青藏高原乌丽冻土区天然气水合物成藏条件

为了探讨青藏高原乌丽冻土区水合物试验孔未钻获天然气水合物的原因,对该区第一口天然气水合物试验孔的岩心样品和周边露头样品进行了测试,结果显示,该区烃源岩有机质丰度中等,有机质类型Ⅲ型,有机质已过成熟,有利于烃类气体的生成;然而,试验孔岩心顶空气测试结果却显示,天然气组分中98%为无机成因的二氧化碳(13C-CO2,-4‰~-6‰)。结合区域地质、温压场条件等综合分析认为,该区天然气水合物气源以无机成因的二氧化碳为主,有机成因的烃类气体为辅。但是,研究区构造活动强烈且一直持续至今、深大断裂发育等因素却不利于天然气(包括无机和有机)及其水合物的保存,这可能是试验孔未钻获水合物的主要原因。另外,二氧化碳特殊的升华现象以及取样技术的不完善则可能是试验孔未钻获水合物的次要原因。     

永久冻土区天然气水合物饱和度评价技术

在评价永久冻土区天然气水合物资源量时,沉积层孔隙中水合物饱和度的确定至关重要.总结了冻土区水合物饱和度评价方法,主要介绍了直接测试估算法、孔隙水地球化学估算法和地球物理测并估算法.在水合物饱和度估算过程中,每种方法都存在缺陷.因此,在对复杂的冻土沉积体系中水合物饱和度进行估算时,应根据实际情况选用一种以上的方法相互验证...     

贝加尔湖KUKUY地区两种结构气体水合物的形成过程

贝尔加湖首次发现气体水合物是1997年贝加尔钻探计划（BDP）在盆地南部海底深度121m和161m处,气体成分主要是甲烷,8δC值范围为-68．2‰～-57．6‰,表明这些气体水合物是微生物成因的。最近,在盆地南部的Malenky泥火山和盆地中部的Kukuy K-2地区海底发现气体水合物,这些站点位于抬升地形带上,并且具有流体溢出口特征。     

天然气水合物形成过程中多组分气-固相平衡系数计算方法研究

大量的实验模拟计算需要知道天然气水合物的形成条件。可利用方程式来确定天然气水合物形成条件的数据。目前这种模式和等式的准确性取决于实验数据和理论值的准确性,二者相互依存。实验数据代表实际的物理条件,数据的获取较困难。虽然理论方法略有改变,但从宏观来讲实验方法和数据仍相对稳定。实验通常测试的是液相,而预测的是固相水合物。有关固相水合物实验数据的准确性很难完全通过实验阐述清楚,因为,固相天然水合物的测试遇到了不少困难,如流体堵塞、多相性、取样困难和固相样品描述等。在预测含低硫天然气和含微量CO2和/或H2S的天然…     

Elastic-wave velocity characterization of gas hydrate-bearing fractured reservoirs in a permafrost area of the Qilian Mountain,Northwest China

There are two types of gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the permafrost area of Qilian Mountain. Most of the gas hydrates occur mainly in the fractured mudstone reservoirs and rarely in the pores of the sandstone reservoirs. In this study, for the acoustic velocity characterization of the fractured gas hydrate reservoirs of the Qilian Mountain permafrost area, some mudstone core samples were collected for physical rock experiments, such as the acoustic experiment and the porosity and permeability experiment. An acoustic velocity numerical simulation of gas hydrate reservoirs was performed according to the Biot theory and the differential effective medium theory, with the conditions of multiple gas hydrate occurrence models, including the suspension model, the semi-cementation model and the cementation model, and considering both infinite and penny-shaped cracks. Fracture porosity was added to the core samples that only contain matrix porosity. With fracture porosity ranging from 0.01% to 5%, the variation laws between acoustic velocity with fractured porosity and hydrate saturation are obtained: (1) In the case of an infinite crack, if the fractured porosity is 0.01%–1%, the P-wave velocity decreases rapidly in the case of the three occurrence models. If the fractured porosity is higher than 1%, the acoustic velocity decreases gradually. If the crack shape is a penny-shaped crack, the P-wave velocity decreases almost linearly with increasing fracture porosity. (2) If the hydrate occurrence model is the suspension model, the P-wave velocity increases slightly with increasing hydrate saturation. If the occurrence model is the semi-cementation model or the cementation model, when the gas hydrate saturation of the infinite crack ranges from 0 to 80%, the acoustic velocity increases approximately linearly, whereas when the gas hydrate saturation ranges from 80% to 100%, the velocity increases rapidly. If the crack is a penny-shaped crack, the velocity increases almost linearly with increasing gas hydrate saturation from 0 to 100%. (3) It is found that the fractured gas hydrate reservoirs of the Qilian Mountain permafrost area contain both penny-shaped and infinite cracks, of which the infinite crack is the main crack shape. The gas hydrate occurrence in the Qilian Mountain permafrost area mainly follows the suspension model. This has significance for the seismic exploration and log evaluation of gas hydrate-bearing fractured reservoirs in the permafrost area of the Qilian Mountain in studying the acoustic velocity characterization, the crack shapes and occurrence models of gas hydrate reservoirs in the study area.     

海洋天然气水合物合成的模拟实验研究

为了研究海洋天然气水合物生成过程中元素的地球化学行为,研制了一套天然气水合物实验装置和一套实验流程.利用这套实验装置,在天然海水-甲烷体系中合成天然气水合物.探讨了不同影响因素,包括温度、压力、振动、过滤方式等对天然气水合物合成实验结果的影响.     

Seismic attribute study for gas hydrates in the Andaman Offshore India

Seismic data from the Andaman offshore region has been examined to investigate for the presence of gas hydrates. The seismic data displays reflection characteristics such as blanking, enhanced reflection patterns, shadows in instantaneous frequency, and increase in amplitude with the offset, which are indicative of gas hydrates and underlying free gas. A prominent bottom-simulating reflection, BSR, coupled with reverse polarity is observed around 650–700 ms. Seismic attributes such as the reflection strength and instantaneous frequency are computed along this reflector in order to probe for the presence of gas hydrates or free gas in this region. The reflection plot shows a strong reflector paralleling the seafloor. In addition, attenuation of the high frequency signal is noticed, indicating the presence of free gas below the BSR.     

An insight into shallow gas hydrates in the Dongsha area,South China Sea

Previous studies of gas hydrate in the Dongsha area mainly focused on the deep-seated gas hydrates that have a high energy potential, but cared little about the shallow gas hydrates occurrences. Shallow gas hydrates have been confirmed by drill cores at three sites(GMGS2 08, GMGS2 09 and GMGS2 16) during the GMGS2 cruise, which occur as veins, blocky nodules or massive layers, at 8–30 m below the seafloor. Gas chimneys and faults observed on the seismic sections are the two main fluid migration ...     

The mechanism and verification analysis of permafrost-associated gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain,Northwest China

Muri Basin in the Qilian Mountain is the only permafrost area in China where gas hydrate samples have been obtained through scientific drilling. Fracture-filling hydrate is the main type of gas hydrate found in the Qilian Mountain permafrost. Most of gas hydrate samples had been found in a thin-layer-like, flake and block group in a fracture of Jurassic mudstone and oil shale, although some pore-filling hydrate was found in porous sandstone. The mechanism for gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain permafrost is as follows: gas generation from source rock was controlled by tectonic subsidence and uplift--gas migration and accumulation was controlled by fault and tight formation--gas hydrate formation and accumulation was controlled by permafrost. Some control factors for gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain permafrost were analyzed and validated through numerical analysis and laboratory experiments. CSMGem was used to estimate the gas hydrate stability zone in the Qilian permafrost at a depth of 100–400 m. This method was used to analyze the gas composition of gas hydrate to determine the gas composition before gas hydrate formation. When the overlying formation of gas accumulation zone had a permeability of 0.05 × 10⁻¹⁵ m² and water saturation of more than 0.8, gas from deep source rocks was sealed up to form the gas accumulation zone. Fracture-filling hydrate was formed in the overlap area of gas hydrate stability zone and gas accumulation zone. The experimental results showed that the lithology of reservoir played a key role in controlling the occurrence and distribution of gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost.     

南海神狐海域非均质性天然气水合物储层的分频反演

南海北部陆坡神狐海域天然气水合物钻探结果显示,这一区域水合物储层具有纵横向分布不均质性、规模小且变化快的特点,使得精确评价水合物资源量面临诸多困难。根据井震数据分析了水合物分布特点,利用分频反演方法对该区水合物的空间分布进行预测。分频反演是利用测井和地震资料,采用支持向量机（SVM）的方法研究不同探测频率下的振幅响应（AVF）,将AVF作为独立信息引入反演,建立起测井和地震波形间的非线性关系,充分利用地震中全频带信息,实现高分辨率的反演结果。采用该方法进行预测的结果与实际钻井情况非常吻合,验证这一技术适用于预测非均质性天然气水合物空间分布。基于预测结果并结合区域地质特征综合分析表明：水合物分布不均匀的主控因素除温压条件外,晚中新世之后的频繁构造运动使较深部的热解气沿着断层、气烟囱向上运移,形成厚块状“流体运移通道型”天然气水合物藏,而浅部沉积物中以扩散方式在渗透性良好的储层形成薄层状天然气水合物藏。     

Subsurface gas hydrates in the northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) has long been a focus area for the study of gas hydrates. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, work focused on massive gas hydrates deposits that were found to form at and near the seafloor in association with hydrocarbon seeps. However, as global scientific and industrial interest in assessment of the drilling hazards and resource implications of gas hydrate accelerated, focus shifted to understanding the nature and abundance of “buried” gas hydrates. Through 2005, despite the drilling of more than 1200 oil and gas industry wells through the gas hydrate stability zone, published evidence of significant sub-seafloor gas hydrate in the GoM was lacking. A 2005 drilling program by the GoM Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project (the JIP) provided an initial confirmation of the occurrence of gas hydrates below the GoM seafloor. In 2006, release of data from a 2003 industry well in Alaminos Canyon 818 provided initial documentation of gas hydrate occurrence at high concentrations in sand reservoirs in the GoM. From 2006 to 2008, the JIP facilitated the integration of geophysical and geological data to identify sites prospective for gas hydrate-bearing sands, culminating in the recommendation of numerous drilling targets within four sites spanning a range of typical deepwater settings. Concurrent with, but independent of, the JIP prospecting effort, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) conducted a preliminary assessment of the GoM gas hydrate petroleum system, resulting in an estimate of 607 trillion cubic meters (21,444 trillion cubic feet) gas-in-place of which roughly one-third occurs at expected high concentrations in sand reservoirs. In 2009, the JIP drilled seven wells at three sites, discovering gas hydrate at high saturation in sand reservoirs in four wells and suspected gas hydrate at low to moderate saturations in two other wells. These results provide an initial confirmation of the complex nature and occurrence of gas hydrate-bearing sands in the GoM, the efficacy of the integrated geological/geophysical prospecting approach used to identify the JIP drilling sites, and the relevance of the 2008 BOEM assessment.     

Geochemical constraints on the distribution of gas hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico

Gas hydrates are common within near-seafloor sediments immediately surrounding fluid and gas venting sites on the continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico. However, the distribution of gas hydrates within sediments away from the vents is poorly documented, yet critical for gas hydrate assessments. Porewater chloride and sulfate concentrations, hydrocarbon gas compositions, and geothermal gradients obtained during a porewater geochemical survey of the northern Gulf of Mexico suggest that the lack of bottom simulating reflectors in gas-rich areas of the gulf may be the consequence of elevated porewater salinity, geothermal gradients, and microbial gas compositions in sediments away from fault conduits.     

Raman spectroscopic measurements of synthetic gas hydrates in the ocean

A Raman spectrometer extensively modified for deep ocean use was used to measure synthetic hydrates formed in an ocean environment. This was the first time hydrates formed in the ocean have been measured in situ using Raman spectroscopy. Gas hydrates were formed in situ in the Monterey Bay by pressurizing a Pyrex cell with various gas mixtures. Raman spectra were obtained for sI methane hydrate and sII methane + ethane hydrate. Gas occlusion resulting from rapid gas growth of methane hydrate was measured immediately after formation. The Raman shift for methane free gas was coincident with that of methane in the small 5¹² hydrate cage. The methane Raman peak widths were used to discriminate between methane in the free gas and hydrate phase. Methane + ethane sII hydrate was formed for 43 days on the seafloor. In this case, gas occlusion was not measured when the gas hydrates were allowed to form over an extended time period. Equivalent Raman spectra were obtained for the in situ and laboratory-formed sII methane + ethane hydrates, under similar p, T, and x conditions. With the Raman spectrometer operating in the ocean, seawater contributes to the Raman spectra obtained. Both the Raman bands for the sulfate ion and water were used to qualitatively determine the distribution of water phases measured (hydrate, seawater) in the Raman spectra.     

Seismic expression of gas and gas hydrates across the western Black Sea

This study is a synthesis of gas-related features in recent sediments across the western Black Sea basin. The investigation is based on an extensive seismic dataset, and integrates published information from previous local studies. Our data reveal widespread occurrences of seismic facies indicating free gas in sediments and gas escape in the water column. The presence of gas hydrates is inferred from bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs). The distribution of the gas facies shows (1) major gas accumulations close to the seafloor in the coastal area and along the shelfbreak, (2) ubiquitous gas migration from the deeper subsurface on the shelf and (3) gas hydrate occurrences on the lower slope (below 750 m water depth). The coastal and shelfbreak shallow gas areas correspond to the highstand and lowstand depocentres, respectively. Gas in these areas most likely results from in situ degradation of biogenic methane, probably with a contribution of deep gas in the shelfbreak accumulation. On the western shelf, vertical gas migration appears to originate from a source of Eocene age or older and, in some cases, it is clearly related to known deep oil and gas fields. Gas release at the seafloor is abundant at water depths shallower than 725 m, which corresponds to the minimum theoretical depth for methane hydrate stability, but occurs only exceptionally at water depths where hydrates can form. As such, gas entering the hydrate stability field appears to form hydrates, acting as a buffer for gas migration towards the seafloor and subsequent escape.