REMOTE SENSING OF AIR TEMPERATURE PROFILE AND SURFACE EMISSIVITY FROM HIRS2 DATA

A physical method,based on the simplification of surface radiation terms in remote sensing equations, has been suggested to retrieve the surface temperature,vertical temperature profile and surface emissivity from the first eight channel observations of TIROS-N/HIRS2.Analyses of several examples indicate that this method can obtain much more accurate temperatures in the lower atmosphere than a statistical technique, and that the surface temperature and emissivity retrieved are also reasonable.     

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE SIMULATED DATA OF TOVS HIRS BY RTTOV5 MODEL*

The sounding data of meteorological satellites provide not only the real time weather information about the distribution of both cloud and rainfall,but also some others about the movement and state of atmosphere.They are important variables and parameters for NWP model used to simulate and predict atmospheric state.In order to introduce remote sensing information from satellites into NWP model,there is an efficient way of establishing an RT model by use of the atmosphere radiation sounding data of meteorological satellites to get the variables and parameters valuable to NWP model.In this paper,we set up profiles of air temperature and water vapor from the surface to upper (0.1 hPa) using the radiosounding data and the surface data from May to August 1998 atmosphere East Asia.A TOVS RT model (RTTOV5) is provided to compute the value of radiation value of HIRS channels in NOAA14.Then the radiation values of 19 HIRS channels are gotten.After matching these data computed by the RT model and the corresponding values coming from satellite sounding in time,the statistic distribution of bias between tile model output and the satellite sounding at each sounding channel can be gotten.At the same time.the distribution of RMS to every TOVS HIRS channel,the standard biases to different scanning angle to each channel are also obtained.     

AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE SIMULATED DATA OF TOVS HIRS BY RTTOV5 MODEL

The sounding data of meteorological satellites provide not only the real time weatherinformation about the distribution of both cloud and rainfall,but also some others about themovement and state of atmosphere.They are important variables and parameters for NWP modelused to simulate and predict atmospheric state.In order to introduce remote sensing informationfrom satellites into NWP model,there is an efficient way of establishing an RT model by use of theatmosphere radiation sounding data of meteorological satellites to get the variables and parametersvaluable to NWP model.In this paper,we set up profiles of air temperature and water vapor fromthe surface to upper (0.1 hPa) using the radiosounding data and the surface data from May toAugust 1998 atmosphere East Asia.A TOVS RT model (RTTOV5) is provided to compute thevalue of radiation value of HIRS channels in NOAA14.Then the radiation values of 19 HIRSchannels are gotten.After matching these data computed by the RT model and the correspondingvalues coming from satellite sounding in time,the statistic distribution of bias between tile modeloutput and the satellite sounding at each sounding channel can be gotten.At the same time.thedistribution of RMS to every TOVS HIRS channel,the standard biases to different scanning angleto each channel are also obtained.     

基于DVB-S数据共享平台的NOAA/ATOVS资料获取、处理与显示系统

充分利用国家科技部大力推行的DVB-S共享数据平台,加强气象卫星遥感数据的广泛应用,特别是发挥卫星垂直探测器(ATOVS)资料在我国数值天气预报以及监测重大灾害性天气系统中的作用。该文介绍了基于DVB-S系统的NOAA/ATOVS资料的处理、分析与显示系统的概况及主要功能,并以2005年7月人们关注的台风“海棠”为个例,展示了利用该系统在监测和分析台风或强对流天气时的独特优势。该系统的建立,将解决省、地气象部门不能实时获取ATOVS资料的问题,并将推动ATOVS资料在气象以及相关部门的实际应用。     

基于DVB-S数据共享平台的NOAA/ATOVS资料获取、处理与显示系统

充分利用国家科技部大力推行的DVB-S共享数据平台, 加强气象卫星遥感数据的广泛应用, 特别是发挥卫星垂直探测器 (ATOVS) 资料在我国数值天气预报以及监测重大灾害性天气系统中的作用。该文介绍了基于DVB-S系统的NOAA/ATOVS资料的处理、分析与显示系统的概况及主要功能, 并以2005年7月人们关注的台风“海棠”为个例, 展示了利用该系统在监测和分析台风或强对流天气时的独特优势。该系统的建立, 将解决省、地气象部门不能实时获取ATOVS资料的问题, 并将推动ATOVS资料在气象以及相关部门的实际应用。     

940 nm水汽通道反射率计算试验

利用近红外波段大气与辐射的相互作用解决用红外波段不容易遥测低层水汽的问题。选用940 nm水汽弱吸收带进行通道反射率计算试验，分析其对不同环境参数的敏感性。结果表明，940 nm附近通道的辐射信号携带了整层大气水汽信息，有可能用来获取大气水汽总量。     

计算HIRS/2通道透过率的指数和模式

气象卫星HIRS/2各通道的吸收系数，透过率及权重函数与温度廓线一样随地点与时间而变化。把石广玉提出的指数和模式加上各通道仪器响应函数的修正，得出适合气象卫星HIRS/2各通道不同气体吸收系数的指数和模式，可以较快地计算HIRS/2各通道不同温度廓线下的透过率与权重函数。用修正的指数和模式计算CO2一些通道的透过率，与精确的逐线积分法的计算结果相比，CO2通道绝对差值小于0.0036；水汽1364 cm-1通道绝对差值小于0.0035。     

Study of TOVS applications in monitoring atmospheric temperature,water vapor,and cloudiness in East Asia

Summary A new Statistical-Physical Retrieval Method (STPRM) has been developed for applications with TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) measurements. The method uses physical modeling combined with statistical regression to develop straightforward retrieval expressions for temperature, moisture content, and tropopause height based on brightness temperature measurements from both the HIRS and MSU instruments used in the TOVS system. The selection of HIRS and MSU channels used in the various retrievals is based on channel sensitivity coefficients which relate to the amplitude of the change of a given channel's brightness temperature to a given change in a retrieval parameter. The temperature retrieval procedure is designed for all-weather situations, and emphasizes the use of MSU microwave channels including linear combinations of these channels to improve vertical resolution. Cloud parameters are retrieved using radiances from HIRS channels to generate clear column radiances for the moisture and tropopause height retrievals, which depend almost exclusively on the HIRS channels. The STPRM scheme is then used to obtain and evaluate distributions of temperature, mixing ratio, and tropopause height. Distributions of ozone content are also retrieved from an independent iterative retrieval procedure using the cloud corrected radiances from the STPRM scheme as input. The retrievals are compared to in situ measurements obtained from radiosonde observations and ground-based Dobson spectrometer measurements situated throughout East Asia with generally good results. The temperature retrievals are also used in a synoptic analysis of a winter storm situation that developed over northern China in January 1989, giving a geopotential height distribution which is confirmed by aerological observations.With 16 Figures     

Moisture Sources and Their Contributions to Summer Precipitation in the East of Southwest China

Complex topography, special geographical location and sea-land-air interactions lead to high interannual variability of summer precipitation in the east of Southwest China (ESWC). However, the contributions, influencing factors and mechanisms of remote and local evaporation remain to be further investigated. Using clustering analysis and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 5 model, we analyze the contributions of remote moisture transport and local evaporation to summer precipitation in the ESWC and their causes. There are mainly five remote moisture channels in the ESWC, namely the Arabian Sea channel, Bay of Bengal channel, western Pacific channel, Northwest channel 1 and Northwest channel 2. Among the five channels, the western Pacific channel has the largest number of trajectories, while the Bay of Bengal channel has the largest contribution rate of specific humidity (33.33%) and moisture flux (33.14%). The amount of regional average precipitation is close to that of the precipitation caused by remote moisture transport, and both are considerably greater than the rainfall amount caused by local evaporation. However, on interannual time scales, precipitation recirculation rates are negatively correlated to regional average precipitation and precipitation caused by remote moisture transport but are consistent with that caused by local evaporation. An apparent "+ ? +" wave train can be found on the height anomaly field in East Asia, and the sea surface temperature anomalies are positive in the equatorial Middle-East Pacific, the South China Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. These phenomena cause southwest-northeast moisture transport with strong updrafts, thereby resulting in more precipitation in the ESWC.     

预估临边探测大气温度和水汽廓线的反演精度

针对在研仪器——大气辐射超高光谱探测仪的临边探测模式,模拟计算了大气温度和水汽的权重函数。以此为基础,利用信息量和权重函数线性化方法,结合仪器的可探测亮温阈值0.3 K,计算并分析6种大气状态下,大气温度和水汽混合比廓线在不同反演精度条件下可获得的光谱通道数,在满足最佳光谱通道数200的要求下,理论上预估其反演精度。温度廓线整体反演精度为0.6 K,水汽混合比廓线反演精度可达到5%,但热带大气在16~20 km高度的水汽廓线反演精度仅为10%。反演精度预估,仅提供了一种全面认识仪器性能的方法,精度的确定还有赖于真实探测数据的获取和反演方法。     

利用地面遥感仪器对土壤水分的监测试验

在陇东黄土高原对西峰农业气象试验站内的裸地、生长茂盛的小麦、玉米地、草地4类地物进行了CE312热红外辐射计及CE313可见光、近红外辐射计的同步观测和土壤水分的实测,试验观测数据的初步分析结果表明:热红外辐射计各通道的亮温变化与土壤水分的变化呈非线性相关,由于影响各地物亮温的因素较为复杂,主要表现为对裸地的监测效果较好,在有植被覆盖的情况下关系不明显。此外通过比较各地物亮温与植被指数发现二者有较好相关性。实践证明,利用地面遥感监测土壤水分从理论上是可行的,可进一步通过亮温和植被指数来建立试验区的土壤水分监测模型。     

大气气溶胶的垂直非均一对向上亮度和卫星遥感地表反射率的效应

均一模式和两层模式是两个忽略气溶胶垂直非均一、并广泛用于卫星遥感的辐射模式。通过两个模式的数值模拟，分析了气溶胶的垂直非均一对向上天空亮度和卫星遥感地面反射率的效应。数值模拟选用了２４个有代表性的气溶胶模式。对于具有强分子散射的卫星短波通道，由于分子和气溶胶散射性的明显不同，应用均一和两层模式计算的向上亮度往往存在较大误差。对长波通道，如果气溶胶的光学特性随高度变化不大，该亮度误差较小，但如果存在不同散射相函数和一次散射反照率的气溶胶层，该误差仍可能较大。对于干净的大气，由均一和两层模式计算的亮度误差可分别高达３１．４％和３１．５％，而对于混浊的大气，该误差可分别高达６７．８％和５９．２％。该亮度误差可以引起地表反射率解存在大的不确定性，特别是对于短波通道和强吸收的气溶胶。对于包含强吸收气溶胶的混浊大气，均一和两层模式不适合于大气订正应用。     

Estimating the retrievability of temperature profiles from satellite infrared measurements

A method is developed to assess retrievability, namely the retrieval potential for atmospheric temperature profiles, from satellite infrared measurements in clear-sky conditions. This technique is based upon generalized linear inverse theory and empirical orthogonal function analysis. Utilizing the NCEP global temperature reanalysis data in January and July from 1999 to 2003, the retrievabilities obtained with the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder （AIRS） and the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/3 （HIRS/3） sounding channel data are derived respectively for each standard pressure level on a global scale. As an incidental result of this study, the optimum truncation number in the method of generalized linear inverse is deduced too. The results show that the retrievabilities of temperature obtained with the two datasets are similar in spatial distribution and seasonal change characteristics. As for the vertical distribution, the retrievabilities are low in the upper and lower atmosphere, and high between 400 hPa and 850 hPa. For the geographical distribution, the retrievabilities are low in the low-latitude oceanic regions and in some regions in Antarctica, and relatively high in mid-high latitudes and continental regions. Compared with the HIRS/3 data, the retrievability obtained with the AIRS data can be improved by an amount between 0.15 and 0.40.     

The study of in-orbit calibration accuracy of NOAA satellite infrared sounder and its effect on temperature profile retrievals

The calibration accuracy of High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder Mod. 2 (H1RS / 2) on NOAA-10 sat-ellite is analyzed in this paper. The non-linear effect in the linear calibration curve induces a deviation of 1.5 degrees (k) of brightness temperature in the tenth channel (8.3 urn, water vapor absorption) of the HIRS / 2 and the non-linear effect affects the other channels to a different extent. Based on analyzing non-linearity in two-point calibration curve, a tri-point calibration equation is given. A numerical test of effects of the linear and non-linear calibration models on the accuracy of atmospheric temperature retrievals is carried out.     

利用FY-3A近红外资料反演水汽总量

该文介绍了利用搭载在FY-3A卫星上的中分辨率光谱成像仪 (MERSI) 的近红外 (NIR) 通道反演大气水汽总量 (PWV) 的方法。根据预先建立的查找表,大气水汽总量可以通过水汽通道与窗区通道的卫星测值相比反演得到。对MERSI近红外水汽通道灵敏度进行估算,结果表明:处于吸收带两翼的905 nm和980 nm通道对不同水汽量的敏感性表现比较接近,对较大水汽含量最为敏感;当水汽较弱时,强吸收的940 nm通道非常敏感。基于这3个通道对水汽含量敏感性的不同表现,采用3个通道水汽总量的加权平均值作为PWV产品的最终反演值。文中设计了水汽总量业务算法反演流程,并基于FY-3A/MERSI最新观测资料进行晴空大气水汽总量的业务处理生成试验,顺利生成MERSI单轨道水汽总量产品及日拼图中国区域产品和全球产品,同时生成多天合成产品,产品反映出MERSI具有较好的近红外水汽探测能力。将卫星反演结果与探空数据进行初步比对检验,显示卫星反演值有20%~30%系统性偏低,需要进一步改进反演查找表。     

Using longwave HIRS radiances to test climate models

A ‘model-to-radiance’ comparison of simulated brightness temperatures from the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model 2 with measurements from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4 (HIRS/4) instrument onboard the MetOp-A satellite is presented. For the all-sky, the model overestimates brightness temperatures in the atmospheric window region with the greatest biases over areas associated with deep convective cloud. In contrast to many global climate models, much smaller clear-sky biases are found indicating that model clouds are the dominating source of error. Simulated values in upper atmospheric CO₂ channels approximate observations better as a result of compensating cold biases at the poles and warm biases at lower latitudes, due to a poor representation of the Brewer Dobson circulation in the 38 level ‘low-top’ configuration of the model. Simulated all and clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) evaluated against the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) and HIRS OLR products reveal good agreement, in part due to cancellation of positive and negative biases. Through physical arguments relating to the spectral energy balance within a cloud, it is suggested that broadband agreement could be the result of a balance between positive window biases and unseen negative biases originating from the water vapour rotational band in the far infrared (not sampled by HIRS).     

Recent Progresses in Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research in China——Chinese National Report on Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research in China during 1999-2003

Progresses of atmospheric remote sensing research in China during 1999-2003 are summarily introduced.This research includes: (1) microwave remote sensing of the atmosphere; (2) Lidax remote sensing; (3)remote sensing of aerosol optical properties; and (4) other research related to atmospheric remote sensing，including GPS remote sensing of precipitable water vapor and radiation model development.     

基于拉格朗日方法的中国东部雨季水汽输送垂直特征

利用基于拉格朗日轨迹追踪模式（HYSPLIT）,结合区域源汇归属法,追踪1961～2010年中国东部地区雨带推进过程中各雨季后向轨迹,定量确定各雨季不同垂直层上的水汽输送路径与水汽贡献。结果表明在南海夏季风爆发前的华南前汛期,低层最主要水汽通道为太平洋通道,轨迹占比达到52.3%,中高层最主要的水汽通道为印度洋通道,占比超过37%;水汽主要源自低层的西太平洋和中国东部地区,水汽贡献均在20%以上。南海季风爆发后的华南前汛期,低层到高层最强水汽通道均为印度洋通道,特别是中层,轨迹数量达到了65.6%;印度洋源地的贡献明显增加,中高层水汽主要源自印度洋,低层最主要的水汽源地为中国东部和南海。江淮梅雨时低层最主要通道为太平洋通道,中高层最主要通道为印度洋通道,相比华南前汛期,在中高层印度洋通道减弱,而西风通道增强。华北雨季中,低层最主要水汽通道为太平洋通道,而中高层最主要的水汽通道为欧亚大陆中纬西风通道。江淮梅雨和华北雨季中,最主要的源地为中低层的中国东部地区和西太平洋地区,特别是华北雨季中,来自中国东部局地低层的水汽达到了43.1%,表明低层局地蒸发对华北雨季降水起到至关重要的作用。     

On lidar application for remote sensing of the atmosphere

This paper introduces some advanced subjects on lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere, emphasizing recent studies and developments in lidar application for measuring ozone, cloud, aerosol, atmospheric temperature, moisture, pressure and wind.     

Recent Progresses in Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research in China-- Chinese National Report on Atmospheric Remote Sensing Research in China during 1999-2003

Progresses of atmospheric remote sensing research in China during 1999-2003 are summarily introduced.This research includes: (1) microwave remote sensing of the atmosphere; (2) Lidar remote sensing; (3)remote sensing of aerosol optical properties; and (4) other research related to atmospheric remote sensing,including GPS remote sensing of precipitable water vapor and radiation model development.