郑州地区西周前古聚落分布特征与河湖变迁的关系

在野外调查的基础上对郑州地区现代的地貌类型进行划分,以现代地貌数据作为聚落分布的基础平台,结合已有的调研成果,从不同时代遗址分布的地貌特征与生存环境需求、聚落分布变化与河湖地貌变迁的关系等方面,对郑州地区西周前古聚落的生境选择与自然环境变迁进行剖析。结果表明:水源是先民生存繁衍的基础,但水环境的优劣在郑州文化迁徙中是一种辩证的关系。在郑州地区先民们聚落的选址位置与湖泊消亡变迁也十分微妙。全新世以来,裴李岗的聚落只能选址在老湖积高地上。到了仰韶时代,聚落开始向湖沼边岸地带扩散。从龙山时期到商代,随着西部湖泊的萎缩消亡而向东发育,人类逐渐向低处转移,直至占据湖积平原。聚落的分布密度和范围逐渐从郑州西部扩迁到东部,尤以商代的遗址分布特征最为明显。     

8500 a BP以来长江中游平原地区古文化遗址分布的演变

本研究建立了8500 a BP以来长江中游平原地区,从新石器时期至明清时期7534个古文化遗址的GIS数据库,利用ArcGIS软件,从环境考古学的角度,对不同时期古文化遗址分布的地貌类型、海拔高程、坡度特征进行了系统分析。研究结果显示,不同时代的文化遗址的空间分布特征存在显著差别：1) 新石器文化遗址主要分布在平原边缘的山前台地—岗地和高冲积平原等海拔高程适中的地区,海拔高程较低的平原中心区与海拔较高的山地则分布很少;2) 西周以后,文化遗址分布高程呈现下降趋势,从山前台地—岗地、高冲积平原向平缓的低冲积平原转移;秦汉至明清时期,文化遗址则主要分布在海拔高程更低、坡度平缓的低冲积平原和湖积—冲积平原;3) 不同时期的文化遗址空间分布模式,反映了不同生产力水平下人类活动对自然环境变化的响应特点。     

青海东部高庙盆地史前文化聚落演变与气候变化

高庙盆地内史前文化遗址密集, 史前文化聚落的分布和自然环境关系密切, 受河流地貌影响尤其显著, 绝大部分连续性文化遗址都分布在T3 阶地上。5~4 ka BP 本区气候暖湿, 对应马家窑到马厂时期, 盆地内聚落分布由T3 阶地向T2 转移, 聚落分布模式由均匀到凝 聚, 数量和规模持续扩大, 到马厂时期, 聚落发展到鼎盛, 并出现了中型遗址, 成为聚落的中心, 聚落等级上升为两级; 4 ka BP 时气候突变, 急剧的降温, 使得从齐家文化到卡约-辛 店文化, 盆地内的聚落形态倒退。因此, 气候变化对盆地内聚落演变影响显著, 聚落对气候变化的响应明显。     

安徽省新石器和夏商周时代遗址时空分布与人地关系的初步研究

安徽省新石器早期遗址有淮北的小山口和江南的沟汀,该时期淮河流域的聚落多于长江流域。新石器中期,考古发掘的野生动物骨骼和孢粉分析表明聚落周围是一个河湖密布、森林草原并存的生态环境。新石器晚期,古人已能分辨土壤的优劣并很可能会利用环境条件改善土壤的不良特性;蒙城尉迟寺遗址的剖面分析表明,环境只是古聚落分布和数量变化的基础因素,生产力的因素也在起作用,因为长时间的持续降温和夏初的大洪水侵袭。夏商周时期全省聚落总数增加,但淮北平原因为长时间的持续降温和夏初的大洪水侵袭,聚落大规模缩减。皖中和皖南的丘陵山地地貌使那里所受洪灾较轻,灾后这些地区因热量条件好使聚落迅速发展起来。新聚落大多建在利于农业生产、能躲避洪水的地方。     

冀东地区新石器时代到青铜时代聚落遗址分布规律及与环境变化的关系

冀东地区地处内蒙古高原、东北平原、华北平原的中间地带,是游牧文化和中原文化的过渡地带,在文化发展与传承中占有特殊地位。本文以冀东地区新石器时代至青铜时代聚落遗址为研究对象,利用ArcGIS软件和该地区30 m分辨率的SRTM DEM数据,建立了新石器时代到青铜时代冀东地区815个古聚落遗址的GIS数据库,对冀东地区聚落遗址分布密度、分布重心进行了分析,探讨了海拔高程、坡度、距河流远近等环境因子对不同时期聚落遗址分布的影响。结果表明:(1)新石器时代至青铜时代聚落遗址分布的平均密度呈稳步上升的趋势,由新石器时代的10.73×10~(-4)个/km~2到青铜时代的58.8×10~(-4)个/km~2;聚落遗址分布重心由燕南丘陵区(30×10~(-4)-36×10~(-4)个/km~2)转移到燕北山地地区(195×10~(-4)-234×10~(-4)个/km~2);(2)新石器时代到青铜时代聚落遗址集中分布在距河流中心线3 km以内的区域,但青铜时代3km缓冲区以外的聚落遗址比例升高,濒河性呈减弱趋势;(3)新石器时代至青铜时代聚落遗址变迁表现出明显的由低海拔(50 m)到较高海拔(500-1000 m),由低坡度(3°)到较高坡度(7°-15°)转移的趋势;(4)环境变化对平原地区聚落遗址的影响远大于山区。     

莱州湾南岸中全新世聚落遗址时空分布特征及其环境背景

基于ArcGIS10.3平台对莱州湾南岸中全新世聚落遗址的高程、坡度、坡向、濒河度等指标进行分析,得出该时期聚落遗址的时空分布及演变特征,并结合全新世莱州湾南岸的环境背景,探讨全新世环境演变对聚落遗址分布及演变的影响。研究表明：① 全新世莱州湾南岸的聚落遗址数量、出现频率及在总数中的比重基本呈现明显的先增后降的倒V型（非对称）变化趋势。② 遗址高程分布具有一定的规律性,几乎所有时期的遗址点均分布于高程范围在0~29 m的地区,而大汶口文化时期遗址高程分布范围为10~29 m。从坡度来看,聚落遗址主要分布于坡度范围在0~4°的平缓地区;从坡向来看,古人大多集中在南向、东南向和西南向的位置。后李文化至龙山文化时期,河流对聚落选址的影响程度逐渐降低。③ 8.5~6.9 ka B.P.气候总体进入温暖期,且冷暖波动,干湿交替,后李文化由此得到发展;6.9~4.5 ka B.P.出现了短暂的降温,但整体较温和,优越的自然条件促进了大汶口文化的发展;4.5~4.0 ka B.P.左右气候条件较大汶口文化时期略干,但在此基础上新石器文化仍得到进一步发展,并于龙山文化时期进入鼎盛阶段;4.0 ka B.P.左右气候突变,出现剧烈降温事件,变化幅度超出了人类的适应能力,岳石文化随之衰落。④ 海水入侵限制了人类活动,而古湖泊和古河道的形成为古人生活质量的提高创造了天然条件。     

福建汀江流域新石器—青铜时期聚落遗址分布特征及其环境背景

加强区域文化与环境演变之间的关系研究对于更好地认识和理解人类文明进程、发展规律及其对于环境变化的响应具有重要意义.汀江流域是客家文化的分布集中区之一,也是中原农耕文化与东南海洋文明的交融区,在研究文化的传承、融合和衍替方面具有重要的地位.本文整理了汀江流域新石器时期到青铜时期574处聚落遗址信息,利用GIS空间分析方法...     

巢湖西湖岸新石器-商周遗址空间分布规律及其成因

将地理信息系统空间分析方法引入巢湖西湖岸新石器-商周遗址考古工作,通过点密度分析、空间距离分析、三维分析、缓冲区分析等方法研究遗址空间分布规律及其影响因素。研究表明自新石器至商周时期研究区内遗址时空分布呈现:随时间推移由湖岸边逐渐向西北部扩展,后迁移至南部,再均匀扩散的遗址迁移轨迹;先民多选择靠近水源、地势平坦、土壤肥沃的自然岗地、河谷阶地、山麓面居住,导致古遗址空间上大致呈线状、团聚状、分散状等分布特征,具有明显的河谷谷地指向性、阶地岗地指向性、土壤指向性等规律。提出遗址分布在早期可能主要受到气候水文、地貌、植被土壤等自然因素影响,后期生产力发展水平、经济生活方式等人文因素影响加重。本研究为GIS支持下区域考古研究提供了合适的研究实例,同时GIS方法得到一些推论假设仍需要田野考古调查与发掘等进一步佐证。     

全新世巢湖沉积记录及其环境变化意义

根据巢湖全新世沉积地层对比及对ACN钻孔沉积物的测年、粒度、营养元素含量分析,认为巢湖在全新世中经历了频繁的河流、湖泊交互作用,是一个受河流影响十分显著的沿江湖泊。中全新世以来,巢湖共发生三次显著的湖泊收缩过程,分别是在沉积纪录的5 887~5 680 a B. P. 时,其后又再度扩张;2 239~2 126 a B. P.时,是在中国历史时期第二温暖期暖干气候条件下形成的,与其同期的河流相冲积层或淤积粘土,正是巢湖周边战国至汉代古文化遗址的基底物质,之后巢湖再度扩张,甚至导致汉代古城成为水下遗址;1 827 a B. P.以来,是巢湖现代淤积过程。     

汉江中下游新石器文化遗址的空间格局

用趋势面方法讨论汉江中下游地区新石器时期大溪文化(6.3~5.0ka B.P.)、屈家岭文化(5.0~4.6ka B.P.)和石家河文化(4.6~4.0ka B.P.)遗址空间过程,发现汉江中下游地区新石器文化的空间演化大致分两阶段:(1)屈家岭文化时期遗址沿汉江干流、涢水向上游扩散;(2)石家河时期文化遗址则以收缩为特征,主要集聚在丹江-枣阳-随州一线。结合本区中全新世气候和地貌变迁过程,认为汉江中下游遗址分布格局和遗址高程变化主要受古洪水和湖面扩张胁迫影响,遗址扩散与集聚过程特征和农业生产、文化融合等社会因素密切相关。     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000-2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China.using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient sottlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and Iate Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements In this area changed from high altitudes to Iow ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene.leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate cenditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000?2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

Transmutation of ancient settlements and environmental changes between 6000–2000 aBP in the Chaohu Lake Basin,East China

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

巢湖流域6000-2000 aBP古聚落变更及环境变迁(英文)

Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province,East China,using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoenvironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene,the transmutation of ancient settlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed.Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time.These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene,leading to the lake level fluctuations.The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities.These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate conditions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly.The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east.This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum.Therefore,climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin,which exerted great influence on the distribution,expansion and development of the ancient settlements.     

巢湖凌家滩遗址古人类活动的地理环境特征

通过对巢湖凌家滩文化遗址的野外勘查、采样和室内磁化率、烧失量、化学元素及光释光年代分析,结合巢湖湖泊岩芯记录的中全新世环境特征、研究区较高分辨率遥感影像和文物考古成果,综合研究表明:古凌家滩人生活于中全新世气候适宜期,其文化的发展和繁荣处在气候由温暖湿润向温和略干转换的过渡阶段;晚更新世末期堆积形成的地面(OSL年代11.6 ±1.0 ka B.P.)是古凌家滩人生活的地貌面,本区古地貌面海拔以及拔河高度与现今不同,这与该区新构造运动沉降和气候-水文因素作用有关;中全新世温暖湿润的气候条件下,太湖山南麓台地被进一步切割为山前长条形岗地与河流相间的地貌形态,遗址所在的长岗岗地是东、西、南三面临水的"半岛"环境,河川相连,便于水运交通、渔猎和水稻种植。     

全新世巢湖沉积物炭屑记录的火环境变化

通过对巢湖湖泊沉积岩芯不同粒级炭屑浓度和磁化率等指标变化的研究,揭示了全新世以来的区域火环境变化及人类活动影响。结果表明：① 全新世早期,气候由寒冷干旱向温暖湿润过渡,但仍较为干旱,炭屑浓度也相对略高,火活动比较频繁,地方性和区域性火时有发生;② 全新世中期是最温暖湿润的适宜期,炭屑浓度出现全新世以来的低值,火活动微弱,但在文化兴盛时期炭屑浓度出现峰值,则归因于人类活动的影响;③ 全新世晚期,在气候趋于凉干的环境背景下,人类活动的增强更加剧了火活动的频率和强度,炭屑浓度大幅增加;④ 近200 a炭屑浓度的降低可能与湖区附近已没有足够生物量引起火灾有关。     

巢湖流域非点源污染初步研究

巢肖是我国五大淡品湖中污染最为严重的湖泊之一。对巢湖流域自然、经济、社会系统进行全面分析,运用对应分析技术剖析了不同土地利用方式与营养物地表径流输入之间的关系,为巢湖流域非点源污染的控制提供依据。     

近600年来巢湖流域旱涝灾害研究

基于历史文献中的水旱灾害记录,重建巢湖流域1370~1988年旱涝灾害等级序列,并进行连续功率谱分析。结果表明:近600多a来,巢湖流域涝灾和旱灾发生的频率几乎相当,平均为2.28~2.40 a一遇;但特大涝灾和大涝灾的频率远高于特大旱灾和大旱灾。巢湖流域水旱灾害存在准周期的变化,主要为:2~3、7~10 a,这与长江中下游的洪涝灾害变化步调基本一致。自然气候因素和人类活动对环境演变的影响是今后进一步研究的主要方向。