准噶尔盆地东南缘芦草沟组油页岩元素地球化学特征及沉积环境指示意义

本文通过XRF和ICP-MS测试方法对油页岩样品进行测试,根据常量元素和微量元素特征、组分含量及某些元素的比值,探讨了研究区油页岩样品的地球化学特征,进一步阐述了其沉积环境的指示意义.结果表明,P和B元素强烈富集,相当硼及古盐度值都表明属于半咸水沉积环境,B/Ga、Sr/Ba值也说明受到海水影响或间歇性受海水影响,沉积环境以半咸水湖泊为主;Fe2+/Fe3+、V/(V+Ni)、V/Ni、Cu/Zn、Ni/Co和U/Th值及Ni的含量说明沉积环境为咸化的弱还原—还原环境;Mn/Fe和Mn/Ti值也较小,反映近岸的沉积环境;Sr/Cu表明主力油页岩形成时期处于温湿—干热气候.总体上反映出,研究区油页岩的沉积介质环境的显著特征是半咸水状态的弱还原—还原环境.     

茂名盆地油柑窝组油页岩古环境恢复与有机质聚集机制

查明油页岩的形成背景和高品质油页岩形成机制是开展油页岩原位改造的基础工作.利用有机碳、主微量元素、稀土元素、生物标志物等地球化学方法,对茂名盆地油柑窝组油页岩的沉积环境进行恢复并探讨了有机质聚集机制.结果表明,茂名盆地油柑窝组全段油页岩均富有机质,底部为薄层碳质页岩、砂岩和褐煤层段.Mo含量、Ba/Al、Ba_bio和生物标志物特征表明油柑窝组具有很高的初级生产力,油柑窝组存在间断性的“藻类勃发”现象;V/(V+Ni)、Ce_anom、Th/U、草莓体黄铁矿颗粒大小和Pr/n C₁₇-Ph/n C₁₈交汇图表明了沉积水体处于缺氧还原环境;Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr和气候指数C指示油柑窝组为温暖湿润的古气候条件;Sr/Ba、Ba/Ga、Ca/(Fe+Ca)、Al₂O₃/Mg O以及伽马蜡烷等特征反映了古湖泊水体为淡水;Zr/Al、Rb/K和Mn O含量指示为半深湖-深湖沉积环境.通过各指标与TOC含量之间的相关性分析,认为温暖湿润气候和淡水环境为藻类的繁盛提供了良好...     

西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组碳酸盐岩地球化学特征及沉积环境意义

西藏改则上三叠统日干配错组发育了一套厚度较大的碳酸盐岩台地相沉积。利用研究区内39件碳酸盐岩样品的常量元素和微量元素相关关系、组分含量及特征元素的比值特征,来探讨元素地球化学特征与沉积环境的关系。研究表明,1Mn/Sr值均小于1,平均值为0.28,表明碳酸盐岩基本没有受到成岩作用的影响;2Al2O3、K2O和Fe2O3呈正相关关系,它们与Ga O呈负相关关系,与Ni、V呈正相关关系;Fe2O3与Mn、Ba、Ni呈正相关关系;3Sr、V、Ba、Mn含量从浅水到深水环境总体呈增加趋势;4根据Sr、K、Na、Ca含量、Sr/Ba、V/(V+Ni)值特征分析了日干配错组沉积期的古气候和古环境。结果显示,日干配错组总体上为温暖潮湿气候下的陆表海还原沉积环境,显现出海侵的趋势。     

黑龙江省柳树河盆地始新统八虎力组油页岩元素地球化学特征及沉积环境

黑龙江省柳树河盆地始新统八虎力组发育多层油页岩。通过对油页岩样品元素地球化学分析测试,研究了其常量元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征,分析了油页岩沉积环境。研究结果表明,常量元素以富Al₂O₃、Fe和CaO,贫SiO₂、MgO、Na₂O和K₂O为特征,微量元素总体上表现出不同程度的亏损特征,稀土元素总量平均为140.7×10^-6,表现出轻稀土元素轻度富集特征。稀土元素具有较为一致的变化趋势,表明油页岩沉积时物源和沉积环境较为稳定。Mn/Ti值表明油页岩组成物质的搬运距离随着时间变化经历了远→近→远的变化,反映水体深度经历了深→浅→深的变化。Sr/Cu值和Rb/Sr值表明油页岩沉积时为相对炎热干旱的环境。Sr/Ba值反映当时为炎热干旱气候条件下的过渡相咸水湖泊沉积环境。V/(V+Ni)值、δEu和有机碳含量表明油页岩沉积时处于缺氧的还原沉积环境中。总体上,柳树河盆地油页岩发育于炎热干旱气候、咸水、缺氧条件下的湖泊沉积环境中。     

古湖泊学研究——以桦甸断陷盆地为例

古湖泊学是研究湖泊系统历史演变的科学,是一门综合性很强的地球科学。本文综述了古湖泊学的定义、研究现状及常用的研究方法,并以吉林桦甸古近纪断陷含油页岩湖盆为例进行了应用。桦甸盆地为小型半地堑盆地,盆地南缘F1断裂控制了古近系湖泊演化特征。桦甸盆地富含油页岩资源,具有开展古湖泊学研究的优势条件。桦甸油页岩具明显的黑白相间的双层结构特征,有机质条带和陆源碎屑颗粒呈现良好的韵律互层,有机质呈现褐色或黑色条带,夹杂石英、长石颗粒的粘土矿物呈白色条带。根据泥岩和油页岩的有机碳含量垂向变化特征,桦甸组古湖泊生产力演化趋势为:中部含油页岩段＞上部含煤段＞下部含黄铁矿段,反映油页岩沉积时,湖盆古湖泊生产力最高。根据油页岩岩石学特征、V/(V＋Ni)、Sr/Ba和B/Ga等元素比值分析,中部含油页岩段时期,表现出一种淡水与半咸水—咸水交替变化的沉积演变过程,可以形成一定程度的盐度分层,使底层水处于缺氧环境,有利于有机质的保存。随着古湖泊学的不断发展,它已经在油气资源勘探开发及全球环境与气候变化等领域发挥了重要作用,但仍存在一些理论及方法问题需要湖泊地质工作者的不断努力与探索。     

梅河盆地油页岩特征及成因

梅河盆地为古近纪富含油页岩的小型断陷盆地。岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、有机碳、热解和工业分析等测试分析表明,梅河盆地发育高灰分中含油率型油页岩,油页岩中有机质处于未熟状态;黏土矿物以高岭石和伊利石为主,富含石英等稳定组分,U、Mo等元素较为富集,轻重稀土分异程度高。油页岩突变沉积于煤层之上,且上覆深灰色泥岩,表明其形成于半深湖-深湖环境;Sr/Ba比值和伽马蜡烷含量较低、V/(V+Ni)0.5,表明油页岩形成于缺氧的淡水中。油页岩中有机质来源较为复杂,黑色油页岩有机质丰度含量较高,以高等植物来源为主,油页岩产油率(含油率/TOC)较低;褐色油页岩TOC相对较低,有机质以湖泊生物为主,具有较高的产油率。     

抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组微量元素特征及油页岩的有利成矿条件

通过剖面上样品的无机地球化学元素分析,对始新统计军屯组微量元素特征进行了研究,并据此探讨了计军屯组油页岩的有利成矿条件。计军屯组贫矿段和富矿段Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Sr/Ba、B/Ga的平均值分别为2.30、0.63、0.20、1.07和3.41、0.43、0.34、1.50,结合元素Rb、Sr、Cu、Ba、Ga、B的质量分数,揭示了计军屯组形成于温暖湿润气候和淡水沉积环境;西露天组Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Sr/Ba、B/Ga的平均值分别为24.63、0.14、1.25、3.90,结合元素Rb、Sr、Cu、Ba、Ga、B的质量分数,揭示了西露天组形成于干旱炎热气候和半咸水—咸水环境。古气候和古盐度的元素地球化学参数Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr和Sr/Ba的相关关系以及西露天组碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素的相关关系,指示了研究区计军屯组富矿段和西露天组沉积时古气候是湖泊古盐度的主要控制因素,并且古湖泊较为封闭。研究区计军屯组高品质油页岩形成于温暖湿润气候和淡水沉积环境。温暖湿润气候和封闭型古湖泊可能是形成研究区高品位油页岩的有利条件。     

抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文在野外实测剖面基础上,对抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩开展较为详细的地球化学特征研究,根据微量元素富集程度、元素比值变化及生物标志化合物特征等,探讨了油页岩的有机母质来源、沉积环境及其对油页岩成矿的控制.油页岩中微量元素主要有Li、Ti、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、V、Mn、Sr、Ba、Zn、Ga、Rb和cd.有机碳含量较高,平均为12.90%,氯仿沥青"A"组成中饱和烃馏分占优势,有机质以腐泥型为主.样品中检测出丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、甾类化合物和萜类化合物.在GC谱图上,正构烷烃呈"前低后高"双峰式分布,主峰碳数分别为nC17,或nC27、nC19或nC_27,nC_31/nC_17为1.12～17.38,重烃组分占优势,CPI值为1.55～1.77,OEP值为1.61～1.81,Pr/Ph为1.53～2.08.甾类化合物以规则甾烷为主,其次为重排甾烷,孕甾烷丰度极低,规则甾烷C_27-C_28-C_29ααα20R构成近对称的"V"字型,∑(C_27+C_28)/∑C_29比值为1.11～1.19,∑C_27/∑C_29比值为0.63～0.77.萜类化合物以C_30藿烷占优势的五环三萜烷为主,含少量三环萜烷,检出少量奥利烷,几乎未见四环萜烷和伽马蜡烷.元素丰度及饱和烃色谱/质谱特征表明抚顺油页岩有机母质来源具水生生物和高等植物双重生源特征;Sr/Ba、V/V+Ni等元素比值,结合生物标志化合物特征及野外地质观察,揭示油页岩形成于淡水缺氧半深湖-深湖环境.湖泊自身生产力为油页岩的形成提供了主要的有机母质来源,稳定缺氧环境有利于有机质的堆积和保存.     

下扬子南京地区早寒武世幕府山组海平面相对升降的地球化学和碳、氧同位素记录

本文对南京地区早寒武世幕府山组沉积环境及地球化学特征进行了研究,利用元素地球化学和碳、氧同位素特征对古盐度、古水深及古环境的记录,分析幕府山组时期发生的海平面相对升降。结果表明：下扬子南京地区下寒武统幕府山组Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺值与古水深呈负相关,Sr/Ba值、1000Sr/Ca值和V/Ni值与古盐度、古水深呈正相关,Sr/Ba值、1000Sr/Ca值和V/Ni值反映的古盐度、古水深曲线可以指示海平面相对升降。幕府山组样品碳、氧同位素保留了原始海洋的同位素组成：δ¹³C_PDB值分布于0.8‰~3.5‰之间,均值为2.55‰;δ¹⁸O_PDB值分布于-6.9‰~-2.2‰之间,均值为-4.18‰。幕府山组样品的δ¹³C_PDB值大小可以反映海平面的相对升降,两者呈正相关。根据Sr/Ba值、1000Sr/Ca值、V/Ni值、δ¹³C_PDB值和沉积环境演化,绘制了幕府山组海平面相对升降曲线。幕府山组经历了一次海侵-海退旋回,海平面相对升降曲线反映了幕府山组海平面波动频繁,由3次海平面相对上升和3次海平面相对下降组成。     

抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境

沉积物元素地球化学特征是盆地沉积环境变化的响应。本文根据元素Ti、Mn、Li、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Cd、Ba、Pb、Sr、Rb、V的含量及Sr／Ba、Ni／Co、Ni／V、Cu／Zn、V／（V＋Ni）比值的变化规律，并结合有机地球化学特征，对抚顺盆地始新统计军屯组油页岩的沉积环境进行了分析。以Li、Ti为代表的外源元素，贫矿段的含量高于富矿段；而Sr、Ba等湖盆内化学沉积元素，富矿段的含量高于贫矿。Sr／Ba、V／（V＋Ni）、Ni／Co、Cu／Zn比值从贫矿段到富矿段呈现逐渐增大的趋势。富矿段有机质类型主要为Ⅰ型，而贫矿段主要为Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2。分析表明，本区油页岩富矿段形成于水体盐度较贫矿段高、还原性强的深湖环境，而贫矿段则形成于还原性较弱的半深湖一浅湖环境。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the