Differences in Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Characteristics Between Wet and Dry Episodes of the Indian Summer Monsoon

The differences and similarities in atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) characteristics, in particular the ABL height, evolution and wind field, between two contrasting episodes of the Indian summer monsoon have been studied using measurements from wind profilers and an instrumented 50-m tower at Gadanki in India. The observed differences are discussed in light of various forcing mechanisms, in particular the effect of soil moisture on the surface energy balance and ABL. The differences in ABL height, its evolution and the wind field between episodes are quite pronounced. Wet episodes not only have a shallower ABL but also the growth is delayed by 1–4 h when compared with that for dry episodes. Abundant soil moisture during the wet episodes (a factor of two greater than during the dry episodes) reduces the buoyancy flux, and thereby not only limits the ABL height but also delays the commencement of ABL growth. The low-level jet (LLJ) is stronger during the dry episodes and has a larger diurnal range than during the wet episodes. The highest occurrence and magnitude of LLJ apparent at a height of 1.5 km during early morning hours shift progressively with height and time till the afternoon, following ABL evolution. The weaker LLJ during the wet episodes is attributed to its southward migration from its mean position (15 \(^{\circ }\) N). Larger signal-to-noise ratio and spectral width values are observed during the early night to midnight, compared to noon-time, when the ABL is buoyantly turbulent.     

北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的风速和温度平均场观测资料和湍流资料,以及北京市气象台地面常规气象资料和逐日08:00和20:00(北京时间)的探空资料,分析了2002年3月18～22日沙尘暴过境前后北京城市边界层结构特征和湍流输送特征,结果表明:1)在沙尘暴爆发前,边界层中水平风速一直较小;气温较高,大气层结稳定,在边界层上部有强大的逆温层.随着冷锋过境,沙尘暴爆发,边界层中水平风速和平均湍流速度急剧增强;温度也突然变化,先迅速增强后又持续下降,逆温层迅速被破坏.2)沙尘暴初期,280 m上为系统性上升气流,而47和120 m则为系统性的下沉气流.随着沙尘暴爆发,湍流动能、向下传输的动量以及向上传输的感热也迅速增大,并且120 m高度的湍能、动量通量以及感热通量明显高于47和280 m,这与北京的局地环流有关.3)本次沙尘暴过程中,120和47 m层的摩擦速度都明显超过了北京的临界摩擦速度,表明局地起沙也是本次沙尘暴过程中北京沙尘的一个重要沙源.     

我国东部夏季一次强对流活动过程中对流层上部大气成分变化的分析

利用星载微波临边遥感探测结果,对2006年6月28～29日江淮地区的一次强对流天气过程中对流层上部一氧化碳 (CO) 、臭氧 (O₃) 、水汽 (H₂O) 和冰水含量 (IWC) 的分布特点进行了研究.强对流天气过程前后的对比分析表明,CO混合比增大,在200 hPa处增加了0.12 ppm (1 ppm=10-6);O₃混合比减小,在70 hPa处减少了0.30 ppm;H₂O混合比在250 hPa处增加了400 ppm;IWC在强降水发生之前有大幅增长,在200 hPa处最大含量可达0.03 g/m3.CO和O₃含量与垂直运动速度两者的相关变化表明,对流垂直输送作用可能是造成对流层上层和平流层低层大气成分变化的机制之一.而H₂O和IWC含量的增加主要局限于对流层顶以下,这表明对流层上部水物质的质量和形态是由垂直输送作用和对流系统内部的微物理过程共同决定的.     

Measurements and Parametrizations of the Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Height at Dome C,Antarctica

An experimental campaign, Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Environmental at Dome C, was held during 2005 at the French-Italian station of Concordia at Dome C. Ground-based remote sensors, as well as in situ instrumentation, were used during the experimental campaign. The measurements allowed the direct estimation of the polar atmospheric boundary-layer height and the test of several parametrizations for the unstable and stable boundary layers. During the months of January and February, weak convection was observed while, during the polar night, a long-lived stable boundary layer occurred continuously. Under unstable stratification the mixing-layer height was determined using the sodar backscattered echoes and potential temperature profiles. The two estimations are highly correlated, with the mixing height ranging between 30 and 350 m. A simple prognostic one-dimensional model was used to estimate the convective mixing-layer height, with the correlation coefficient between observations and model results being 0.66. The boundary-layer height under stable conditions was estimated from radiosounding profiles as the height where the critical Richardson number is reached; values between 10 and 150 m were found. A visual inspection of potential temperature profiles was also used as further confirmation of the experimental height; the results of the two methods are in good agreement. Six parametrizations from the literature for the stable boundary-layer height were tested. Only the parametrization that considers the long-lived stable boundary layer and takes into account the interaction of the stable layer with the free atmosphere is in agreement with the observations.     

强垂直温度梯度条件下强对流天气分析与潜势预报

采用19年3~9月常规探空观测资料,对南昌ΔT850-500≥27℃这种强垂直温度梯度与江西强对流天气过程的关系进行了相关分析,并将区域强对流天气、局部强对流天气、无强对流天气的3类情况下的中低层气压、温度、湿度、风场及稳定度进行分类合成分析,结果表明:当南昌ΔT850-500≥27℃时,且有天气系统作为触发条件时,江西强对流天气发生的概率达85%;中低层低槽和切变等影响系统、江南华南暖湿气流、河套地区的冷空气都有利于江西强对流天气出现。对典型个例的探空曲线和对流有效位能分析表明:强垂直温度梯度结合中低层高湿度是强对流天气发生的重要条件。在强对流天气潜势预报中,强垂直温度梯度有时比对流有效位能更有指示性。根据上述分析结果,建立了相应的预报流程,并在业务试用中取得较好的效果。     

A Sensitivity Analysis of the Nocturnal Boundary-Layer Properties to Atmospheric Emissivity Formulations

A one-dimensional model for the mean potential temperature within the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) was used to assess the sensitivity of three NBL properties (height, thermal stratification strength, and near-surface cooling) to three widely used atmospheric emissivity formulations. The calculations revealed that the NBL height is robust to the choice of the emissivity function, though this is not the case for NBL Richardson number and near-surface cooling rate. Rather than endorse one formulation, our analysis highlights the importance of atmospheric emissivity in modelling the radiative properties of the NBL especially for clear-sky conditions.     

Thermodynamic Cycle of the Atmospheric Upward Heat Convection Process

Summary ?Closed ideal thermodynamic cycles are used to analyze the atmospheric upward heat convection process which is compared to the Brayton gas-turbine cycle. The heat to work conversion efficiency of the atmosphere is shown to be close to the Carnot efficiency calculated using the average temperatures at which heat is received and given up for hot and cold source temperatures, respectively. The efficiency is independent of whether the lifting process is discontinuous or continuous, and nearly independent of whether the heat is transported as sensible or as latent heat. The total energy given up by an air mass going through any process is shown to be equal to the reduction in its static-energy. For a given sounding, there is a definite quantity of work which can be produced per unit mass of air raised. The paper investigates how updraft and sounding properties affect the work produced when air is raised and shows that the work can be transferred downward. Received March 19, 1999/Revised September 24, 1999     

北京地区不同天气条件下近地面大气电场特征

利用2004年8月—2005年11月近地面大气电场仪的观测资料, 对北京地区不同天气条件下近地面大气电场特征进行分析。结果表明:北京地区晴天近地面大气电场日变化呈双峰双谷, 谷值分别出现在北京时05:00和12:00, 峰值分别出现在07:00和23:00, 并且表现出一定的季节变化; 晴天大气电场的变化与气溶胶含量的变化有密切关系, 两者呈正相关; 晴天大气电场与绝对湿度之间也表现出很强的相关性, 在一定程度上反应了水汽对大气电场的作用; 沙尘天气下风速均达到一定强度, 近地面大气电场为负值, 并且变化剧烈, 电场强度与PM10之间呈现较强的负相关, 而电场强度与风速之间没有表现出明显的相关性。     

On the Structure and Adjustment of Inversion-Capped Neutral Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Flows: Large-Eddy Simulation Study

A range of large-eddy simulations, with differing free atmosphere stratification and zero or slightly positive surface heat flux, is investigated to improve understanding of the neutral and near-neutral, inversion-capped, horizontally homogeneous, barotropic atmospheric boundary layer with emphasis on the upper region. We find that an adjustment time of at least 16 h is needed for the simulated flow to reach a quasi-steady state. The boundary layer continues to grow, but at a slow rate that changes little after 8 h of simulation time. A common feature of the neutral simulations is the development of a super-geostrophic jet near the top of the boundary layer. The analytical wind-shear models included do not account for such a jet, and the best agreement with simulated wind shear is seen in cases with weak stratification above the boundary layer. Increasing the surface heat flux decreases the magnitude and vertical extent of the jet and leads to better agreement between analytical and simulated wind-speed profiles. Over a range of different inversion strengths and surface heat fluxes, we also find good agreement between the performed simulations and models of the equilibrium boundary-layer height, and of the budget of turbulent kinetic energy integrated across the boundary layer.     

近二十年来暴雨和强对流可预报性研究进展

大气可预报性研究是开展天气、气候预测的基础科学问题。全球变暖背景下,近年暴雨和强对流等中小尺度灾害性天气频发,如何深入认识其可预报性问题成为了天气领域研究热点,也是制约数值天气预报模式能力提升的重要因素。本文在简要回顾国内外大气可预报性研究历程的基础上,重点对近二十年（1999～2018）国际上关于暴雨和强对流可预报性方面的最新研究进展进行了系统的综述和归纳。主要包括:中小尺度可预报性研究的主要方法和评估手段及其与传统大尺度天气可预报性研究的差异,初始误差增长机制的几种主要观点及其争论（误差升尺度、误差降尺度、升降尺度并存）,数值模式误差和对流环境误差对实际预报性的影响,以及最近的中尺度可预报性科学观测试验进展等。最后,对暴雨、强对流可预报性研究存在的问题、未来发展方向进行了简要的讨论和展望。     

The Potential Response of Terrestrial Carbon Storage to Changes in Climate and Atmospheric CO2

We use a georeferenced model of ecosystem carbon dynamics to explore the sensitivity of global terrestrial carbon storage to changes in atmospheric CO₂ and climate. We model changes in ecosystem carbon density, but we do not model shifts in vegetation type. A model of annual NPP is coupled with a model of carbon allocation in vegetation and a model of decomposition and soil carbon dynamics. NPP is a function of climate and atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The CO₂ response is derived from a biochemical model of photosynthesis. With no change in climate, a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ from 280 ppm to 560 ppm enhances equilibrium global NPP by 16.9%; equilibrium global terrestrial ecosystem carbon (TEC) increases by 14.9%. Simulations with no change in atmospheric CO₂ concentration but changes in climate from five atmospheric general circulation models yield increases in global NPP of 10.0–14.8%. The changes in NPP are very nearly balanced by changes in decomposition, and the resulting changes in TEC range from an increase of 1.1% to a decrease of 1.1%. These results are similar to those from analyses using bioclimatic biome models that simulate shifts in ecosystem distribution but do not model changes in carbon density within vegetation types. With changes in both climate and a doubling of atmospheric CO₂, our model generates increases in NPP of 30.2–36.5%. The increases in NPP and litter inputs to the soil more than compensate for any climate stimulation of decomposition and lead to increases in global TEC of 15.4–18.2%.     

长江中下游三市夏季高温异常变化特征及其与海温异常的可能联系

利用地面常规、自动气象站、NCEP再分析、多普勒雷达探测等资料,对2008年8月12日,出现在天津东部汉沽地区的由飑线引发的强对流暴雨天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,该过程是冷空气与副热带高压边缘的暖湿气流共同作用的结果。在高温高湿的有利条件下,低层弱冷空气的入侵是本次天气过程的触发因素。飑线发生在副热带高压边缘的不稳定区域,飑线云系在向东南方向移动过程中,与暖区内对流单体合并形成的弧形云带是本地雷雨、大风天气的直接制造者。     

A Simple Mixing Length Formulation for the Eddy-Diffusivity Parameterization of Dry Convection

In this paper a simple mixing length formulation for the eddy-diffusivityparameterization of dry convection is suggested. The new formulation relates the mixinglength to the square root of the turbulent kinetic energy (e) and a time scale ( ):l = e. To close the parameterization the time scale is calculated as a functionof the boundary-layer height (h) and the convective velocity scale (w_*), h/w_*. Thesimpler approach of a constant time scale is also studied. The simulation of a case of dry atmosphericconvection with a one-dimensional boundary-layer model shows that the model with the new formulationreproduces quite well the main properties of the convective boundary layer. In particular,the entrainment is realistically represented by the new mixing length, which has the advantage of naturallydecreasing with the turbulent kinetic energy. Sensitivity studies to the surface flux and the lapserate, in the context of a simplified situation, show the robustness of the new formulation.     

Impacts of High-Frequency Atmospheric Forcing on Southern Ocean Circulation and Antarctic Sea Ice

The relative contributions of atmospheric fluctuations on 6 h?2 d,2?8 d,and 8 d?1 month time scales to the changes in the air?sea fluxes,the SO circulation,and Antarctic sea ice are investigated.It was found that the imposed forcing variability on the three time scales creates a significant increase in wind power input,and hence an increase of about 50%,97%,and 5%of eddy kinetic energy relative to the simulation driven by monthly forcing,respectively.Also,SO circulation and the strength of the upper cell of meridional overturning circulation become strengthened.These results indicate more dominant effects of atmospheric variability on the 2?8 d time scale on the SO circulation.Meanwhile,the 6 h?2 d(2?8 d)atmospheric variability causes an increase in the total sea-ice extent,area,and volume,by about 33%,30%,and 19%(17%,20%,and 25%),respectively,relative to those in the experiment forced by monthly atmospheric variables.Such significant sea-ice increases are caused by a cooler ocean surface and stronger sea-ice transports owing to the enhanced heat losses and air-ice stresses induced by the atmospheric variability at 6 h?2 d and 2?8 d,while the effects of the variability at 8 d?1 month are rather weak.The influences of atmospheric variability found here mainly result from wind fluctuations.Our findings in this study indicate the importance of properly resolving high-frequency atmospheric variability in modeling studies.     

逆风区的回波演变与强对流天气的结构分析

为研究逆风区回波结构的演变与中尺度强对流天气发生发展的关系,分析了2005年4月30日和6月22日在江西省境内有逆风区现象的强对流天气的多普勒雷达回波特征,对逆风区的回波强度与速度的演变进行对比分析后认为：逆风区不仅是暴雨判据,也是强对流天气的判据。逆风区的伸展高度一般较高,有逆风区的存在基本上都伴有剧烈的天气过程,只要逆风区的结构一直存在,强回波的反射率因子就不会减弱。本文提出了一种逆风区的三维结构模型,逆风区回波反映了强对流的生消结构,逆风区实为前方辐合上升、后方下沉的涡管结构,它是认识强对流天气系统三维结构的重要信息。     

南宁市强对流暴雨降水特征及成因初探

对1955～2000年发生在南宁市的强对流暴雨的降水特征作了较系统的分析,得出5～8月是强对流暴雨多发期,以单个雨团影响最为普遍,易发生在水汽和不稳定层结垂直分布极不均匀的环境场中。     

南宁市强对流暴雨天气雷达回波类型分析

将南宁市强对流暴雨天气的雷达回波分成四种类型,对利用雷达回波特征制作强对流暴雨天气预报提供帮助。     

通辽市2016年6月22日强对流天气的特征及成因分析

利用常规气象资料、多普勒雷达资料以及NCEP2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,从天气形势、物理量场和雷达回波演变特征分析2016年6月22日通辽市强对流天气成因。结果表明:此次强对流天气发生在中高层偏西气流带来的弱冷空气叠加在低层切变线南侧的暖湿空气之上,促使对流强烈发展;垂直累积液态含水量大值区和"逆风区"分别对冰雹和短时强降水有很好的指示意义;强对流天气发生在地面中尺度辐合线附近;高空急流与低层低涡的配置结构,为这次强对流天气提供了必要的动力条件。     

大气边界层强风的阵性和相干结构

我国北方春季冷锋过境后,常骤发强风,甚至起沙扬尘,持续数小时甚至一二天,通过对边界层超声风温仪的资料分析,可知大风常叠加有周期为3～6 min的阵风,较有规律,且有明显的相干结构:阵风风速峰期有下沉运动,谷期有上升运动;阵风扰动以沿平均流的顺风方向分量为主,横向和垂直方向的分量都较小,其本质是低频次声波和重力波的混合;阵风沿顺风向且向下传播.周期小于1 min的脉动在水平面上基本是各向同性的不规则的湍涡.大风期间,无论是平均流、阵风和湍流脉动,至少在120 m高度以下,主要都有西风和北风动量下传,感热上传.平均流的动量下传强于由脉动下传的量,与一般天气情况不同,而且阵风与湍流的动量下传的量值差不多.平均流和阵风在动量传送上起相当大的作用.