混凝土框架柱抗剪承载力计算公式的可靠度分析探讨

通过试验研究，提出了基于能力设计法的框架柱塑性铰区抗剪承载力计算公式，并对此进行了可靠度分析。定量分析了该计算公式的可靠指标与剪跨比、配箍率等因素的关系。同时针对目前我国现行规范抗剪承载力计算的可靠度指标偏低较多的情况，该建议公式对不同抗震要求的构件提出了不同的可靠指标，既考虑了我国设计习惯，又体现了能力设计法的要求，充分考虑了安全性的要求，对工程应用具有较大的参考价值。论文的主要研究成果已被《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)吸收。     

方钢管混凝土柱-不等高钢梁框架节点抗剪承载力分析

为研究方钢管混凝土柱-H型不等高钢梁框架节点的抗剪承载力,分析其破坏机理,建立适用于不等高钢梁节点的抗剪计算模型,提出了节点的抗剪承载力计算公式,比较了基于不同抗剪模型建立的抗剪承载力计算值与试验值的差异性。结果表明:节点域的破坏模式主要为上核心区的剪切斜压破坏;节点域抗剪承载力主要由钢管腹板、核心区混凝土主斜压杆及约束斜压杆共同承担。对比分析表明:提出的节点屈服抗剪承载力和极限抗剪承载力理论公式计算值更为接近试验值,验证了方钢管混凝土柱-不等高钢梁框架节点传力机理和承载力计算公式的正确性。     

地震区混凝土框架柱塑性铰区剪切抗力延性设计试验研究

允许钢筋混凝土框架柱端出现塑性铰但又不形成柱铰破坏机构是一个十分现实而又未得以很好解决的课题。通过10个钢筋混凝土框架柱构件抗震剪切抗力的试验研究,明确了加载全过程框架柱构件中箍筋与混凝土的抗剪贡献及比例,并根据相关试验资料,提出了反复荷载下框架柱抗剪承载力随构件延性系数的变化关系,并提出了框架柱塑性铰区抗震剪切承载力延性计算公式,部分成果已为修订《混凝土结构设计规范》采用。     

带构造柱混凝土多孔砖墙体的抗震性能试验研究

通过4片带构造柱混凝土多孔砖墙片在低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究,分析了该种材料墙体的破坏特征及其强度、滞回曲线、延性等抗震性能.试验结果表明:墙片两端设置构造柱后,即能较大幅度提高极限荷载,又能改善其变形,延性等性能.另外分析了墙片的高宽比、轴向压力、构造柱等对抗剪承载力的影响,对<抗震结构设计规范>(GB5001-2001)中抗剪承载力计算公式提出补充建议,得出这类墙体的抗剪承载力计算公式.     

对美国桥梁抗震规范中桥墩抗剪强度计算公式的评价

按照能力设计思想，必须防止延性构件内部发生脆性剪切破坏，以确保塑性铰的转动能力。本文对美国ATC－32、Caltrans规范及Priestley建议的抗剪强度计算公式进行了比较，并结合一座在1994年Northridge地震中发生剪切破坏的桥梁，按照这三者公式分别进行了剪切强度评价。可以得出结论，ATC－32和Caltrans规范的抗剪强度计算公式相对保守，但对低延性墩的评价却偏高。Priestley等人建议的公式能较真实地反映剪切破坏机理。     

复式钢管混凝土外肋环板节点抗剪承载力研究

在已有理论和试验研究的基础上,对复式钢管混凝土外肋环板节点的抗剪受力性能进行分析。建立了节点核心区的抗剪受力模型,将节点域抗剪贡献分为三部分:节点域内外钢管腹板的抗剪贡献、节点主要连接件竖向肋板与锚固腹板的抗剪贡献以及节点域混凝土的抗剪贡献,推导了复式钢管混凝土柱节点屈服抗剪承载力和极限抗剪承载力的计算公式,为复式钢管混凝土柱节点的工程设计提供承载力计算方法。理论得到的节点屈服剪力和极限剪力值与试验结果进行了对比,并提出抗剪能力储备系数这一新指标反映节点的抗剪切破坏能力,量化地解释了节点发生梁铰破坏后抗剪能力的安全储备。得出此类新型节点在破坏时抗剪储备能力充足,可保证节点达到良好延性的破坏模式,说明节点设计符合强剪弱弯的抗震设计原则。     

传统农居砌体抗剪性能试验研究

砖砌体结构是农村传统农居建筑的主要结构形式,如何精确评价其抗震能力具有重要的研究意义。目前既有传统农居中,20世纪80、90年代砖砌体结构仍是其重要的组成部分。为研究既有传统砖砌体结构的抗剪性能,首先对水泥砂浆、白灰砂浆、炉渣砂浆、黄泥砂浆4种典型砂浆开展抗压强度试验;然后对4种典型砂浆砌筑的砌体进行沿通缝抗剪强度试验,通过与传统老旧红砖砌体抗剪强度的平均值和公式值进行对比,对砌体抗剪强度计算公式进行修正后得到修正公式;最后对比修正值、标准值和设计值,对传统农居进行准确的砖砌体抗剪强度评估。本项研究主要为传统农居砖砌体结构的抗震性能评估、抗震加固以及抗震设计提供技术支持与科学依据。     

反复荷载下钢筋混凝土框架柱抗剪承载力分析

钢筋混凝土框架柱作为高层房屋建筑的主要承重构件,在历次地震中因框架脆性剪切破坏而造成结构严重损坏甚至倒塌的现象十分常见.本文通过分析有关试验资料,提出了钢筋混凝土框架柱塑性铰区剪切强度的计算公式及有关构造措施,以保证框架柱在一定延性条件下具有足够的抗剪强度,实现"强剪弱弯"的抗震设计原则,使抗震设计的框架结构具有足够的强度和良好的延性,以配合混凝土结构设计规范(GBJ10-89)的修订工作.本文的主要结论已被规范(GBJ10-2000)修订所采纳.     

砌体结构抗震抗剪强度分析

进行了墙体抗剪强度理论和公式的研究。将主拉强度理论与剪摩强理论相结合,形成了一种新和强度理论,即拉摩强度理论。根据该理论,导出了墙体抗剪强度公式。给出了公式系数的确定方法,并确定了砖墙体的公式系数。将本文建议的砖墙体抗剪强度公式与抗震和砌体规范采用的抗剪强度公式进行了比较,比较结果表明：抗震规范公式值较小;砌体规范公式值较在,本文公式值介于两者中间。     

复合纤维加固钢筋混凝土梁受剪性能试验研究

对14根钢筋混凝土矩形梁进行抗剪加固试验，研究在受剪区粘贴高强复合纤维的加固效果和设计方法。主要分析了纤维粘贴量、包裹方法和剪跨比等因素对钢筋混凝土加固梁受剪性能的影响和作用。对试验梁进行了全过程分析，并基于试验结果，提出了抗剪加固设计中复合纤维设计应变的合理取值和计算公式，阐述了具体加固设计模型和设计方法。     

Modelling of R/C members accounting for shear failure localisation: Hysteretic shear model

Reinforced concrete (R/C) frame buildings designed according to older seismic codes represent a large part of the existing building stock worldwide. Their structural elements are often vulnerable to shear or flexure‐shear failure, which can eventually lead to loss of axial load resistance of vertical elements and initiate vertical progressive collapse of a building. In this study, a hysteretic model capturing the local shear response of shear‐deficient R/C elements is described in detail, with emphasis on post‐peak behaviour; it differs from existing models in that it considers the localisation of shear strains after the onset of shear failure in a critical length defined by the diagonal failure planes. Additionally, an effort is made to improve the state of the art in post‐peak shear response modelling, by compiling the largest database of experimental results for shear and flexure‐shear critical R/C columns cycled well beyond the onset of shear failure and/or up to the onset of axial failure, and developing empirical relationships for the key parameters defining the local backbone post‐peak shear response of such elements. The implementation of the derived local hysteretic shear model in a computationally efficient beam‐column finite element model with distributed shear flexibility, which accounts for all deformation types, will be presented in a companion paper.     

Use of collision shear walls to minimize seismic separation and to protect adjacent buildings from collapse due to earthquake‐induced pounding

The use of collision shear walls (bumper‐type), acting transversely to the side subject to pounding, as a measure to minimize damage of reinforced concrete buildings in contact, is investigated using 5‐story building models. The buildings were designed according to the Greek anti‐seismic and reinforced concrete design codes. Owing to story height differences potential pounding in case of an earthquake will occur between floor slabs, a case specifically chosen because this is when pounding can turn out to be catastrophic. The investigation is carried out using nonlinear dynamic analyses for a real earthquake motion and also a simplified solution for a triangular dynamic force of short duration, comparable to the forces caused by pounding. For such analyses, nonlinear, prismatic beam–column elements are used and the effects of pounding are expressed in terms of changes in rotational ductility factors of the building elements. The local effects of pounding on the collision shear walls are investigated using a detailed nonlinear finite element model of the shear walls and results are expressed in terms of induced stresses. It is found that pounding will cause instantaneous acceleration pulses in the colliding buildings and will somewhat increase ductility demands in the members of the top floor, but all within tolerable limits. At the same time the collision walls will suffer repairable local damage at the points of contact, but will effectively protect both buildings from collapse, which could occur if columns were in the place of the walls. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗震设防烈度对剪力墙结构土建成本的影响分析

国家标准《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2015）已于2016年6月1日起开始实施。新一代区划图的实施,使得建筑的土建成本相对于之前有所变化。运用结构设计软件按照相关规范规定的最低标准完成剪力墙结构构件在不同地震动参数情况下的内力和配筋计算,并根据最新的建设工程预算定额和估价表,对上述情况进行施工图预算并在经济性方面进行系统的对比分析。结果表明:随着设防烈度的提高,剪力墙结构土建工程每平米成本上浮的比例也会增大,且随着设防烈度的提高,土建成本的增长比例越来越大。     

Modelling of R/C members accounting for shear failure localisation: Finite element model and verification

Reinforced concrete (R/C) frame buildings designed according to older seismic codes represent a large part of the existing building stock worldwide. Their structural elements are often vulnerable to shear or flexure‐shear failure, which can eventually lead to loss of axial load resistance of vertical elements and initiate vertical progressive collapse of a building. In this study, a computationally efficient member‐type finite element model for the hysteretic response of shear critical R/C frame elements up to the onset of axial failure is presented; it accounts for shear‐flexure interaction and considers, for the first time, the localisation of shear strains, after the onset of shear failure, in a critical length defined by the diagonal failure plane. Its predictive capabilities are verified against experimental results of column and frame specimens and are shown to be accurate not only in terms of total response, but also with regard to individual deformation components. The accuracy, versatility, and simplicity of this finite element model make it a valuable tool in seismic analysis of complex R/C buildings with shear deficient structural elements.     

中美欧水平地震作用的比较

分析了中美欧抗震设计中的水平地震作用问题。首先,比较了中美欧抗震规范中建筑物重要性、强度折减系数的差异,介绍了中国规范的底部剪力法、美国规范的等效侧向荷载法以及欧洲规范的侧向荷载法。然后对一多层框架结构,分别作为办公楼和医院,计算了不同设防烈度下、不同延性等级下的水平地震作用,并进行了比较分析,获得了3种规范关于水平地震作用的一些差异。     

Displacement capacity of masonry piers: parametric numerical analyses versus international building codes

The nonlinear behaviour of masonry piers loaded in their plane is investigated by parametric numerical simulations. Each pier has a cantilever scheme, is loaded by a constant axial load and is subjected to an increasing horizontal displacement at the top. The macro-modelling approach is used to perform numerical analyses, adopting two different constitutive laws: a total strain crack model and a plastic model. The numerical model is calibrated on a block-masonry type for which experimental tests are available in literature. Parametric numerical simulations are performed by varying the aspect-ratio and the compression level, in order to assess the influence of such parameters on both shear strength and displacement capacity. By comparing numerical results with formulas of international codes, a good agreement for the shear strength is obtained, while significant differences are observed for the displacement capacity, which is influenced by both parameters. The authors propose a simple empirical formula for the displacement capacity, obtained by fitting the numerical results. The expression can be useful in the practical design for considering the influence of aspect-ratio and compression level, currently neglected by building codes.     

Influence of lateral-load-resisting system on the earthquake response of structures—a system identification study

Analysis and comparison of the dynamic responses of three well instrumented (with accelerographs) high-rise buildings shaken during the 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake are presented. The buildings examined in the present work are (i) the Town Park Towers Apartment building, a 10-storey, concrete shear wall building; (ii) the Great Western Savings and Loan building, a 10-storey building with concrete frames and shear walls; and (iii) the Santa Clara County Office building, a 13-storey, moment-resistant steel frame building. The structures are located within 2 km of each other and, as may be confirmed by visual inspection of the recorded seismograms, experienced similar ground motions. One-dimensional and three-dimensional linear structural models are fitted to the observations using the modal minimization method' for structural identification, in order to determine optimal estimates of the parameters of the dominant modes of the buildings. The time-varying character of these parameters over the duration of the response is also investigated. Comparison of the recorded earthquake response of the structures reveals that the type of lateral-load-resisting system has an important effect on the dynamic behaviour of the structures because it controls the spacing of the characteristic modes on the frequency axis. The Santa Clara County Office building has closely spaced natural frequencies and exhibits strong torsional response and modal coupling. Its dynamic behaviour is contrasted with that of the Great Western Savings and Loan building which has well separated natural frequencies and exhibits small torsional response and no modal coupling. Strong modal coupling causes a beating-type phenomenon and makes earthquake response of structures different from that envisioned by codes.     

美国建筑抗震设计的法规体系与设计地震动的确定

本文论述了美国建筑抗震设计法规体系发展演变过程及其代表性的规范、标准与技术文档;分析了美国当前建筑法规中设计地震动参数的重要技术见解,设计地震动的不同层次与作用,基于目标风险的最大考虑地震概念等技术的进展,同时,也总结了美国抗震设计相关法规中设计地震动确定的基本规定。本文旨在从美国庞大复杂的建筑设计法规体系中,梳理出清晰的建筑抗震设计的法规体系脉络与设计地震动的要求,为我国建筑抗震设计中设计地震动的相关研究提供参照。     

Revisiting Eurocode 8 formulae for periods of vibration and their employment in linear seismic analysis

The period of vibration is a fundamental parameter in the force‐based design of structures as this parameter defines the spectral acceleration and thus the base shear force to which the building should be designed. This paper takes a critical look at the way in which seismic design codes around the world have allowed the designer to estimate the period of vibration for use in both linear static and dynamic analysis. Based on this review, some preliminary suggestions are made for updating the clauses related to the estimation of the periods of vibration in Eurocode 8. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake response analysis of the olive view hospital psychiatric day clinic

The collapse of the Olive View Hospital Psychiatric Day Clinic is studied using three biaxial force-deflection models to represent the columns of the building. These models are: shear collapse, elastic and inelastic. The biaxial models for shear and inelastic behaviour are new developments and are useful for non-linear structural dynamic studies. In the present study, the shear collapse model is intended to represent the actual prototype behaviour. The inelastic model, which is based on a hardening rule of plasticity, is used to study the performance of a hypothetical structure with the same storey shear capacity as the prototype but which exhibits ductile behaviour. The prototype structure had a base storey shear capacity of 25 per cent, and actually failed by shearing of all of the first floor columns. In the present study, the shear collapse model predicted this behaviour even with the El Centro accelerogram as input. This result may have far-reaching significance because many low-rise reinforced concrete buildings which were designed according to recent codes have similar storey shear capacity coefficients and column properties. According to this study, such buildings may collapse even in a moderate earthquake. In the inelastic representation, the structure was found to have a base storey shear capacity of 80 per cent when moment hinging was assumed to occur at the top and bottom of the columns. Even with this high strength capacity, the permanent offset computed from the inelastic model corresponded to a ductility factor of 5 when the Pacoima Dam accelerogram was used as input. On the basis of damage to other structures observed on the site, it seems likely that ground motion of about the Pacoima Dam intensity occurred at Olive View. From this it is concluded that a low-rise ductile frame concrete building, even with this high shear force capacity, may not prove satisfactory for hospital use when subjected to strong ground motion.