楚雄盆地上三叠统深盆气成藏条件研究

楚雄盆地经历了多次叠加和多期改造,但仍存在深盆构造区.上三叠统为海相和海～陆交互相含煤地层,烃源岩以泥岩、页岩为主,也有部分灰岩、泥灰岩和少量碳质泥岩、页岩及煤.煤系气源岩分布广、厚度大、热演化程度高,为楚雄深盆气的形成提供了充足的气源.直接接触的生储组合广布于盆地中,储层致密,对深盆气的聚集和富集成藏十分有利.气源岩在早白垩世中期-晚白垩世中期为湿气主要生成阶段,其后进入干气大量生成时期,成为深盆气形成的重要时期.喜山运动后盆地主体仍处于地下水交替停滞带,深盆气藏存在整体封存条件.从源岩演化程度和直接接触的生储组合来看,上三叠统形成了一个几乎覆盖全盆地的特大型深盆气藏.根据深盆气藏的主控地质因素的分析,可将楚雄盆地划分为深盆气分布区、气水过渡带和上倾含水区三个区带。     

Hydrodynamics of coalbed methane reservoirs in the Black Warrior Basin: Key to understanding reservoir performance and environmental issues

The Black Warrior Basin of the southeastern United States hosts one of the world’s most prolific and long-lived coalbed methane plays, and the wealth of experience in this basin provides insight into the relationships among basin hydrology, production performance, and environmental issues. Along the southeast margin of the basin, meteoric recharge of reservoir coal beds exposed in an upturned fold limb exerts a strong control on water chemistry, reservoir pressure, and production performance. Fresh-water plumes containing Na–HCO₃ waters with low TDS content extend from the structurally upturned basin margin into the interior of the basin. Northwest of the plumes, coal beds contain Na–Cl waters with moderate to high-TDS content. Carbon isotope data from produced gas and mineral cements suggest that the fresh-water plumes have been the site of significant bacterial activity and that the coalbed methane reservoirs contain a mixture of thermogenic and late-stage biogenic gases.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气藏类型辨析

针对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气藏是否为深盆气藏的问题,从成藏条件、成藏期次和气水分布特征等方面与典型的加拿大阿尔伯达深盆气藏进行综合对比。研究结果表明鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏烃源岩分布广泛、生气中心不明显、生气速率较低、持续供气条件较差且供气分散,难以形成满足深盆气藏气驱水的动力;储层物性差、非均质性强、展布方向与构造走向一致且上倾方向为物性较差的致密层,不具备深盆气藏储层向上倾方向物性变好的条件;源储配置样式为"自生自储"式和"垂向叠置"式,由于砂体规模小、分布不连续,源储接触局限,不具备深盆气藏源储大面积接触的特征;天然气发生3期成藏,在盆地埋藏期与抬升期均可成藏,成藏时间较早,后期气藏调整改造强烈,不具备深盆气藏的保存条件。气水分布主要受储层物性和区域构造控制,分布复杂、分异不明显,没有气驱水形成的"气水倒置"界面。成藏特征综合对比分析表明鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界气藏并非深盆气藏,应为主要由储层物性控制的岩性气藏,该区油气勘探应以优质储层研究为重点。     

Geological Controls on High Production of Tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.     

中亚卡拉库姆盆地油气分布特征与成藏模式

卡拉库姆盆地是世界上仅次于西西伯利亚盆地和波斯湾盆地的第三大富气盆地。本文以获取的最新油气田储量数据为基础，采用石油地质综合分析方法，探讨了该盆地油气的层系和区域分布特征及其成藏模式。受区域盖层控制，盆地内的油气主要富集于两套层系：中侏罗统卡洛阶-上侏罗统牛津阶碳酸盐岩储集层和下白垩统欧特里阶沙特利克组砂岩储集层。前者富集了盆地内68.0%的石油储量、84.0%的凝析油储量和44.2%的天然气储量，后者富集了盆地内36.4%的天然气储量。上侏罗统蒸发岩之下的盐下油气田的区域分布主要受有利储集相带和古隆起构造展布的控制；生物礁和古构造主要发育于盆地东北部的北阿姆河亚盆地，并导致盆地内已发现的盐下油气储量主要分布于此。受蒸发岩区域盖层和深大断裂的控制，盐上油气田主要分布于蒸发岩发育区之外、蒸发岩较薄且主要为硬石膏的地区、以及蒸发岩发育区内的深大断裂附近。蒸发岩之上的盐上层系并非油气特别是天然气勘探的禁区，源自盐下烃源岩的天然气可以在盐上储集层内聚集并形成大气田。     

淮南地区煤储层含气性总体特征

煤层含气性是煤层气成藏的一个基本要素,是煤层气勘探开发决策的重要依据之一。本文主要从煤储层含气性的区域展布、层域展布以及深度展布三个方面讨论煤层含气性的变化规律,归纳出了淮南地区煤储层含气性总体特征,为选区资源评价提供基础研究。     

黔西比德-三塘盆地煤储层异常高压形成机制

比德-三塘盆地含煤地层的储层压力普遍较高, 压力梯度较大, 异常高压发育.通过研究该盆地现今煤储层压力分布特点, 对煤层异常高压影响因素进行了综合分析, 阐明了其形成机制.结果表明: 构造作用是本区异常高压形成的最主要因素, 煤储层生烃作用和顶板泥岩的封闭性次之.盆地内部断裂较少, 具有良好的圈闭条件, 储层流体富集, 压力增大, 易出现超压地层.研究区煤层生烃能力强, 含气量高, 但渗透率普遍较低, 生成的烃类气体使得储层内部流体孔隙体积膨胀产生高压.同时, 超厚的顶板泥岩封闭性较好, 在沉积过程中极易产生欠压实作用, 进一步促进了异常高压的形成.      

莺歌海盆地东方1-1气田天然气来源与运聚模式

莺歌海盆地东方 1-1气田以其埋藏浅、天然气成份变化大、气藏位于底辟构造带等特征一直是研究的热点。长期以来对其气源、充注历史等问题存在不少疑问。该研究应用生烃动力学与碳同位素动力学方法通过对典型烃源岩的研究,建立起了烃源岩在地质条件下的生气模式与碳同位素分馏模式。结合天然气地质地球化学特征,研究认为:东方 1-1气田烃类气体主要来源于梅山组烃源岩,非烃气体来源于三亚组或更深部含钙地层;天然气藏形成相当晚,与底辟作用有关,烃类气体主要充注时间在 1.3Ma以后,CO₂气体主要充注时间在 0.1Ma左右;天然气成份的非均一性主要受控于底辟断裂活动所控制的幕式充注。     

Measuring the gas content of coal: A review

Coalbed gas content measurements are commonly used in mine safety as well as coalbed methane resource assessment and recovery applications. Gas content determination techniques generally fall into two categories: (1) direct methods which actually measure the volume of gas released from a coal sample sealed into a desorption canister and (2) indirect methods based on empirical correlations, or laboratory derived sorption isotherm gas storage capacity data. Direct gas content determination techniques may be further subdivided into quick-crushing and extended desorption methods. The quick-crushing methods are primarily used in mine safety applications outside the United States, but have also been used for resource recovery applications. Quick-crushing methods rely on crushing the coal sample soon after collection to release all the desorbable gas, thus significantly shortening the amount of time required for desorption measurements. However, some data useful for resource recovery applications are lost. Extended desorption techniques are most commonly used for resource assessment and recovery applications where information on desorption rates is useful for reservoir modeling, and for fundamental coalbed methane research. Extended desorption methods allow the gases in the coal sample to desorb under controlled laboratory conditions until a defined low desorption rate cutoff point is reached. The sample may then be crushed to measure the amount of gas remaining within the sample. Direct method techniques for gas content measurement are the focus of this paper.     

深盆气成藏关键地质问题

深盆气藏是与源岩紧密相连的气水倒置气藏，具有气水倒置、储层致密、源储相连、无水动力驱动、地层普遍含气、含气面积大、地质储量大、通常出现于盆地的构造较深部位且以含煤地层为主要的气源岩等特征。地层内部天然气能量的最初来源是油气生成过程中由干酪根热化学反应所产生的化学能转换，生气作用过程的持续发生赋予了天然气离开气源岩并进入地层孔隙的基本能量，生烃膨胀力作用导致了气水活塞式的排驱过程和特征，形成了宏观上的气水倒置现象。在地层条件下，气水倒置关系的产生只有两种可能：当天然气最初从源岩排入常规储层时，气水倒置现象产生但具有较小的气柱高度(与浮力作用有关)；在深盆气成藏条件达到满足时(如均质性较强、大面积发育且紧邻气源岩的致密储集层发育等)，浮力作用失去效力，产生较大气柱高度的气水倒置。与受浮力作用影响(与气柱高度有关)的典型常规气藏相比，典型深盆气成藏与埋藏深度有关。常规气藏表现为原生的高异常地层压力，但深盆气藏具有较大的异常压力变化幅度，两者均可在成藏动力条件达到平衡时具有相对静止的稳态保存特征。     

准噶尔盆地南缘天然气成藏及勘探方向

准噶尔盆地南缘地区与塔里木库车坳陷有着相似的沉积地层和构造演化历史,但是天然气勘探始终未取得重大突破。本文在南缘地区天然气成因类型与气源判识的基础上,分析该地区天然气成藏条件,探讨有利勘探方向与目标层系。结果表明,南缘地区天然气存在煤型气、混合气与油型气三类,且以煤型气和混合气为主;侏罗纪煤系为该地区主要的天然气源岩,其大量生气期与背斜构造形成期相匹配,构成最佳源灶-圈闭成藏组合;二叠系湖相和上三叠统湖相-湖沼相烃源岩也是重要的天然气源岩,其主要生气期在中部地区早于绝大多数背斜构造形成期,而在西部地区与背斜构造形成期相匹配。南缘地区生烃物质基础好于库车坳陷,只是主要气源岩侏罗纪煤系的成熟度略低于库车坳陷,盖层封盖性和储层发育规模略逊于库车坳陷,但仍具备形成大规模油气田的成藏条件。深层二叠系-侏罗系-白垩系成藏组合是最为有利的天然气勘探目标层系,西部是寻找和发现侏罗纪煤系和二叠系湖相油气藏的有利目标区域,中部是寻找和发现侏罗纪煤系天然气藏的有利目标区域。中浅层白垩系-新近系成藏组合是次要的天然气勘探目标层系,具有寻找和发现一定规模天然气藏的潜力。高探1井获得重大突破充分表明制约南缘天然气勘探大发现的因素不是气源规模、运移通道、储层物性和盖层封闭性,而是有效圈闭的落实、钻井工程技术及勘探工作量的投入。     

漠河盆地多年冻土区天然气水合物地球化学调查及远景评价

漠河盆地是我国冻土发育的主要地区之一,发育良好的天然气水合物成藏系统,具有天然气水合物形成的良好条件。为了圈定天然气水合物远景区,识别油气聚集体,判别天然气水合物成因,在漠河盆地冻土较发育地区开展了1∶5万天然气水合物地球化学资源调查。结果表明：(1)在森林沼泽景观区,顶空气和荧光光谱指标是天然气水合物勘查的主要指标,借鉴青海木里冻土区天然气水合物地球化学勘查成功的经验,结合AMT、地质等资料分析,元宝山凹陷是天然气水合物较为有利的远景区;(2)岩心样品甲烷碳同位素分析显示,烃类气体分异明显,浅层烃类气体基本为生物气,深部烃类气源主要为混合成因气,个别解吸气为微生物气和热解气;(3)试验性应用了分形-GIS技术,可以细致可靠地进行异常区范围划定,消除干扰因素,有效地圈定水合物远景区。     

马来盆地成藏规律研究及有利区预测

马来盆地烃源岩包括湖相页岩和河流三角洲相煤、页岩.湖相烃源岩为盆地主力烃源岩,K组页岩是盆地中生烃潜力最好的烃源岩.盆地中部源岩通常都是过成熟,边缘大多处于生油窗或未成熟.中-晚中新世马来盆地发生构造反转,反转主要集中在盆地的东南部和中部,构造反转与油气成藏关系密切.盆地中央的反转强度比侧翼大,东南方向反转强度增加.马来盆地大致划分为4个成藏组合带：基底成藏组合带、下部成藏组合带、中部成藏组合带和上部成藏组合带.晚渐新世-中中新世构造成藏组合带为马来盆地内最重要的一个成藏组合带,其石油储量占整个盆地的85%,天然气占48%.盆地烃源岩经历多期生烃和混合生烃的过程,在盆地南部烃源岩生烃受到抑制.油气运移以横向运移为主,垂向运移为辅.油气藏分布主要受烃源岩成熟度和盆地形态的控制,呈现东南部和中部为油藏、北部为气藏的分布格局.将马来盆地划分为6个大勘探区域,其中东南挤压背斜区是马来盆地主力油气产区,石油储量占整个马来盆地的69%,天然气储量占62%.提出9个潜在有利目标区,其中3个为潜在勘探有利区,6个为新兴勘探区.     

马来盆地成藏规律研究及有利区预测

马来盆地烃源岩包括湖相页岩和河流三角洲相煤、页岩.湖相烃源岩为盆地主力烃源岩，K组页岩是盆地中生烃潜力最好的烃源岩.盆地中部源岩通常都是过成熟，边缘大多处于生油窗或未成熟.中-晚中新世马来盆地发生构造反转，反转主要集中在盆地的东南部和中部，构造反转与油气成藏关系密切.盆地中央的反转强度比侧翼大，东南方向反转强度增加.马来盆地大致划分为4个成藏组合带：基底成藏组合带、下部成藏组合带、中部成藏组合带和上部成藏组合带.晚渐新世-中中新世构造成藏组合带为马来盆地内最重要的一个成藏组合带，其石油储量占整个盆地的85%，天然气占48%.盆地烃源岩经历多期生烃和混合生烃的过程，在盆地南部烃源岩生烃受到抑制.油气运移以横向运移为主，垂向运移为辅.油气藏分布主要受烃源岩成熟度和盆地形态的控制，呈现东南部和中部为油藏、北部为气藏的分布格局.将马来盆地划分为6个大勘探区域，其中东南挤压背斜区是马来盆地主力油气产区，石油储量占整个马来盆地的69%，天然气储量占62%.提出9个潜在有利目标区，其中3个为潜在勘探有利区，6个为新兴勘探区.     

四川古蔺石宝矿段煤层气富集特征及影响因素

四川古蔺县石宝矿段位于古蔺复式背斜南翼的次级褶皱一石宝向斜东段,含煤地层为二叠系龙潭组。煤层气富集特征为张性断裂发育带附近含气量低,压性断裂附近含气量明显增大;影响煤层气富集因素有构造、储层（煤层）、围岩封盖性能和水文地质条件。全区较稳定可采的主要煤层C17、C25煤层厚度均较大;煤层在纵向上分布具规律性;区内长兴组灰岩与含煤岩系水力联系小,对煤层气影响不大;茅口组灰岩岩溶发育,地下水活动强烈,对C25煤层有较大影响。     

二连盆地煤层气勘探目标评价

二连盆地是由众多早白垩世断陷湖盆群组成的大型陆相沉积煤、油共生盆地,含有丰富的煤层气资源。为了查明二连盆地煤层气分布特征和勘探潜力,首先,从区域地质背景和聚煤特征等方面分析了二连盆地煤层气成藏条件,并对各凹陷煤层气地质条件进行了分析对比和排队,优选出了11个煤层气勘探有利凹陷;其次,通过研究煤炭储量较大的白音华凹陷的煤层厚度、埋深、煤岩煤质特征、煤储层物性、煤层气保存条件和资源分布等因素,认为白音华凹陷煤层气成藏条件较好,并进一步指出该凹陷东部煤层厚度大、分布稳定、埋藏适中、煤层气富集且保存条件好,是今后首选的煤层气勘探目标。      

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界煤层气与致密气联合优选区评价

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界具有煤层气和致密砂岩气成藏的有利条件。上古生界煤层气与致密砂岩气具有相同的烃源岩,且煤层与致密储层垂向上相互叠置,为二者联合勘探开发奠定了地质基础。在综合考虑煤层气与致密砂岩气成藏地质条件的基础上,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地煤层气与致密砂岩气共同勘探选区的评价指标体系,包括煤层厚度、烃源岩热演化程度、生气强度以及致密储层厚度4个指标。依据建立的评价指标体系,对鄂尔多斯盆地内5个区块进行煤层气与致密砂岩气共同选区评价,评价结果为区块Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ为勘探目标区,主要分布在盆地的东西缘,煤层厚度大、烃源岩生气强度大,勘探前景好;区块Ⅰ和Ⅳ为勘探有利区,呈条带状分布在盆地的东北部和西北部,煤层气与致密砂岩气协同勘探潜力较大。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000879

Multiple sets of thick coal beds characterized by simple structure and shallow burial depth were developed in the Early and Middle Jurassic strata of the Ordos Basin,northwestern China.The huge reserves of this high quality coal have a high commercial value.We studied the coal’s petrologic characteristics and its maceral distribution to determine the maceral’s contribution to generation of oil and gas.The results show that the Jurassic coals in the Ordos Basin have special penological features because of the Basin’s unique depositional environment which was mainly a series of high-stand swamps in the upper fluvial system.These petrographic features are a result of the development of typical inland lakes where some sand bodies were formed by migrating rivers.After burial,the peat continued to undergo oxidizing conditions,this process generated extensive higher inertinile contents in the coals and the vitrinite components were altered to semi-vitrinite.The macroscopic petrographic types of these Jurassic coals are mainly semi-dull coal,dull coal,semilustrous and lustrous coal.The proportions of semi-dull coal and dull coal are higher in the basin margins,especially in the area near the northern margin.The numbers of semilustrous and lustrous coals increase southwards and towards the central basin.This situation indicates that different coal-forming swamp environments have major controlling effects on the coal components.Another observation is that in the Ordos" coal sequences,especially in the lower part,some sandstone beds are thick,up to 20 m with a coarse grain size.The higher fusinite content in the macerals accompanies a higher semi-vitrinite content with more complete and regular plant cell structure.The fusinite structure is clear and well preserved.After burial,the lithology of the roof and floor rocks can continue to affect the evolution of coal petrology.The sand bodies in the roof and floor exhibit good physical conditions so that pore water can maintain a long-term state of oxidation,circulation and connection to the coal.So coal components remain in an oxidation environment for a long time.Conversely,in the basin center,lacustrine facies developed and peat was rapidly covered by mudstone after burial and subsequent coal beds rapidly entered a reducing environment.As a result,abundant gelatification occurred and the vitrinite content increased.Exinite often accumulated in a specific position in the coal bed.Although the average exinite content is not high on the whole,it does significantly contribute to the total hydrocarbon generation. The exinite content has been underestimated,especially the amorphous bituminous fluid and its importance is emphasized here.The reason is that the fluid flows easily into fusinite which has strong rigidity,or flows into some fissures,where it is commonly neglected.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田奥陶系风化壳气藏天然气来源及混源比计算

对鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田天然气碳同位素资料按不同地区、不同层位进行了分析,认为奥陶系风化壳气藏甲烷碳同位素值与石炭-二叠系气藏的接近,在平面上变化趋势相似,而与风化壳之下奥陶系自生自储的油型气相差较大。奥陶系风化壳气藏的来源是以石炭-二叠系煤成气为主,定量计算表明,在中部气田的大部分地区,石炭-二叠系来源气的比例大于70％。     

郑庄区块煤层气赋存特征及控气地质因素

沁水盆地南部郑庄区块煤层气资源条件良好,勘探开发潜力大。通过对郑庄区块煤层气地质条件和储层条件的深入分析,认为本区煤层气赋存条件良好,含气量较高,储层吸附/解吸能力较好,但储层渗透率相对较低;郑庄区块煤层气藏主要受3类地质因素控制:构造对煤层气含量和赋存规律具有明显的控制作用;水文地质条件对煤层气具明显的水力封闭作用,该区地下水径流较弱,为典型的等势面扇状缓流型,有利于区块内煤层气的富集;燕山晚期岩浆活动和高异常地热场对煤层热演化和煤层气生成有显著的控制作用。