施工降水中的环境保护及水资源合理利用

城市缺水是目前带有普遍性的重大问题 ,但在城市建设过程中 ,宝贵的地下水资源遭到浪费的现象又大量存在 ,解决好施工降水与环境保护问题是关系到城市发展的重要问题之一 ,结合郑州市的工程实践 ,谈谈施工降水中的环境保护及水资源合理利用问题。     

马莲河河水与地下水的相互关系:水化学和同位素证据

查明地表水与地下水的转化关系是建立区域水循环模式、揭示水资源形成机制、评价水资源总量以及可持续开发利用水资源的必要环节.马莲河位于我国西北干旱半干旱气候区,流域内水资源时空分布不均,生态环境脆弱,水资源问题严重.受到区域气候、地质构造和自然地理环境的影响,河水与地下水的转化频繁、关系复杂.在分析了流域内地下水动力场特征的基础上,应用水化学方法和同位素技术相结合的方法分析了马莲河河水与地下水的相互转化关系.马莲河河水主要以接受地下水补给为主,仅在中游个别河段与地下水的水力联系较弱.     

Crystalline Rock Aquifers: Their Occurrence,Use And Importance

Only recently has significant attention been paid to groundwater in hard rocks. The reason is probably the normally limited yield of water wells in such lithologies. Their importance for water-supply has increased, especially in the Third World, during recent years. In shield areas in temperate regions, hard rocks have been important for rural water supply for a long time. The relatively new attention to hard rock hydrogeology is also due to the fact that crystalline rocks are vulnerable to acidification and that several countries plan to use deep repositories in crystalline rocks for spent nuclear fuel. Added to this, new hydrogeological investigation methods for fractured aquifers have come into use in pre-investigations for rock installations. This paper gives a brief overview of the occurrence and properties of aquifers in crystalline rocks, and also examines some practical aspects of their use.     

Environmental Controls on Groundwater Chemistry in an Offshore Island Aquifer: Fiesta Key, Florida

A field study was undertaken on the Florida Bay side of Fiesta Key, Florida, to identify the chemical characteristics of a previously unexplored offshore groundwater system and to define the critical parameters affecting groundwater movement and interaction with sediment pore fluids and bedrock. Emphasis was placed on the upper 2 meters of bedrock, where groundwater recharge and discharge potentials are maximized, along a 100 meter transect extending from the island margin. Bedrock cores were used to describe Pleistocene depositional textures, and were sampled at discrete depths to determine the extent of water-rock interaction. Piezometers installed into each core hole were used to monitor surface and ground water tide levels, and for the systematic collection of water samples for a large suite of chemical determinations.Aqueous chemical data indicate that these groundwaters are marine in origin, anoxic, and moderately hypersaline (S = 36–40). Exchange of bedrock pore fluids with overlying Bay waters is restricted by a layer of Holocene sediment and a discontinuous soilstone crust formed at the modern bedrock surface. Groundwater chemistry near the sediment/bedrock interface is marked by elevated concentrations of total alkalinity and Ca2+, and by significant Mg2+ depletion. These waters likely acquired their unusual chemistry by mixing between deeper groundwaters and overlying, early diagenetically altered, sediment porewaters. High alkalinity and calcium concentrations presumably result from the combination of the effects of aerobic metabolism, carbonate dissolution, and sulfate reduction. Mg-depletion most likely resulted from the precipitation of Mg-calcite. These unusual chemistries disappear by 2 m depth in the groundwater system, where Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations are similar to those expected for seawater under slightly hypersaline conditions.The Pleistocene bedrock contains low Mg, Sr, F, and P concentrations relative to the overlying unconsolidated Holocene carbonate sediments. This is consistent with the diagenetic recrystallization processes that the bedrock has undergone. Hydraulic conditions favor the net recharge of Florida Bay seawater to the groundwater system, but there are insufficient tide data to identify cyclical water exchange rates or groundwater flow patterns.     

恒河-雅鲁藏布江流域雪线场的建立及其环境意义

利用冰川编目最新数据资料,计算恒河-雅鲁藏布江冰川平均高度(H_me)与测量雪线(ELA_h)之间的回归方程,发现冰川系统越大,样本数越多,则相关性越好,从而建立大系统的回归方程计算系统内所有冰川样点的计算雪线高度(ELA_hc).对所求得的ELAhc采用10’×10’的格网覆盖区域,对格网内样点的经纬度和计算雪线高度进行算术平均,用Kriging插值生成一定间隔的雪线分布图,即雪线高度场.把所得结果与该区域已有研究对比,发现它除具有共同的基本规律外,还更能体现出西藏南部雪线场的详尽分布规律,如全流域从下游向上游按照平均雪线高度的大小可以分为4个区,不同区域的雪线分布反映了影响区域雪线分布的主导因素.此方法可应用于其它已进行冰川编目的地区,也可建立不同尺度的温度场、积累场、降水场等冰川特征值场.     

Limit Equilibrium Analyses for Internal Design of Geosynthetic Reinforced Slopes: Influence of Potential Failure Surface and Strength Distribution

The paper presents results from a computer code, based on limit equilibrium analyses, able to quantify earth pressure coefficients for the internal design of geosynthetic reinforced soil structures and identify the potential failure surfaces. Failure mechanisms assuming bilinear or logarithmic spiral failure surfaces are considered. The influence of the potential failure surface and geosynthetic strength distribution on the earth pressure coefficient is analysed. Required reinforcement tensile strengths calculated by the developed program are compared with values published in the literature. To further evaluate the capabilities of limit equilibrium analyses, the numerical modelling of a geosynthetic reinforced steep slope, designed at ultimate limit state conditions (FS = 1), is also presented. Good agreement was achieved between the potential failure surfaces predicted by limit equilibrium analyses and those obtained with numerical modelling.     

The Use Of Environmental Isotopes And Chloride As Natural Tracers To Investigate The Effects Of Depressurisation Of A Coastal Aquifer For Lignite Mining,India

In order to mine lignite from the Neyveli opencast mines, about 200 km south of Madras, India, the Neyveli aquifer has been undergoing depressurisation continuously for almost three decades. To gain insight into the aquifer hydrodynamics, environmental-isotope and chloride measurements on selected groundwater samples were initiated two decades ago, and detailed studies were undertaken during 1985–91. This article demonstrates the effect of large-scale groundwater withdrawals on the hydrologic regime and the effects on environmental chloride and isotopic distributions. A feature common to both the radiocarbon and chloride data of 1991 is their marked variation in a small area between the recharge zone and the mine area where pumping is concentrated. Furthermore, an excellent correlation exists between the temporal increase in the apparent radiocarbon ages of groundwater sampled in 1991 and 1985 and the corresponding lowering of potentiometric levels. Isochlors based on 1991 and 1985 data also indicate a changed hydrologic regime. In certain areas, heavy withdrawals have resulted in increased groundwater salinity.     

Copepods in Hypersaline Waters Worldwide:Diversity,Environmental,Social,and Economic Roles

正1 Introduction Copepods are a group of small crustaceans,which play an important ecological role in aquatic ecosystems.They occupy different ecological niches in aquatic food webs,contributes to biogenic element cycles,and transfer of organic matter from primary producers to higher secondary consumers.Copepods also have the potential to     

Web Use in Geographical and Environmental Education: An International Survey at the Primary and Secondary Level

This article aims to study Web use and Web-based co-operation and collaboration in geographical and environmental education at the primary and secondary level around the world. Recent trends and future opportunities and challenges are taken into account. The theoretical part of the study considers Web use and different forms of Web-based co-operation. Web use and co-operation in education are classified as co-operative learning, collaborative learning or communal learning. Web use in geographical and environmental education is noted to be growing in significance. Web-based co-operation at any level of intensity is associated with many opportunities and challenges. The empirical part of this study involves a survey of geographical and environmental education researchers in various countries about their views of Web use in education. The results of this survey indicate that the Web in general finds minimal use in geographical and environmental education. As access to the Web is limited and only some pupils can use it, co-operation, particularly collaborative learning on the Web, is still rare in geographical and environmental education. The most often used application is e-mail. Researchers recognise the potential of the Web to enhance local, national and international co-operation, and to facilitate a better understanding of geographical and environmental issues at the grass-root level. Web-based learning can also help to increase and deepen the pupils' cultural understanding. Before that, however, problems in access, costs and teacher training must be solved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing

The use of the mid-infrared and thermal bands of sensors on board airborne platforms and satellites permits the detection of active fires on the Earths surface. This application has been available to the fire-fighting community for many years. However, limitations in the fire detection capabilities of the sensors and/or the lack of adequate re-visit frequency have prevented the use of these systems for operational forest fire-fighting. In addition to mobile systems, remote sensors positioned on fixed fire-watch towers have also been used for active fire detection. These instruments are often positioned in strategic look-out places to provide continuous monitoring of the surrounding areas. They locate fires through the detection of either hot spots (areas of increased temperature in comparison to the background) or smoke plumes produced by the fires. This article evaluates the use of existing remote sensing systems for active fire detection, with emphasis on the applicability of these systems for fire emergency management and fire-fighting. Long-range remote sensing devices on board satellites are considered, airborne systems are assessed, and short-range fire detection instruments on fixed ground platforms are reviewed. A short introduction to forthcoming satellite systems, which will be based on the combined use of several small satellites, is presented. The advantages and drawbacks of the different systems are evaluated from a fire management perspective.     

稳定同位素交换反应平衡常数与平衡分馏因子的关系——过量因子的实质及计算方法

理论计算稳定同位素平衡分馏因子(α),是以计算平衡常数K为桥梁,但是K与α之间并非简单的指数关系,二者之间还存在一个较为神秘的过量因子X(excess factor)。然而,几乎所有的理论计算工作都直接忽略了过量因子,并没有人详细研究过过量因子的实质及其可以被忽略的条件,因此,针对这个现状,本文从最基础的理论推导开始,精确推导了α和K之间的关系,并得到了过量因子的具体表达式,同时也给出了β因子(一种物质与其理想气态原子之间的平衡分馏因子)和同位素约化配分函数比(RPFR)之间的具体关系式。本文还以石膏与溶液中硫酸根之间的硫和氧同位素的分馏为实例,具体展示了过量因子产生的原因和计算方法,也提供了精确的石膏和硫酸根之间的硫和氧同位素的平衡分馏参数。     

Flocculation Potential of Estuarine Particles: The Importance of Environmental Factors and of the Spatial and Seasonal Variability of Suspended Particulate Matter

Estuarine systems are complex environments where seasonal and spatial variations occur in concentrations of suspended particulate matter, in primary constituents, and in organic matter content. This study investigated in the laboratory the flocculation potential of estuarine-suspended particulate matter throughout the year in order to better identify the controlling factors and their hierarchy. Kinetic experiments were performed in the lab with a “video in lab” device, based on a jar test technique, using suspended sediments sampled every 2 months over a 14-month period at three stations in the Seine estuary (France). These sampling stations are representative of (1) the upper estuary, dominated by freshwater, and (2) the middle estuary, characterized by a strong salinity gradient and the presence of an estuarine turbidity maximum. Experiments were performed at a constant low turbulent shear stress characteristic of slack water periods (i.e., a Kolmogorov microscale >1,000 μm). Flocculation processes were estimated using three parameters: flocculation efficiency, flocculation speed, and flocculation time. Results showed that the flocculation that occurred at the three stations was mainly influenced by the concentration of the suspended particulate matter: maximum floc size was observed for concentrations above 0.1 g l⁻¹ while no flocculation was observed for concentrations below 0.004 g l⁻¹. Diatom blooms strongly enhanced flocculation speed and, to a lesser extent, flocculation efficiency. During this period, the maximum flocculation speed of 6 μm min⁻¹ corresponded to a flocculation time of less than 20 min. Salinity did not appear to automatically enhance flocculation, which depended on the constituents of suspended sediments and on the content and concentration of organic matter. Examination of the variability of 2D fractal dimension during flocculation experiments revealed restructuring of flocs during aggregation. This was observed as a rapid decrease in the floc fractal dimension from 2 to 1.4 during the first minutes of the flocculation stage, followed by a slight increase up to 1.8. Deflocculation experiments enabled determination of the influence of turbulent structures on flocculation processes and confirmed that turbulent intensity is one of the main determining factors of maximum floc size.     

灰岩含水层中稀土元素在地下水与围岩间的分异:以皖北任楼煤矿太原组灰岩含水层为例

采取了皖北任楼煤矿太原组灰岩和灰岩水样品进行稀土元素测试分析,结果显示灰岩样品稀土总量较低,平均为36.947×10-6,灰岩样品稀土配分模式表现为轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损型;灰岩水样品稀土总量平均为0.052 6×10-6,灰岩水样品轻、重稀土均富集,轻、重稀土之间分异明显。对灰岩含水层水岩相互作用进行研究,结果表明:轻稀土表现稳定,重稀土分异明显,尤其在Y处有一个明显的峰值;Y元素与Ca元素呈正相关关系,相比石灰岩,灰岩水的Y/Ho、Y/Dy分异更为明显。研究认为,灰岩水中Y元素的峰值效应也可作为灰岩水源识别的依据。     

Long‐Term Reaction Characteristics of CO2–Water–Rock Interaction: Insight into the Potential Groundwater Contamination Risk from Underground CO2 Storage

CO₂ sequestration into saline aquifers is considered to be one of the most promising options for reducing industrial CO₂ emissions to the atmosphere. However, there are still many uncertainties regarding the storage of CO₂ in the subsurface because of a lack of knowledge about CO₂–water–rock interaction within CO₂ reservoirs and the potential risk of CO₂ leakage. In this study, we construct a semi‐open type experimental system that can reproduce the interactions under conditions close to those of actual CO₂ reservoirs. Using the system, we conduct CO₂–water–rock interaction experiments for 8 months to monitor the long‐term reaction and the mobilization of harmful metal elements. Altered tuffaceous rock is used in the experiment because these tuffaceous rock formations (called “Green Tuff”) are a potential candidate for CO₂ storage in Japan. The results show that the major‐element water composition will converge to the point where host rock dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation are balanced; then, the interaction will proceed under a certain groundwater composition. In addition, we found that groundwater contamination by some metal elements (Ni, Ba, and Mn) may reach unsafe levels for drinking water as a result of CO₂‐water–rock interaction.     

A 17-Year Record of Environmental Tracers in Spring Discharge,Shenandoah National Park,Virginia, USA: Use of Climatic Data and Environmental Conditions to Interpret Discharge,Dissolved Solutes,and Tracer Concentrations

A 17-year record (1995–2012) of a suite of environmental tracer concentrations in discharge from 34 springs located along the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Shenandoah National Park (SNP), Virginia, USA, reveals patterns and trends that can be related to climatic and environmental conditions. These data include a 12-year time series of monthly sampling at five springs, with measurements of temperature, specific conductance, pH, and discharge recorded at 30-min intervals. The monthly measurements include age tracers (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-13, SF₆, and SF₅CF₃), dissolved gases (N₂, O₂, Ar, CO₂, and CH₄), stable isotopes of water, and major and trace inorganic constituents. The chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆₎ concentrations (in pptv) in spring discharge closely follow the concurrent monthly measurements of their atmospheric mixing ratios measured at the Air Monitoring Station at Big Meadows, SNP, indicating waters 0–3 years in age. A 2-year (2001–2003) record of unsaturated zone air displayed seasonal deviations from North American Air of ±10 % for CFC-11 and CFC-113, with excess CFC-11 and CFC-113 in peak summer and depletion in peak winter. The pattern in unsaturated zone soil CFCs is a function of gas solubility in soil water and seasonal unsaturated zone temperatures. Using the increase in the SF₆ atmospheric mixing ratio, the apparent (piston flow) SF₆ age of the water varied seasonally between about 0 (modern) in January and up to 3 years in July–August. The SF₆ concentration and concentrations of dissolved solutes (SiO₂, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Cl^?, and HCO₃ ^?) in spring discharge demonstrate a fraction of recent recharge following large precipitation events. The output of solutes in the discharge of springs minus the input from atmospheric deposition per hectare of watershed area (mol ha^?1 a^?1) were approximately twofold greater in watersheds draining the regolith of Catoctin metabasalts than that of granitic gneisses and granitoid crystalline rocks. The stable isotopic composition of water in spring discharge broadly correlates with the Oceanic Niño Index. Below normal precipitation and enriched stable isotopic composition were observed during El Niño years.