Equivalent dry model air and summer monsoon over Eastern Asia

The saturated moist air with temperature T, pressure P and specific humidity q may be considered as an equivalent dry model air with temperature T* and pressure P under the condition of constant enthalpy. The features of the equivalent dry model air are described and the diagnostic analyses for the summer monsoon over Eastern Asia are examined. Results show that there are obvious baroclinicity features of equivalent temperature, i. e., wet baroclinicity, with a strong gradient belt of equivalent temperature for a time scale mean about 30 days in summer monsoon region and it is in accord with the confluence belt of the warmer air and colder air expressed by equivalent temperature; the mean updraft was observed at its warmer part of that region and downdraft at its colder part; the vertical shear of horizontal wind vector between 150 hPa and 850 hPa is related to the mass field expressed by mean equivalent temperature in that layer.These seem to indicate that the wet baroclinicity in summer monsoon region     

北及赤道东太平洋SST近半个世纪的长期变化

根据 1951～ 1997年太平洋 SST资料 ,计算分析了东赤道太平洋区 SST和北太平洋 El-Ni o海温场的近 4 7年长期变化趋势 ,并运用距平累积曲线法、信噪比法和跃变参数法 ,分析给出二者变化过程中的转折年和跃变年。结果表明 ,这两者在开始时 ,虽有小段时期呈微小下降 ,但总的变化呈增暖趋势 ;其跃变年前者发生在 1980年 ,后者在 1977年 ;转折年都在 1957年附近和1990年。此外 ,从季平均海温的 EOF1场来看 ,只有秋季才是最典型的 El- Ni o场。     

Long-Term and Short-Term Variations of Sea Level in Eastern Canada: A Review

This is a review of sea level data performed at three selected stations (Québec-Lauzon, Harrington Harbour,and Halifax) in eastern Canada in order to investigate the seasonal trends and other long-term and short-term changes which occurred since the beginning of the 20th century. Stations situated in riverine or estuarine regions (e.g., Québec-Lauzon) are significantly affected by freshwater flow in their annual cycle of sea level changes and exhibit a definite maximum in spring and minimum in autumn-winter. Other stations situated in the eastern half of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (e.g., Harrington Harbour) or near the open Atlantic coast (Halifax) mainly follow the general cycle of subarctic regions, with lows in spring-summer and highs in autumn-winter. Such seasonal variations appear to be related to the atmospheric pressure and baroclinic current variations. Secular trends in mean sea level in eastern Canadian waterbodies show a mean rise of about 2.56 mm/yr -1 due to tectonic motions, that is, land subsidence. At several stations in eastern Canada, evidence is found for the influence of the nodal tide (18.6 years), the sunspot cycle (10.8 years), the lunar perigee (8.47 years), the pole tide (14.5 months), the annual cycle (12 months), and semiannual tidal cycle (6 months) in sea level records. Beside long-term oscillations with periods of more than one year, evidence is found for high energetic semidiurnal and diurnal tides where they contribute largely (from 90-95%) to short term variability of sea level. In the residual signal (variations of sea level--tidal variations), short-term variations between 2 to 30 days can be attributed to meterological forcing (atmospheric pressure and winds), longitudinal seiches (2-10 h), atmospheric tides (12 h and 24 h) and inertial oscillations (16-18 h). A regressive model showed that the water discharge from the St. Lawrence River contributes 29% to the monthly residual sea level at Québec-Lauzon. The atmospheric pressure and winds contribute respectively 8.1% and 8.9% at this station. They contribute 52.1% and 7.7% at Harrington Harbour and 41.8% and 14.3% at Halifax. The regression coefficients of residual sea level on atmospheric pressure are respectively estimated to be -1.507 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ( - 0.345 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ), -0.776 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ( - 0.112 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ) and -0.825 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ( - 0.008 cm. ( hPa ) -1 ) at the three stations. Compared to the coefficient of the inverted barometer, estimated to be -1 cm. ( hPa ) -1 , these effects of the atmospheric pressure on sea level variations seem to be amplified at Que´bec-Lauzon by the wind effects (and water discharge) while they are reduced at Harrington Harbour and Halifax.     

Stochastic Modeling of Short Term Variations of Sea Level in Eastern Canada

Hourly sea level records from three stations in eastern Canada (Québec-Lauzon, Harrington-Harbour and Halifax) are analyzed both in frequency domain from 1970 to 1979 and in time domain during 1973. At the three stations, the deterministic model explains 90 to 96% of the total variability of sea level. The semidiurnal and diurnal tides contribute largely to its variations. The residual series, less than 10% of the initial variations of sea level, contain irregular values including extreme values of seiches and storm surges. Such random variations are analyzed and modeled following the method described by Box and Jenkins (1976). The long period variations (2 to 30 days) can be attributed to meteorological forcing (atmospheric pressure and winds). The short period variations (some hours to one day) can be attributed to longitudinal seiches, semidiurnal and diurnal atmospheric tides, and inertial oscillations. The water discharge from the St. Lawrence River contributes 29% of the monthly residual sea level at Qué     

A pilot survey on antimicrobial activity and diversity of soil-derived actinobacteria from different depths in Gudzhirganskoe saline lake in Eastern Siberia

To explore pharmaceutical actinobacteria from salty environments in Siberia, 8 soil samples were collected from different depths of Gudzhirganskoe saline lake, the Republic of Buryatia, Russia.Totally, 635 actinobacterial strains affiliated with 21 genera in 12 families of 7 orders were obtained by culture-dependent approaches. The predominant genus was Streptomyces(74.5%), followed by Microbacterium(4.9%), Agromyces(3.5%), Nocardiopsis(3.0%), and Kitasatospora(2.5%). Seven strains showed relati...     

Terrestrial heat flow in the Celebes and Sulu Seas

Five heat flow measurements were made in the Asiatic Mediterranean Sea; two in the Celebes Sea and three in the Sulu Sea. The mean of all five values of 2.0 cal/cm² sec is significantly greater than the over-all mean heat flow value for the oceans and is close to the mean value for marginal seas. The measurement indicate that there may be a difference in the flow of heat through the two seas.Contribution of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, new series.     

太平洋副热带东部模态水的年际变化及机制研究

根据2004—2014年的全球海洋Argo网格数据集(BOA_Argo)和ECMWF ERA-Interim再分析资料,计算了冬季太平洋副热带东部海区的水团变性率及水团形成率,对南北太平洋副热带东部新生成模态水的年际变化及其形成机制进行了研究。结果表明:北太平洋副热带东部模态水(NPESTMW)和南太平洋副热带东部模态水(SPESTMW)的新生成体积及核心密度在2004—2014年具有明显的年际变化:NPESTMW主要经历了2005—2009年和2010—2013年2次持续4～5a的体积和密度增加过程,其中体积最大值出现在2009年,最小值则出现在2005和2014年。南半球SPESTMW则经历了2007—2009年和2010—2013年共两次持续3～4a的体积和密度减小过程,其中体积的最小值出现在2009、2013年,最大值出现在2010年。合成分析发现,由冬季海面热通量异常引起的深混合层内与模态水密度相当的水团表层形成率异常,可能是导致NPESTMW和SPESTMW新生成水体积年际变化的重要因素;同时,SPESTMW新生成水的年际变化受局地风应力旋度的年际变化影响明显。     

Seismic indicators of focused fluid flow and cross-evaporitic seepage in the Eastern Mediterranean

We present for the first time a synthesis of the evidence of focused fluid flow in the Eastern Mediterranean, providing an updated record that includes recent and past occurrences through the last ca. 6 My of evolution of the basin. We do this by adding the interpretation of a previously unpublished regional 2D seismic dataset to the existing occurrences of focused fluid flow reported in the literature. Our interpretation shows a high number (141) of focused fluid flow features, which span the stratigraphic interval from late Miocene to Recent. Of these features, (82) are at the seabed, and (59) are buried. The previous published record is more difficult to quantify, but in comparison shows an overwhelming majority of seabed features, with only rare examples of buried features.The spectrum of the buried and seabed features covers pockmarks, pipes, mud volcanoes, clastic intrusions and collapse structures. Clustering of the fluid flow features is observed at different times in specific areas, including the Nile Cone, and the Levant, Herodotus, Cyprus and Latakia basins. With the buried record, we are able to highlight the evolution of the leakage points through time. Focused fluid flow venting has been occurring since the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis and the start of basinwide deposition of evaporites. We focus in particular on seismic indicators of leakage through evaporites, and of sub-evaporitic source for fluids and remobilised sediments. We also discuss the role of the evaporites as a seal to ascending fluids, and in which circumstances they can be breached.Fluids (and associated remobilised sediments) are sourced from different intervals, from the sub- and supra-evaporitic section, and possibly within the evaporites. Only a minor proportion of the fluid flow features are certainly sourced from below the Messinian evaporites, and most of them are located in the Nile-Levant-Eratosthenes areas. The few examples of pathways that are able to cross thick, undeformed and well preserved evaporites are typically correlated to overpressure release and hydrofracturing. This confirms that the evaporites do act regionally as a very good seal as expected, while fluids are able to cross the evaporites only in their most extreme expression, i.e. in near-lithostathic overpressure conditions. This is confirmed by our observations made in the Eastern Mediterranean, where in the presence of relatively undisturbed evaporites, cross-evaporite vertical fluid pathways are only observed at the high end of the flux-pressure range, and involve sediment remobilisation. Maps combining these different elements can be used to detect areas potentially more prone to breaching.     

东亚冬季气温的年际变化特征及其与海温和海冰异常的关系

通过谐波分析的方法,对东亚31个冬季(1980—2010年)的气温提取年际变化分量(周期小于8a部分)进行EOF分析。结果发现:在年际变化的时间尺度上,东亚冬季气温表现为高纬模态和低纬模态2个主要模态,它们一起可以解释总方差73%的变化。进一步分析表明,在年际变化尺度上,与气温变化的高纬模态相联系的大气环流表现为显著的北极涛动(AO)负位相分布,海平面气压场上西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压北移,对流层中层东亚大槽西移,高层西风急流向西北方向移动;副热带北太平洋和阿拉斯加湾的海表面温度(SST)变化呈偶极子振荡分布,这种准两年的周期振荡对这一模态的出现有一定的预示意义。而与气温变化的低纬模态相联系的大气环流表现为类AO正位相分布,与之相关的西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压南移,对流层中层东亚大槽东移,高层的西风急流则是向东南方向移动;赤道东太平洋的SST异常可能对这一模态的形成有一定的作用,而东亚近海的SST则更多是被动地改变。此外,海冰异常变化与东亚冬季气温变化的联系主要体现在:在前夏和前秋,东西伯利亚海-波弗特海海冰异常减少(增加)对应着随后东亚冬季气温变化的高纬模态(低纬模态),而冬季东亚气温变化的高纬模态(低纬模态)又与后期春季北极东半球的海冰异常增加(减少)具有较好的相关性,此外白令海和鄂霍次克海的海冰异常变化是伴随东亚冬季气温变化产生的。     

减阻技术对海洋油气管线中多相流动与传热的影响

在海洋环境中多相流条件下应用减阻技术,可以在相同的管线压力下,有效提高油气输送量。减阻技术影响多相流的摩擦阻力、持液率和界面现象,可使多相流的的减阻率最高达到60%以上,可减少多相流体与管壁间的传热;某些情况下,减阻技术还能够改变多相流的流型、抑制剧烈弹状流,改善油气输送系统的运行工况。     

Deep faults,heat flow and gas leakage in the northern Black Sea

A new heat flow map has been compiled for the Black Sea. Marine segments of interregional deep faults and marine regional deep faults have been traced in detail in the northern Black Sea. Gas seeps are situated in zones of deep faults. The potential role of these faults in the formation of gas leakage is evaluated. For the first time the spatial fault coincidence with gas release is clearly interpreted as being directly interrelated. As the gas is largely of deep origin, the seeps may be indicators of subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation.     

基于SODA数据的印度洋表层和次表层热含量变化及其与ENSO的关系

采用1950年1月至1999年12月SODA海洋上层温度的月平均资料及同期的NCEP月平均风场资料,研究了印度洋表层和次表层热含量年际变化的特征以及与海面风场的关系.通过对热带印度洋海区上层热含量异常的经验正交函数分解,发现表层与次表层热含量主要模态的分布不同,表层热含量主要模态的时、空分布与前人对海表温度(SST)异常的研究结果基本一致,第一模的空间分布为全海盆一致型,春季(夏季) 表层热含量第一模的时间序列与前一年的秋季(冬季)Ni(n)o3区SST异常的时间序列有密切的关系;第二模的空间分布为东西偶极子型,并在秋季与4-8个月前的Ni(n)o3区SST异常有密切的关系;次表层热含量异常第一模为东西偶极子型,冬季热带太平洋异常通过影响印度洋的海面风导致的海洋动力调整,进而影响印度洋次年春季次表层热含量东西偶极子型异常; 次表层热含量异常第二模在10°S以北是全海盆一致型,但却与Ni(n)o3区SST异常在统计学上无关.     

晚更新世末期东亚季风活动与陆架区沉积环境变迁

从距今 18 0 0 0年的最后冰期最盛时期到距今 10 0 0 0年开始的全新世海侵 ,全球气侯发生过急剧的变化。位于亚洲东部的古季风活动也经历了盛衰变化。大量的钻孔及浅地层剖面分析资料已经证实 ,冰期最盛时期陆架区古季风活动加强 ,陆架出现了沙漠环境与黄土沉积。当冰期结束 ,气候转暖 ,冬季风减弱之际 ,南黄海陆架及长江三角洲一带的沙漠与黄土分布范围也随之缩小 ,原先的沙漠活动区变成了黄土分布区 ,也就是所谓硬粘土沉积区。随着古季风活动的进一步衰退和海面的不断升高 ,来自陆架区的东北风变为冷湿气流。长江三角洲地区和陆架上出现了有利于沼泽发育的环境 ,全新世海侵把泥炭层淹没。陆架区晚更新世末期以来的地层中出现沙层、硬粘土和泥炭层的沉积序列 ,即“三元沉积结构”,是古冬季风盛衰过程的最好记录     

热带太平洋潜热通量变化及其与我国夏季降水的关系

采用1948-2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析潜热通量资料,利用经验正交分解(EOF)方法,分析了夏季热带太平洋潜热通量变化的时空特征,并探讨了中国东部夏季降水异常与潜热通量变化时空格局的关系.结果显示,热带东太平洋潜热通量变化存在明显的线性减小趋势;潜热通量还具有在年际时间尺度上的变化特征.热带太平洋潜热通量第一模态时间系数与中国夏季降水相关系数表现为“南正北负”型分布,表明热带太平洋地区的潜热通量减少可能是造成我国夏季降水在20世纪70年代以后长江中下游及华南地区夏季降水明显偏多,东北、华北地区夏季降水明显偏少的影响因素之一.进一步分析表明,热带东太平洋潜热通量异常偏少时,造成东亚地区500hPa位势高度场异常偏高,形成向南的水汽输送异常,并可能通过东亚副热带西风急流年际变化影响中国夏季降水分布.     

Tectonic implications of spatial variation of b-values and heat flow in the Aegean region

The Aegean region is tectonically a complex area characterized mainly by the subduction of African oceanic lithosphere beneath the Aegean continental lithosphere including extensional subbasins and mantle driven block rotations. In this study, spatial distribution of earthquakes, b-value distribution, and heat flow data have been analyzed to reveal the deep structural features of the Aegean region. b-value distributions show two low NE–SW and NW–SE trending b-anomaly zones in the western and eastern side of the Crete, implying slab tear within the Aegean slab. Earthquake foci distribution indicates that the Aegean slab steepens in the eastern side of the Crete, compared to its western side. Earthquake foci reach maximum depth of 180 km along the Cycladic arc axis, suggesting northward subducted slab geometry. The low seismic activities and high b-value anomalies within Aegean basin, except North Aegean Trough, can be compared to higher heat flow. We concluded that collision-induced westward mantle flow beneath Turkey followed by hard collision between Arabian-Eurasian continental plates played a major role in the evolution of clockwise rotational retreat of the Aegean slab and slab steepening to the east of the Crete.     

Implications of estimated and measured thermal conductivity for oceanic heat flow studies

Heat flow data provide constraints on the thermal structure and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere. Because precise determination of the heat flux requires that both the thermal gradient and the thermal conductivity be well determined we have examined the thermal conductivities used in a new Pacific Basin heat flow data set. 43% of the 1600 heat flow determinations rely on values estimated by various methods, rather than directly measured. Although the measured and estimated conductivities have comparable means, the measured conductivities have a standard deviation 50% larger than the estimated, suggesting that the estimated values underestimate the actual variation. We investigate the limitations of using such estimates by examining factors controlling the variations of measured conductivity values. We find that the variation between the closest adjacent sites increases with increasing separation, such that sites within 200 km are on average noticeably closer in conductivity than sites further apart. Contributing to this effect may be the variation of conductivity with lithology (with mean conductivity highest for carbonate oozes, intermediate for deep-sea clays, and least for siliceous oozes) and a possible trend of decreasing conductivity with increasing seafloor depth. Tests with the measured data suggest that the best method for estimating conductivity is using the mean value measured within 200 km. The mean of a larger geographical region is a somewhat poorer predictor, and using the oceanwide mean and the value at the nearest site are poorer still. Approximately 29% of the estimated values were not based on measurements from a reference site. For most others, the reference site was the nearest measurement from the same cruise, typically a large distance away. For those sites where conductivity was not measured, 78% had measured conductivity within 200 km and were reestimated using the local mean, whereas the remaining 22% were reestimated using the regional mean. The resulting change in the estimated conductivity averaged 9% using the local mean and 6% using the regional mean. We suggest that such a procedure be used to improve the utility of the heat flow data set, as an alternative to discarding the large fraction of the available data that does not incorporate measured conductivities.     

New heat flow measurements in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan): relationship to local BSR depth, and implications for regional heat flow distribution

In July 2007, new marine heat flow data were collected at ten sites (HF01–10) in the central and southwestern sectors of the Ulleung Basin (East Sea or Sea of Japan) as part of regional gas hydrate research. In addition, cores were collected at five of these sites for laboratory analysis. The results show that the geothermal gradient ranged from 103–137 mK/m, and the in-situ thermal conductivity from 0.82–0.95 W/m·K. Laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity were found to deviate by as much as 40% from the in-situ measurements, despite the precautions taken to preserve the cores. Based on the in-situ conductivity, the heat flow was found to increase with water depth toward the center of the basin, ranging from 84–130 mW/m². Using a simple model, we estimated the heat flow from the depths of the BSR, and compared this with the observed heat flow. In our study area, the two sets of values were quite consistent, the observed heat flows being slightly higher than the BSR-derived ones. The evaluation of regional pre-1994 data revealed that the heat flow varied widely from 51–157 mW/m² in and around the basin. Due to a large scatter in these older data, a clear relationship between heat flow and water depth was not evident, in contrast to what would be expected for a rifted sedimentary basin. This raises the question as to whether the pre-1994 data represent the true background heat flow from the underlying basin crust since the basin opening, and/or whether they contain large measurement errors. In fact, evidence in support of the latter explanation exists. BSRs are generally found in the deep parts of the basin, and vary by only ±15 m in depth below the seafloor. From the average BSR depth, we inferred the background heat flow using a simple model, which in the case of the Ulleung Basin is approximately 120 and 80 mW/m² for 2.5 and 1 km below sea level, respectively.     

云迹风资料同化对东亚海域风场数值模拟的影响

为了揭示云迹风资料同化对于东亚海域内各层模拟风场的影响,采用由日本GMS卫星红外和水汽通道资料反演得到的1999年6月底至7月初的云迹风资料,首先对这些云迹风资料进行质量评估,评估结果表明云迹风u,v分量的均方根误差和偏差都在所容许的误差范围之内.然后针对10个个例进行5种不同的四维同化模拟试验,多种同化试验和无同化控制试验的检验对比表明:在经过初始12 h常规高空地面资料和云迹风资料同化过程以后,模拟结果质量有了比较明显的提升;各种同化试验与控制试验间的最大差异发生在12h,也即同化结束的时刻,此后随着模拟时间的增长,两者间的差异逐渐变小;但24~36h同化试验对控制试验的改进效果又开始提升,36h后效果再次下降.由于海面上缺少常规测站,因此无法实现海面部分的测站同化,而这必将影响到海面部分的模拟质量,而云迹风资料恰可以祢补这个不足.试验表明云迹风资料对u,v风场的改进则主要集中在对流层高层(300~200hPa),对中低层的影响不很明显,这与云迹风资料主要集中在高层是相一致的.另外,敏感性试验表明经过质量控制的云迹风同化模拟的性能相对不采用质量控制的同化模拟有了一定程度的提高.     

东海莫霍面起伏与地壳减薄特征初步分析

收集、整理大量由地震剖面提供的沉积层厚度资料,得到东海沉积层等厚图。对完全布格重力异常进行沉积层重力效应改正后,得到剩余重力异常,利用地震资料揭示的莫霍面深度值来约束界面反演得到东海莫霍面埋深。结果表明,东海陆架盆地莫霍面深度在25～28 km之间平缓变化,地壳厚度为14～26 km,西厚东薄;冲绳海槽盆地莫霍面深度为16～26 km,地壳厚度为12～22 km,北厚南薄。东海陆架盆地东部与冲绳海槽盆地南部地壳减薄明显,拉张因子分别达到2.6和3。初步分析认为冲绳海槽地壳以过渡壳为主,并未形成洋壳。     

Probabilistic tectonic heat flow modeling for basin maturation: Assessment method and applications

Tectonic modeling is often neglected in the basin modeling workflow and heat flow is most times considered a user input. Such heat flows can, therefore, result in erroneous basin modeling outcomes, resulting in false overoptimistic identification of prospective areas or failure to identify prospects. This is particularly true for areas with limited data control such as frontier basin areas, or deep unexplored plays in mature basins.