对不同类型砂体进行了地质储量精细计算。     

河流相储层研究方法对油田开发的影响——以渤海海域BZ油田储层A研究为例

河道砂体是渤海湾海域主力储层类型,储层分布和连通性的刻画对油藏管理和挖潜有重要的指导作用。从渤海BZ油田动态资料入手,发现主力储层A的先前地质认识无法解释生产井的动态差异,通过进一步开展精细等时地层对比,识别出储层A发育三期叠置河道,具有两套油水系统;采用等时地层切片方法,进一步证实储层A具有非均质性,发育两种典型的河道砂体叠置关系：“孤立型”和“桥接型”。综合应用精细地层对比、地层切片技术和动态资料,能够获取储层展布和连通性、油水分布规律的新认识,为河流相储层开发提供可靠的地质依据,有效地指导油藏生产和井网方案的调整。     

基于边界面模型的砂土中板锚循环承载力数值分析

利用带误差控制的显式积分算法,将一种适用于饱和砂土排水循环动力分析的边界面塑性模型编写成可供有限元软件调用的用户自定义材料子程序。建立土体单元有限元数值模型对Toyoura砂的静、动排水三轴试验进行模拟,验证了模型具备合理描述砂土在不同荷载条件下力学响应的能力。建立饱和砂土中板锚循环承载分析的数值模型,针对板锚在砂土中的单调抗拔特性和循环承载特性进行数值分析,得到了与模型试验一致的荷载—位移响应规律。考察循环荷载要素对板锚循环承载特性的影响,结果发现,随着循环荷载的施加,板锚永久位移逐渐累积,循环荷载会导致板锚持续移动,循环幅值越大,初始位移和位移变化率越大;循环均值越大,初始位移越大,但位移变化率越小。     

压裂防砂技术在南堡35—2油田大斜度井的应用

南堡35—2油田明化镇组储层为中高孔、中高渗疏松砂岩稠油油藏,需要压裂防砂来实现增产和防砂。根据端部脱砂压裂的原理,并结合南堡35—2油田A16井明化镇组储层特点,优选出适合该井压裂防砂的清洁压裂液、支撑剂和工具,针对井斜大的特点优化了压裂防砂工艺,采用一趟管柱对明化镇1油组和0油组成功进行了压裂防砂施工。压后油井产液量提高明显,且不出砂,证明压裂防砂达到了增产和防砂的双重作用,是开发疏松砂岩稠油油藏的一项进攻性措施。     

Controls on reservoir heterogeneity of tight sand oil reservoirs in Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong Area,southwest Ordos Basin,China: Implications for reservoir quality prediction and oil accumulation

Compared to conventional reservoirs, pore structure and diagenetic alterations of unconventional tight sand oil reservoirs are highly heterogeneous. The Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is a major tight-oil-bearing formation in the Ordos Basin, providing an opportunity to study the factors that control reservoir heterogeneity and the heterogeneity of oil accumulation in tight oil sandstones.The Chang 8 tight oil sandstone in the study area is comprised of fine-to medium-grained, moderately to well-sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. The reservoir quality is extremely heterogeneous due to large heterogeneities in the depositional facies, pore structures and diagenetic alterations. Small throat size is believed to be responsible for the ultra-low permeability in tight oil reservoirs. Most reservoirs with good reservoir quality, larger pore-throat size, lower pore-throat radius ratio and well pore connectivity were deposited in high-energy environments, such as distributary channels and mouth bars. For a given depositional facies, reservoir quality varies with the bedding structures. Massive- or parallel-bedded sandstones are more favorable for the development of porosity and permeability sweet zones for oil charging and accumulation than cross-bedded sandstones.Authigenic chlorite rim cementation and dissolution of unstable detrital grains are two major diagenetic processes that preserve porosity and permeability sweet zones in oil-bearing intervals. Nevertheless, chlorite rims cannot effectively preserve porosity-permeability when the chlorite content is greater than a threshold value of 7%, and compaction played a minor role in porosity destruction in the situation. Intensive cementation of pore-lining chlorites significantly reduces reservoir permeability by obstructing the pore-throats and reducing their connectivity. Stratigraphically, sandstones within 1 m from adjacent sandstone-mudstone contacts are usually tightly cemented (carbonate cement > 10%) with low porosity and permeability (lower than 10% and 0.1 mD, respectively). The carbonate cement most likely originates from external sources, probably derived from the surrounding mudstone. Most late carbonate cements filled the previously dissolved intra-feldspar pores and the residual intergranular pores, and finally formed the tight reservoirs.The petrophysical properties significantly control the fluid flow capability and the oil charging/accumulation capability of the Chang 8 tight sandstones. Oil layers usually have oil saturation greater than 40%. A pore-throat radius of less than 0.4 μm is not effective for producible oil to flow, and the cut off of porosity and permeability for the net pay are 7% and 0.1 mD, respectively.     

MPI环境下基于边界校正方法的海洋模型的并行化

基于区域分解技术,设计了一种针对海洋模型的边界校正方法,该方法不需要对原有海洋模型进行较大改动,只需要利用消息传递接口(message passing interface,MPI)编写子区域间的数据传输模块,即可实现原有海洋模型的并行化。相对于重新开发并行系统,该方法能够较快把原有模型的串行解决方案转化为并行解决方案,并且并行化后的海洋模型能够获得较高的加速比。     

A finite element approach for predicting the full resistance profile of a spudcan deeply penetrating in dense sand overlying clay

This paper presents a finite element approach to calculate the full resistance profile of a spudcan deeply penetrating in dense sand overlying clay, in which a potential for an installing spudcan to experience a sudden uncontrolled punch-through failure exists. A modified Mohr-Coulomb model characterized by incorporating a four-phase variation of the mobilized strength and dilation parameters with an equivalent accumulated plastic strain is developed and tested for the overlying dense silica sand. An extended Tresca model is used for the strain softening of the underlying clay. A series of large deformation finite-element (LDFE) analyses are carried out, varying the strength and dilation parameters as well as the spudcan geometries. A fairly good performance of the present approach is verified by validating against groups of centrifuge tests data, allowing the numerical study to be extended parametrically. The four-phase variation of the mobilized strength and dilation parameters involved in the progressive failure of the upper dense sand is parametrically studied and extended to cover the range of sand relative densities that are of practical interest. Additionally, comparisons with the typical existing LDFE analyses using both simple and sophisticated constitutive models are carried out. It shows that the present approach performs fairly well to calculate the full resistance profile of a spudcan deeply penetration in both thin and thick dense sand overlying clay, especially the peak and post-peak resistance, within around 5% of the corresponding centrifuge tests results.     

A finite difference method for effective treatment of mild-slope wave equation subject to non-reflecting boundary conditions

A numerical model for coastal water wave motion that includes an effective method for treatment of non-reflecting boundaries is presented. The second-order one-way wave equation to approximate the non-reflecting boundary condition is found to be excellent and it ensures a very low level of reflection for waves approaching the boundary at a fairly wide range of the incidence angle. If the Newman approximation is adopted, the resulting boundary condition has a unique property to allow the free propagation of wave components along the boundary. The study is also based on a newly derived mild-slope wave equation system that can be easily made compatible to the one-way wave equation. The equation system is theoretically more accurate than the previous equations in terms of the mild-slope assumption. The finite difference method defined on a staggered grid is employed to solve the basic equations and to implement the non-reflecting boundary condition. For verification, the numerical model is then applied to three coastal water wave problems including the classical problem of plane wave diffraction by a vertical circular cylinder, the problem of combined wave diffraction and refraction over a submerged hump in the open sea, and the wave deformation around a detached breakwater. In all cases, the numerical results are demonstrated to agree very well with the relevant analytical solutions or with experimental data. It is thus concluded that the numerical model proposed in this study is effective and advantageous.     

随机激励下非线性海洋结构物响应分析方法研究进展

对在随机载荷作用下非线性海洋结构物的运动响应分析的各种方法进行了综述,对有些方法的基本原理做了阐述,并指出一些最新的研究进展和今后进一步研究的方向。