南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的水文结构特征和底层水的来源

利用中国第九次南大洋考察中南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域的CTD资料,分析研究了调查海域的水文结构特征及其该区南极底层水(AABW)的来源.研究结果表明,在研究海域,深水洋区近表层流由西向东流,而在普里兹湾内存在一个气旋型涡.水文结构中最明显的海洋学特征是:(1)绕极深层水(CDW)的涌升现象明显,涌升最强的位置是麦克罗伯逊地以北海域,最明显的深度是50～200m层,暖水涌升将冬季冷水分隔成南北两部分,并在其中形成孤立的暖水块;(2)陆缘水边界明显,这是绕极深层水与南极冷水之间形成的锋面,一般处在次表层水中,大致位于64°～66°S之间;(3)存在着双跃层结构.观测期间,普里兹湾以北探水海域存在着南极底层水,其来源可能有二:一为当地形成,二为源于威德尔海和罗斯海.     

南极普里兹湾附近73°E断面水文结构及多年变化

根据 2 0 0 2 ,2 0 0 0和 1999年中国南极考察和 1992年澳大利亚南极考察资料 ,分析了普里兹湾 73°E断面水团与地转流的结构及其多年变化 :(1)该断面上水团主要有南极表层水、绕极深层水、南极底层水和陆架水 ;(2 )南极表层水 1999,2 0 0 0年向北扩展最强 ,2 0 0 2年向北扩展最弱 ,绕极深层水 2 0 0 2年向南扩展也较强 ,1999和 1992年绕极深层水向南扩展较弱 ,南极底层水 ,位温在 - 0 .3～- 0 .4℃ ,盐度在 34.6 6左右 ,主要是本地形成 ,而 1992年高盐底层水可能来源于其他原因 ;(3)该海域深层水呈显著的升温 ,增暖率约为 0 .0 0 7～ 0 .0 0 8℃ /a;(4 )南极陆坡锋的强度和位置 ,与南极表层水的北向扩展和绕极深层水的变化一致 ;(5 ) 6 2°S～ 6 6°S是绕极流的南缘 ,东向流深度可达 2 0 0 0 m,最大流速中心在 6 4.5°S附近 ,2 0 0 0年北移至 6 3.5°S附近 ,最大流速为 3～ 5 cm/s;陆架上 6 8°S附近主要为流速 1cm /s左右的西向流。     

吕宋海峡水交换季节和年际变化特征的数值模拟研究

利用ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)建立了一套覆盖西北太平洋的涡尺度分辨率环流模型,并对吕宋海峡附近的环流进行了模拟研究。结果表明,吕宋海峡120.75°E断面净流量季节变化显著,全年均为西向输运,6月份达到最小,为0.40×106 m3/s,然后逐渐增大,在12月份达到最大,为6.14×106 m3/s,全年平均流量为3.04×106 m3/s。在500 m以浅,秋、冬季都有明显的黑潮流套存在,并伴有黑潮分支入侵南海,而春、夏季黑潮南海分支减弱或消失,黑潮入侵不明显。在500 m以深,冬、春季,吕宋海峡以东有非常明显的南向流存在,流速约10 cm/s,而到了夏、秋季该南向流出现明显的减弱,黑潮与南海的水交换主要通过吕宋海峡以北的吕宋海沟进行。在垂向结构上,120.75°E断面浅层呈多流核结构,并且流核的位置和强弱受黑潮的季节性变化影响显著,深层流的季节变化不大。在年际尺度方面,吕宋海峡年际体积输运量异常与Niño3.4滞后6个月相关系数达到41.6%,吕宋海峡水交换与ENSO现象有较为显著的正相关关系,并存在2~3 a和准8 a周期的年际变化。     

2001年冬春转换期间南海东北部水文和环流特征

根据2001年3月份南海东北部航次调查温、盐资料,分析了2001年冬末春初南海东北部温、盐结构和环流的特征.分析结果表明:观测期间南海东北部环流主要受一次海盆尺度气旋型冷环流支配,冷环流呈现双核结构,垂向尺度接近1000 m.吕宋海峡内侧断面的水交换在600 m以浅海水流入南海,在断面南部(20°N以南)中层和深层有流出,断面法向地转流向西净输运量为6.9×106m3/s;直接的黑潮入侵不超过120.5°E,但有部分的黑潮水沿陆坡达到台湾岛西南部海域,并更有一部分逸入东沙岛以西海域,与南海水混合变性.     

2002年春季吕宋海峡海流:观测与改进逆模式计算

基于2002年春季航次在吕宋海峡海域锚碇测流站(20°49'57"N,120°48'12"E)200,500与800m处锚碇测流以及CTD观测,采用改进逆方法对调查海域进行海流计算.(1)主要观测的结果:1)在200m处,观测期间海流平均速度为(47.4cm/s,346°).在500m处,海流观测期间平均速度为(20.3cm/s,350°).这些都表明黑潮在吕宋海峡锚碇测流站200和500m处向西北方向入侵南海.2)在800m处,海流观测期间平均速度为(1.2cm/s,35°),它的方向为东北向.比较每层实测流结果,表明800m层海流状况与200和500m层流况不同.3)在观测期间,200,500和800m处,日平均流速在4月皆比3月时要强.4)在调查海区西部的中间区域存在一个高密、冷水中心(HDCW),其中心位置位于断面A的水文站3附近.5)在调查海区东南区域存在一个低密、暖水(LDWW)中心,其中心位置位于断面B的水文站8附近.(2)主要计算结果:1)通过断面B的偏北方向与偏南方向的流量分别为32.48×106m3/s(包括反气旋涡的流量)与3.34×106m3/s.因此通过断面B的净北向流量为29.14×106m3/s.2)通过断面A的东向与西向的流量分别为16.71×106m3/s与8.57×106m3/s(包括气旋涡的流量).因此,通过断面A的净东向流量为8.14×106m3/s.3)通过断面M北向的净流量为24.68×106m3/s.4)黑潮通过断面M后分为主流和一个支流,其主流,流量为16.54×106m3/s,流向断面C的东部分.主流通过断面C的东部分后,最后流向台湾以东海域.而其一个分支,净流量为8.14×106m3/s,在一个高密、冷水中心(HDCW)的区域以东作气旋式弯曲,然后向西北方向通过断面C的西部.因此,黑潮在断面C有两个流核.5)比较计算得到的在锚碇测流站M附近流方向与在200与500m处观测流方向为西北向,它们甚为一致.6)在断面B西侧位于550m以深水层南海水可能缓慢地从西北流向东南,通过断面B的南向流量大约为3.34×106m3/s.     

普里兹湾及邻近海域多航次水文特征比较分析

利用第15,16,21,25,26和27次南极考察在普里兹湾及邻近海域所获取的CTD观测数据,对该海域主要水团、典型层面水文要素平面分布等进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)普里兹湾及邻近海域水团主要包括南极表层水、普里兹湾陆架水、绕极深层水和南极底层水。夏季表层水温盐变化显著,没有固定的核心值;绕极深层暖水的分布范围和温盐特征相对比较稳定;南极底层水在各航次中均有出现。2)在陆架水中存在位温低于海面冰点的冰架水和温度低于现场温度的过冷水。冰架水主要分布在冰架前缘和70°30′E断面上,沿70°30′E断面最北可扩展至陆坡附近;过冷水主要分布在冰架前缘西部。3)高盐陆架水在普里兹湾存在较少,主要分布在埃默里冰架前缘和73°E断面67°30′~68°45′S范围内,其中S34.62的高盐陆架水均位于73°E断面附近,并沿73°E断面向北扩展至67°30′S附近,盐度最大值为34.64。4)夏季表层温盐分布时空变化特征显著。部分航次埃默里冰架前缘存在一个很强的纬向温度锋面,最高温度达到3.55°C。5)绕极深层水在第15航次涌升至100m以浅,涌升最明显的海域在63°00′~64°00′S附近,73°E断面涌升最强。     

1997年夏季西北太平洋环流模拟

采用1997年7月中日副热带环流合作调查资料,即“向阳红14”号、“东方红”两调查船CTD观测资料、日本TK和IK断面资料以及GTSPP同步资料,应用开边界情形的MOM2模式计算了西北太平洋21.875°～35.125°N,120.875°～137.125°E范围的环流,主要结果如下:在此期间,(1)黑潮在台湾以东并不存在东分支流向琉球群岛以东海域;(2)东海黑潮的流量约为30×106m3/s,日本以南黑潮流量最大约为70×106m3/s;(3)在21.875°～25°N之间大约有15×106m3/s的流量向西流去.速度分布与流函数分布均表明这一支向西的海流大约在冲绳岛西南分为3支,主要分支转向东北沿冲绳岛以东海域向东北流去;(4)琉球海流主要来自上述西向海流.     

南印度洋中国中山站至澳大利亚费里曼特尔断面海洋锋位置及其年际变化

根据中国第18次南极科学考察队2002年1～3月在南印度洋从中山站外普里兹湾到澳大利亚费里曼特尔断面的走航XBT/XCTD资料和CTD资料及1998年1月、1999年2月和2000年3月等其他航次的调查资料,分析了该航线上海洋锋的位置及其年际变化:(1)在75°～78°E南极陆坡锋的位置在645°～655°S;在84°～100°E范围极地锋在535°～543°S附近;在96°～103°E亚南极锋在46°S～470°S附近;在110°E附近亚热带锋在372～380°S之间;(2)在南极极锋区存在显著等温线、等盐线的上凸和下凹,不同年份发生位置有变化;(3)在亚南极锋北侧,等温线、等盐线呈垂直排列的状态,温度、盐度垂直方向上分布均匀一致;(4)与1979,1991和1992年该区域同期的资料相比,近4a观测到的极地锋显著偏南1个纬距以上.     

137°经向断面温、盐度的年际变异

系统地分析了137°E断面温、盐度的多年变化,主要结果为:(1)137°E断面100m层温度,在低纬度海域于某些年份出现异常低温,此现象可能与厄尔尼诺事件有关;指出棉兰老冷涡的存在是造成该断面于6°～8°N附近出现低温的主要原因。(2)厄尔尼诺期间,冬季137°E断面上28℃等温线所在纬度小于其多年平均值。(3)冬季137°E断面上次表层高盐水可划分为强型、次强型、中等型和弱型4种类型。     

九州西侧海域129°E断面的流速和温盐结构特征

根据中、日合作黑潮调查研究期间（1987－1993年）在九州西侧海域获得的水文资料，计算了129°E断面的地转流速和流量。着重提出129°E断面北侧存在一支较稳定的西向流；分析这支西向流的去向，指出它是向对马暖流输送黑潮水的重要途径；给出了这支西向流及黑潮通过该断面的流速、流轴、流幅及流量的变化特征。     

Spreading of Antarctic Bottom Water and its effects on the floor of the Indian Ocean inferred from bottom-water potential temperature,turbidity, and sea-floor photography

Data on bottom-water potential temperature, turbidity and current indications show that in the Southern Ocean west of the Kerguelen Plateau, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) of Weddell Sea origin spreads northwards from the Atlantic—Indian Basin in two directions: (1) AABW enters the Agulhas Basin through relatively deep areas in the Mid-Indian Ridge at 20–25°E and possibly at 35°E, and flows northwards into the Mozambique Basin as far as its northern limits; (2) a more easterly spreading path extends from the Atlantic—Indian Basin through the Crozet into the Madagascar, Mascarene, Somali and Arabian Basins. The passage in the western branch of the Indian Ridge for the AABW spreading from the Crozet into the Madagascar Basin appears to be at 29-26°S and 60–64°E.East of the Kerguelen Plateau in the South Indian Basin, the bottom water formed mainly along the Adélie Coast and Ross Sea travels west towards the Kerguelen Plateau and then parallel to it. This water finally flows eastwards hugging the Southeast Indian Ridge. Significant deviations from this general circulation pattern occur due to local topographic effects. Some AABW in the South Indian Basin exits through a passage at 120–125°E in the region of the Australian—Antarctic discordance in the Southeast Indian Ridge and enters the South Australian Basin and subsequently the Wharton Basin. This passage is clearly indicated by the northward extension of a cold, bottom-water tongue as shown by the temperature distribution in the region; the bottom-water effects in the passage are reflected in the high turbidity and current lineations on the sea floor.In the Southern Ocean basins, bottom-water turbidity is generally high, reflecting in part the strong bottom-water activity. The effects of AABW circulation on the sea floor—in the form of well-developed small- or large-scale current ripples and erosional/depositional features, manganese-nodule formations, and unconformities and reworking of sediments observed in cores — are also marked in these basins. Even though the AABW in the Wharton Basin is cold, its spreading effects on the sea floor are minimal in this basin in contrast to the basins west of the Mid-Indian Ridge at comparable latitudes.     

中国南大洋水团、环流和海冰研究进展(1995-2002)

总结了1995年以来中国在南大洋物理海洋学研究和南极海冰研究中所取得的成果。普里兹湾海区是中国南大洋研究的重点区域，研究表明，在该海区存在显著的深层水涌升和陆架水北扩现象，某些年份深层水与陆架水混合后产生了较重的水体，但是尚未发现生成南极底层水的直接证据。在普里兹湾所处的印度洋区段，亚热带锋、亚南极锋和极锋表现出显著的时空变化，特别是不同年份的锋面位置存在较大的摆动。该海区的南极绕极流既是风生的，也受到密度场的影响。在凯尔盖朗海台的地形引导作用下，南极绕极流表现出显著的非纬向性特征。南极海冰除了显著的季节变化以外，也表现出长期变化的趋势。此变化与海洋、大气中的其它变化有一定的相关性，表现为两极海冰涛动、南方海洋涛动等多种变化模态，对我国气候也有一定的影响。     

南大洋古环流研究方法综述

南大洋海洋环流系统由南极底层水AABW、南极绕极流ACC、南极表层水AASW、绕极深层水CDW组成,它们在全球气候调节中扮演重要角色。随着科考技术的进步,有关南大洋古环流研究越来越多,研究主要集中在温度、盐度、流向和影响作用等方面。研究侧重内容不同所采取的手段和方法也有差别,南大洋古环流研究方法包括古生物法、地球化学法、数值模拟、沉积法、实测资料等。本文就这些研究方法做一简单综述,以期强调南大洋在全球大洋历史中的作用。     

Possible source of the antarctic bottom water in the Prydz Bay Region

It has been inferred that the Prydz Bay region is one of the source regions of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) based on rather indirect evidence. In order to examine this inference, we investigate the hydrographic condition of the bay based mainly on XCTD data obtained during the Japanese Whale Research Program in the Antarctic (JARPA). The JARPA hydrographic data reveal Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), which is a salty, warm water mass approaching the shelf break, and capture Modified CDW (MCDW) intruding into the shelf water. AABW production requires mixing of CDW and cold shelf water saltier than 34.6 psu, which is a saltier type of Low Salinity Shelf Water (LSSW). Saltier LSSW is observed near the bottom over the shelf, being mixed with MCDW. We further identify saltier LSSW near the shelf break. This saltier LSSW appears close enough to unmodified CDW to be mixed with it over the continental slope, indicating a possible source of AABW in Prydz Bay.     

Frontal structure and Antarctic Bottom Water flow through the Princess Elizabeth Trough,Antarctica

Hydrographic, current meter and ADCP data collected during two recent cruises in the South Indian Ocean (RRS Discovery cruise 200 in February 1993 and RRS Discovery cruise 207 in February 1994) are used to investigate the current structure within the Princess Elizabeth Trough (PET), near the Antarctic continent at 85°E, 63–66°S. This gap in topography between the Kerguelen Plateau and the Antarctic continent, with sill depth 3750 m, provides a route for the exchange of Antarctic Bottom Water between the Australian–Antarctic Basin and the Weddell–Enderby Basin. Shears derived from ADCP and hydrographic data are used to deduce the barotropic component of the velocity field, and thus the volume transports of the water masses. Both the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF) and the Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (SB) pass through the northern PET (latitudes 63 to 64.5°S) associated with eastward transports. These are deep-reaching fronts with associated bottom velocities of several cm s^-1. Antarctic Bottom water (AABW) from the Weddell–Enderby Basin is transported eastwards in the jets associated with these fronts. The transport of water with potential temperatures less than 0°C is 3 (±1) Sv. The SB is shown to meander in the PET, caused by the cyclonic gyre immediately west of the PET in Prydz Bay. The AABW therefore also meanders before continuing eastwards. In the southern PET (latitudes 64.5 to 66°S) a bottom intensified flow of AABW is observed flowing west. This AABW has most likely formed not far from the PET, along the Antarctic continental shelf and slope to the east. Current meters show that speeds in this flow have an annual scalar mean of 10 cm s^-1. The transport of water with potential temperatures less than 0°C is 20 (±3) Sv. The southern PET features westward flow throughout the water column, since the shallower depths are dominated by the flow associated with the Antarctic Slope Front. Including the westward flow of bottom water, the total westward transport of the whole water column in the southern PET is 45 (±6) Sv.     

基于Argo浮标和历史资料的热带西太平洋次表层与中层水年代变化分析

利用20世纪80年代和90年代WOD01(World Ocean Database2001)中的CTD温盐剖面资料和2000年以后Argo资料,对比分析了热带西太平洋次表层和中层水团分布的年代变化特征。分析结果表明,在这两个时期,起源于南北太平洋中高纬度海域的各次表层水和中层水,在热带西太平洋分布特征和交织在一起的总体态势基本一致,水团性质的年代变化不大。这与上述两个时段全球海洋-大气耦合系统趋于正常状态相吻合。通过辨识和跟踪表征次表层水性质的盐度极大值,发现南太平洋热带水沿西边界向北扩散程度有所加大,由前一时期的5°N,进一步扩散到6°~7°N;北太平洋热带水在西边界附近的向南扩散程度有所削弱,在2002-2005年间只向南扩散到4°N,而前一个时期则可向南扩散到2°N。通过辨识表征中层水性质的盐度极小值,南极中层水在西边界附近向北扩散程度有所加大,在2002-2005年到达13°N附近,而前一个时期只到达11°N;同期,北太平洋中层水在西边界附近的向南扩散程度有所削弱。上述年代变化与全球水循环强度的变化之间有何关系有待进一步研究。     

Contraction and warming of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Amundsen Sea

Antarctic Bottom Water（AABW） plays an important role in the meridional overturning circulation and contributes significantly to global heat transport and sea level rise（SLR）. Based on the Global Ocean（1/12）°Physical Reanalysis（GLORYS12V1） products and conductivity-temperature-depth instrument data from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrographic program, we analyzed the trends in the thickness, volume,temperature, salinity, and neutral density of the AABW in the Amundsen Sea from 1993 to...     

CO2 in the Weddell Gyre and Antarctic Circumpolar Current: austral autumn and early winter

Quasi-continuous fugacity of CO₂ (fCO₂) data were collected in the eastern Weddell Gyre and southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) of the Southern Ocean during austral autumn 1996. Full depth Total CO₂ (TCO₂) sections are presented for austral autumn and winter (1992) cruises. Pronounced fCO₂ gradients were observed at the Southern Ocean fronts. In the Weddell Gyre, fCO₂ regimes appeared to coincide with surface and subsurface hydrographic regimes. The southern ACC was supersaturated with respect to CO₂, as was part of the northern Weddell Gyre. The southern Weddell Gyre was markedly undersaturated. The great potential of autumn cooling for generating undersaturation and CO₂ uptake from the atmosphere was demonstrated. In the northeastern Weddell Gyre, upwelling of CO₂- and salt-rich deep water was shown to play a role as the horizontal fCO₂ distribution closely resembled that of the surface salinity. The total uptake of atmospheric CO₂ by the Weddell Gyre in autumn (45 days) was calculated to be 7·10¹² g C. The deep TCO₂ distribution noticeably reflected the different water masses in the region. A new deep TCO₂ maximum was detected in the ACC, which apparently characterizes the boundary between the equatorward flowing Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW). East of the Weddell Gyre, the AABW stratum is much thicker (>2000 m) than more to the west, on the prime meridian (<300 m).     

On the circulation of bottom water in the region of the Vema Channel

The circulation and transport of Antarctic Bottom Water (σ₄<45.87) in the region of the Vema Channel are studied along three WOCE hydrographic lines, the geostrophic velocities referenced to previously published direct current measurements. The primary supply of water to the deep Vema Channel is from the Argentine Basin's deep western boundary current, with no indication of an inflow from the southeast. In the northern Argentine Basin, detachment of lower North Atlantic Deep Water from the continental slope is associated with a deep thermohaline front near 34°S. To the north of this front, the upper part of the AABW bound for the Vema Channel (σ₄<46.01) exhibits a significant NADW influence. Further modification of the throughflow water occurs near 30°30′S, where the channel orientation changes by ∼50°. Southward flow of bottom water on the eastern flank of the Vema Channel, amounting to ∼1.5 Sv, represents a significant countercurrent to the deep channel transport. Inclusion of this countercurrent reduces the net flow of AABW through the Vema Channel from 3.2±0.7 to 1.7±1.1 Sv. Water properties imply that the near-zero net flow over the Santos Plateau results from a near-closed cyclonic circulation fed by the deep Vema Channel throughflow. A disruption of the northward boundary current in the upper AABW (lower circumpolar water) is required by this flow pattern. The extension of the cyclonic circulation on the Santos Plateau enters the Brazil Basin as a ∼1 Sv flow distinct from the outflow in the Vema Channel Extension (6.2 Sv). The high magnitude of the latter suggests a southward recirculation of bottom water near the western boundary to the north of the region of study.