基于小波分析的脉冲星信号消噪处理

脉冲星信号是一种典型的非平稳信号,且信噪比非常小．目前对脉冲星信号的处理仅局限于对脉冲星信号不同周期的迭加．根据脉冲星信号的特点采用小波消噪的方法对其进行处理,并对小波的选取和分解层数的优化进行了研究．结果表明小波阈值消噪能够对脉冲星信号实现噪声剔除,达到既净化信号,又不丢失高频有用信息的目的．从而实现了迭加较少的信号周期就能够获得与较长时间迭加相似或更好的效果,可以大大提高脉冲星观测的轮廓精度．     

乌鲁木齐天文站建立脉冲星相干消色散观测系统

脉冲星发射的辐射信号经过星际介质到达观测天线的过程中,存在色散效应。该效应导致有一定带宽脉冲信号的不同频率成份到达天线时间有延迟,影响对脉冲星的观测。消色散技术是脉冲星观测的关键技术,它对脉冲星观测系统的灵敏度和观测精度至关重要。脉冲星相干消色散过程是:通过对观测信号进行Nyquist采样,对采样数据做傅立叶变换,变换后的频域信号与星际介质Chirp函数乘积,然后再做逆傅立叶变换回时域,得到消色散后的时域信号。乌鲁木齐天文站依托现有的南山25m射电望远镜和VLBI记录终端MK5A系统,自行开发的相干消色散处理软件(Linux操作系统下C语言调用MPI库)和4节点机群系统,建立了脉冲星相干消色散观测系统。     

一种基于短时傅立叶变换的脉冲星消色散算法

叙述了一种基于短时傅立叶变换的脉冲星消色散算法。首先介绍了脉冲星的色散形成原因以及几种当今流行的消色散算法。接着介绍了短时傅立叶变换,并在此基础上提出了一种基于短时傅立叶变换的消色散算法。然后详细讲述了这种消色散算法的具体实现步骤,并且比较了在选取不同长度的时间窗函数的情况下,消色散的处理过程和残余色散量。最后,通过将这种算法的计算量以及结果和其他几种算法做横向比较,得出了结论:这种消色散算法的计算量小,实现简单,可以有效的进行消色散处理。     

脉冲星信号相干消色散与非相干消色散的比较研究

脉冲星信号在星际空间传播的过程中,由于星际介质的存在造成观测到的脉冲星信号发生色散,因此需要对接收的脉冲星信号进行消色散,以获得原始的脉冲星信号。目前,消色散方法主要分为两种:相干消色散和非相干消色散。相对来说相干消色散效果彻底,算法较简单,而且能保留原始数据的时间分辨率,不过计算量较大,但是现在快速进步的计算机技术已经使计算量的问题得到很好的解决。为了精确了解两种消色散方法的区别,利用相关系数的方法定量地比较了相干消色散、非相干消色散两种方法的效果:在一定的频率值之下,前者得到消色散效果优于后者。同时确定两种消色散方法在效果相同时的观测频率。     

基于小波包阈值法的脉冲星信号去噪方法研究

小波变换去噪只对信号的低频部分进行分解和处理,忽略了信号的高频部分,无法对信号的整个频段进行有效的信息提取,进而影响脉冲星信号去噪的效果。提出利用小波包阈值法对脉冲信号进行分析,针对小波包分解后的系数选用不同的阈值函数处理。实验结果表明,脉冲星信号的去噪效果明显提高,其中,脉冲星信号的信噪比、峰值信噪比与平滑度指标都有相应的改善,为脉冲星信号去噪提供了一种新的思路。     

乌鲁木齐天文站脉冲星观测研究新进展

乌鲁木齐天文站自 1 999年研制完成 1 .5GHz频段室温双偏振消色散接收系统。 2 0 0 2年又完成 1 .5GHz频段致冷式双偏振消色散接收系统。我们成功地完成了第一个国际合作协议的任务。为在我国建立高灵敏度的观测脉冲星设备和取得优秀的脉冲星观测结果作出了贡献。为了进一步发展乌站脉冲星观测 ,第二个合作协议包括利用致冷式系统进行脉冲星大样本的监测和建立低频段的基带技术的消色散系统。     

基于小波模极大值相关信息的脉冲星标准脉冲轮廓累积方法

讨论了产生脉冲星标准脉冲轮廓的重要性.在分析经典脉冲轮廓生成方法的基础上,提出了基于小波模极大值相关处理的脉冲轮廓累加方法.首先将观测数据按周期分组,分别进行小波分解,生成粗尺度上以脉峰为特征点的小波系数;然后,选择某组高信噪比信号的系数为参考数据,分别与其它各组变换系数进行相关,确定脉峰的相对时延.最后,对分组的原始观测数据按此相对时延量进行累加,生成脉冲轮廓.观测信号可先通过背景噪声估计和平滑处理而得到信噪比较高的归一化标准轮廓.实例分析以及与模板相关法的比较结果表明:该方法简单而有效,不需要设计近似模板,且对噪声类型不敏感,具有较高的工程应用价值.     

基于Mark5B＋GPU脉冲星观测系统

云南天文台40m射电望远镜进行的脉冲星观测数据量巨大,必须实现数据的实时处理,否则将会产生海量的数据积压.为实现这一目标,采用图形处理器架构,对Mark5B数据进行解码、消色散、折叠等处理.实验结果表明,对以1s8MB的实时采样,可以在0.51s内处理完成,从而实现了实时处理的要求.首先介绍这一观测系统各部分的图形处理器实现,然后相对于传统中央处理器构架,对各部分的运算速度进行了详细的对比.针对时间开销最大的消色散部分,分析了单次傅里叶变换的数据量大小对执行效率的影响.从系统最终的输出轮廓和柱状图上可以看到实时处理的结果符合要求.最后对存在的问题和未来的工作进行了讨论.     

毫秒脉冲星计时观测的研究进展

对毫秒脉冲星时间测量的理论、方法和技术研究的进展进行了阐述。根据近年来取得的观测研究结果,毫秒脉冲星计时测量误差～2×10－7秒,毫秒脉冲星自转周期稳定性足以和现代原子钟相媲美：其相对频率不稳定度达到1×10－14（1年≤γ≤5．2年）,并可望更高。近年来,脉冲星计时观测系统的接收灵敏度获得很大改进,计时观测的数据采集、处理技术、脉冲到达时间分析模型研究等都有长足发展。通过综合脉冲星时间算法得到的脉冲星时间尺度将比现代原子时具有更高的长期稳定度。叙述了脉冲星的物理特性及有关计时观测系统的技术成果,如观测频率和带宽的选择,消色散和接收系统灵敏度等问题。最后对毫秒脉冲星时间测量的误差源进行了讨论,并对脉冲星时间尺度的应用前景做了展望。     

脉冲星VLBI观测软件相关处理进展

VLBI是进行高分辨率脉冲星观测研究的重要手段.脉冲星信号是非常微弱的脉冲序列,其VLBI观测面临多种挑战.在数据相关过程中采用有效技术提取脉冲星信号可提高观测成功率和精度.DiFX(Distributed FX-style Software Correlator)是目前国际上流行的开源软件相关处理机,它采用非相干消色散技术和“脉冲星数据分箱技术”(Pulsar Binning),在脉冲星VLBI观测数据的相关处理方面具有优异的性能.介绍了DiFX的构架,安装、调试方法,并对利用DiFX处理脉冲星VLBI观测数据的进展情况进行论述.利用单机环境下的DiFX,在普通模式和Pulsar Binning模式下对中国VLBI网(CVN)第一次脉冲星观测数据进行相关处理;利用德国马普射电天文研究所集群计算环境下的Bonn-DiFX,在Pulsar Binning模式下对流量仅有2.6 mJy的毫秒脉冲星PSRJ1022+1001的欧洲VLBI网(EVN)观测数据成功进行相关处理.最后,对使用DiFX处理脉冲星观测数据情况进行总结,并展望了今后CVN开展脉冲星观测研究的前景.     

使用小波技术自动搜寻天体谱线

使用小波技术对包括恒星、近邻星系和ＡＧＮ等不同的天体光谱进行了自动处理．用小波滤波的方法将光谱中的连续谱与诸线分离;然后使用小波域隐含马尔可夫模型（ＨＭＭ）,对已去掉连续谱的光谱进行降噪,同时得到了噪声在每个光谱中的分布;在训练ＨＭＭ的过程中,使用改进的Ｔｙｉｎｇ方法增加训练数据以保证训练的可靠性;利用噪声分布确定出谱线信号的局部阈值,在已经降噪的光谱中找到吸收线和发射线;用高斯函数拟会出谱线的形状,标出线心的波长值,作为自动证认的基础．     

Extraction of Solar Coronal Magnetic Loops with the Directional 2D Morlet Wavelet Transform

We present an automated extraction method based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for analyzing solar magnetic loops. The aim of the work is to extract, from the images taken from solar EUV telescopes, the traces of bright loops presumably shaped by the magnetic field of the solar corona. The technique is that of wavelet analysis, using the two-dimensional Morlet wavelet, because of its efficiency in detecting oriented features, which allows us to follow closely the curvature of the loops. Next, we segment the wavelet modulus image and we threshold it, both globally and locally (i.e., adaptively), in order to eliminate the remaining noise. Altogether, our method performs well, it is robust and fast, and could be used as a standard tool for analyzing large data sets expected from missions like SDO.     

Study of Radio Frequency Interference Mitigation Method Based on Wavelet Transform

In radio astronomy observations, radio frequency interference (RFI) is mixed into the telescope receiving system in various forms. The existence of RFI brings misjudgment to the observation or reduces the observational signal-to-noise ratio. In recent years, the domestic and overseas radio astronomy has developed rapidly. Large-scale radio telescopes and telescope arrays at home and abroad have been constructed successively. Observation sensitivity is greatly improved, and the influence of RFI is particularly prominent. With the development of science and technology and the intensification of human activities, the RFI has become increasingly serious and irreversible. We propose to use the two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform method to analyze the data of radio astronomy observations, and to perform wavelet transform on the time-frequency sequence output by the telescope system. According to the wavelet coefficients, the every component in the original signal is separated, and the corresponding threshold value is obtained by the statistics on each component. Each component is compared with the threshold to identify the interference component, and to mark it for removal. This method is used to process the actual observation data. The results show that this method can well mark and eliminate the interference signal, and improve the observational signal-to-noise ratio.     

基于小波变换的射频干扰消除方法的研究

在射电天文观测中,射频干扰(Radio Frequency Interference, RFI)会以多种形式混入望远镜接收系统,给观测带来误判或者降低观测信噪比.近年来国内国际射电天文快速发展,国内国际大型射电望远镜和阵列先后建设,观测灵敏度大为提高,射频干扰的影响尤为突出.随着科技发展和人类活动的加剧,射频干扰日益严重且不可逆转.提出利用2维离散小波变换的方法分析射电天文观测的数据,对望远镜系统输出的时间频率序列进行小波变换,根据小波系数分离出原始信号中各分量,每个分量统计得到相应的阈值,将各分量与阈值相比较识别干扰成分并标记去除.利用该方法对实际观测数据进行了处理,结果表明该方法能够很好地标记并消减干扰信号,且提高了观测的信噪比.     

Detection and mitigation of RFI in SBRS observation data

In view of the inconsistency of channel gains and a large amount of interference noise in Solar Broadband Radio Spectrometer(SBRS) observation data, they will seriously affect the analysis of SBRS data. In this paper, a method of Radio Frequency Interference(RFI) detection and mitigation for SBRS observation data is reported. Firstly, the SBRS observation data are preprocessed, a part of the observation data was selected to calculate the mean and variance to achieve the normalization of the entire observation data, which can avoid the influence of strong noise on the normalization result. Furthermore, we proposed an adaptive threshold RFI detection method based on fusion wavelet transform reconstruction and an RFI elimination method based on neighborhood weighted filling. It is worth mentioning that to detect RFI interference signals of different magnitudes, we adopted an iterative approach to the RFI detection and mitigation process. Through qualitative analysis of real observation data and quantitative analysis of simulated data, it is shown that the method proposed in this paper can effectively eliminate RFI in SBRS observation data, and improve the quality of observation data for further scientific analysis.     

小波分析理论在GPS技术中的应用

在GPS数据处理中 ,存在着误差影响、影响波的干扰、周跳和数据量大等问题。误差影响和影响波的干扰实质是在接收卫星信号时受到其它因素的影响 ;周跳是由于卫星信号的失锁而造成信号的不连续 ;数据量大是因为GPS观测需要采样间隔小又连续观测所致。由于小波理论具有时频分析、波形分解、特征提取和快速小波变换等特性 ,应用小波变换和波形分解可以解决误差影响和影响波的干扰的问题 ;应用特征提取可以解决周跳检测问题 ;应用快速小波变换可进行数据压缩     

A high-significance detection of non-Gaussianity in the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 1-yr data using directional spherical wavelets

A directional spherical wavelet analysis is performed to examine the Gaussianity of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) 1-yr data. Such an analysis is facilitated by the introduction of a fast directional continuous spherical wavelet transform. The directional nature of the analysis allows us to probe orientated structure in the data. Significant deviations from Gaussianity are detected in the skewness and kurtosis of spherical elliptical Mexican hat and real Morlet wavelet coefficients for both the WMAP and Tegmark, de Oliveira-Costa & Hamilton foreground-removed maps. The previous non-Gaussianity detection made by Vielva et al. using the spherical symmetric Mexican hat wavelet is confirmed, although their detection at the 99.9 per cent significance level is only made at the 95.3 per cent significance level using our most conservative statistical test. Furthermore, deviations from Gaussianity in the skewness of spherical real Morlet wavelet coefficients on a wavelet scale of 550 arcmin (corresponding to an effective global size on the sky of ∼26° and an internal size of ∼3°) at an azimuthal orientation of 72°, are made at the 98.3 per cent significance level, using the same conservative method. The wavelet analysis inherently allows us to localize on the sky those regions that introduce skewness and those that introduce kurtosis. Preliminary noise analysis indicates that these detected deviation regions are not atypical and have average noise dispersion. Further analysis is required to ascertain whether these detected regions correspond to secondary or instrumental effects, or whether in fact the non-Gaussianity detected is due to intrinsic primordial fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background.     

An Accumulative Method of Pulsar Standard Profile Based on Wavelet-modulus-maxima Correlation Information

The importance of producing the pulsar standard pulse profile is discussed. By analyzing the classical pulse superposition method, a novel pulse profile accumulation method based on the wavelet-modulus-maxima information is proposed. First, the original observed data are divided into groups according to the pulse periods, and by making separately the wavelet decomposition, the wavelet coefficients characterizing the pulse peaks on coarse scales are obtained. Secondly, selecting a group of coefficients with a high SNR as the reference data and making correlations respectively with the other groups of coefficients, the relative time delays of pulse peaks are determined. Finally, the grouped original data are added up according to the relative time delays to obtain the pulse profile. With a prior estimation of the background noise and the smoothing processing of the signal, a normalized standard profile with a rather high SNR can be obtained. Practical experiments and comparison with the template correlation method indicate that this method is simple, effective, free of the necessity of designing an approximate template, and insensitive to noise type. It should be valuable for engineering applications.