四川盆地震旦系白云岩成因研究

自然界有无原生沉淀白云岩成为白云石成因研究中长期争论的话题.迄今为止,在世界范围内对白云石成因机制尚没有完善的科学答案.有趣的是前寒武纪全球广泛发育白云岩,而寒武纪以来形成的白云石很少.目前很少有文章涉及这未解之谜.本文选择了四川盆地震旦系藻白云岩和非藻白云岩,将宏观全球构造、板块运动观点与微观先进分析方法相结合,对白云石形成的地质构造背景、水介质条件、成因机制进行了深入讨论,提出藻白云岩,微、泥晶白云岩为原生(或准同生)形成,纯细晶白云岩为早期成岩白云石化作用形成,含硅细晶白云岩为埋藏环境白云石化作用形成的认识,并首次应用晶胞参数和结晶有序度判别原生和次生白云石.     

微生物(有机)白云石成因模式研究进展与思考

白云石的成因机制一直是地球科学领域备受争论的议题.传统研究多认为白云石为次生成因.新近提出的"微生物(有机)白云石模式"认为该矿物在微生物或有机物作用下可以从溶液中直接沉淀,从而为白云石的成因研究提供了新思路.总结了该模式近20年来取得的重要进展,并指出尚待弥补的环节.微生物的催化机理主要表现为其代谢作用可提高胞外微环境中白云石的饱和度,同时其携带负电荷的细胞外壁可作为白云石晶体的成核位点.微生物成因白云石呈球状、哑铃状和花椰菜形等外貌.高盐度有利于微生物介导低温白云石沉淀,而硫酸根扮演的角色则仍需进一步验证.最新的研究表明微生物胞外聚合物有助于Mg~(2+)摆脱水合作用的束缚,是微生物催化白云石形成的关键.非微生物源的羧基化合物也可通过与胞外聚合物类似的途径在白云石饱和溶液中促进低温白云石形成.微生物(有机)成因白云石为原白云石,而非有序白云石.目前对微生物(有机)成因白云石在成岩改造中的演化过程仍然缺乏认识,是"微生物(有机)白云石模式"的缺失环节,亟待完善.     

白云石成因研究新方法--白云石晶体结构分析

传统的白云石研究方法对于白云石成因分析具有多解性,对于已有白云石成因模式的套用或重新建立新的白云石成因模式将白云石的形成机理过于简单化、模式化。白云石的晶体结构保存了晶体的形成环境、结晶速度、晶体生长与变化特征、流体特征的证据,白云石晶体结构分析是进行白云石成因分析的有效手段,之前很少有研究者从晶体结构角度进行白云石成因分析。在岩石学和地球化学研究的基础上,本文对四川盆地灯影组-寒武系鞍状白云石、纤状白云石、残余颗粒细晶白云石、孔洞充填粗晶白云石和泥晶白云石五种白云石进行了微组构取样,并利用X衍射仪、透射电镜等晶体结构研究手段,从晶体结构角度对五种白云石组构的有序度、晶胞参数、晶格条纹、晶面间距、晶格缺陷等晶体结构参数进行了差异性研究,分析了它们不同的形成环境和成岩演化特征,初步建立了不同类型白云石晶体结构判识标志。     

内蒙古吉布胡郎图诺尔盐湖厌氧菌对白云石形成的催化作用

白云石的成因机制是地球科学领域备受关注的研究热点之一.地质微生物学家提出的"微生物白云石模式"为解答原生白云石沉积问题提供了新思路.具备孕育原生白云石能力的潮坪和盐湖被认为是研究微生物活动与白云石成因关系的天然实验室.以内蒙古吉布胡郎图诺尔盐湖湖底白云石的发现为研究切入点,尝试评估厌氧微生物对白云石生成的贡献,并回答硫酸根对其催化效能的影响.室内模拟实验表明厌氧菌群及隶属于嗜碱菌属的菌株JN-1均具备催化白云石形成的能力.X-射线粉晶衍射(XRD)分析显示,微生物诱导的矿物产物为无序白云石.扫描电镜(SEM)结果揭示,微生物成因白云石的形貌随培养时间的延长从亚微米球状体转变为微米尺寸的椭球体和哑铃体.此外,模拟实验还证实硫酸根对微生物催化白云石的效能没有抑制作用.以上结果对我们正确认识硫酸根在白云石形成中的作用和促进白云石成因的深入研究具有重要理论意义.     

微生物白云岩模式研究进展

白云石（岩）问题一直是沉积学领域长期关注的研究主题之一。近年来,在研究含有白云石的现代自然环境和促进原生白云石的沉淀实验中,都加入了微生物因素,并取得了令世人关注的效果,这无疑为白云石（岩）的成因研究提供了新思路与新途径。在前人研究基础上,总结现有的观察资料和实验结果,将微生物促进白云石沉淀的机理模式归纳为厌氧模式和需氧模式2种,并分别介绍这两种模式中硫酸盐还原细菌、产甲烷菌和嗜盐好氧细菌促进白云石沉淀的机理;与微生物相关的矿物形态学特征中,球形和哑铃形白云石及白云石最初的成核阶段所形成的纳米球粒状结构具有一定代表意义,尤其是纳米球粒状结构可以作为生物矿物学上微生物白云石的标志性结构。通过这些特殊的形态特征来寻找微生物作用的证据,或可为古代相似成因白云石（岩）的成因研究提供一种标志。     

铁白云石矿物学特征及原生次生成因机制

长期以来,铁白云石的命名划分标准混乱,一直被当成高温及次生的产物.综述了国内外铁白云石的研究进展,详细探讨了铁白云石的矿物学特征,特别在其成因中加入了微生物因素,运用地质微生物学探讨原生铁白云石的成因机制.研究认为:（1）铁白云石命名划分依据应遵照国际矿物学会的原则,以铁是否替代白云石晶格中半数镁的位置为标准,分为白云石和铁白云石;（2）详述铁白云石矿物学及其晶体特征;（3）铁白云石成因分为原生沉淀及次生两种,微生物介导形成原生白云石的过程中,有助于铁进入到白云石晶格中,增加晶格中铁的含量.      

羌塘盆地中、下二叠统碳酸盐岩白云石有序度控制因素研究

矿物的有序度是判断其结晶程度好坏的重要标志,同时反映了矿物形成环境的物理、化学条件。通过对羌塘盆地羌资5井中、下二叠统碳酸盐样品的X衍射分析,讨论了白云石有序度的主要控制因素和白云石的成因机制。研究表明:1.白云石化越彻底,白云石有序度越好;2.晶形粗大的白云石有序度好于泥晶、微晶白云石;3.当MgCO3摩尔分数接近理想摩尔分数50%,白云石有序度相应增加。4.结合岩芯观测和沉积分析,认为龙格组白云石具有混合水白云石化作用的特征,而展金组白云石的形成与海水白云石化机制有密切关系。     

微生物成因白云石研究进展

"白云岩问题"一直是沉积地质学研究的热点和难点之一,白云岩在我国和世界范围内都是重要的油气储层。因此,深入认识白云岩成因对于碳酸岩油气勘探具有重要参考意义。白云岩成因有多种解释模式,如萨布哈蒸发模式、渗透回流模式、埋藏调节模式、混合水模式、潮汐泵模式等。近几十年来,随着低温白云石研究的不断深入,微生物白云石模式作为一种新的成因模式被提出并不断被完善。本文回顾了微生物成因白云石的研究进展,总结了低温白云石形成的3个动力学障碍(镁离子的高水合能、硫酸根的存在、碳酸根离子的低浓度和低活度),简要介绍了微生物成因白云石模式的建立、微生物成因白云石的生长过程及发育特征,系统分析了微生物在白云石形成过程中的调节作用,指出微生物(如硫酸盐还原菌、古甲烷菌)的存在可以改变溶液中的离子平衡,进而有利地克服白云石形成过程中的动力学障碍,并列举了低温微生物成因白云石的氧同位素指标在古温度恢复和过去气候变化研究中的应用,最后对微生物成因白云石相关研究方向(如多学科交叉、新技术应用等)加以展望。对微生物成因白云石模式的深入认识,将为正确解释"白云岩问题"提供新的途径,也将为石油学家关心的白云岩储层问题提供新的理论基础和研究思路。     

“白云石（岩）问题”与湖相白云岩研究

 近30年来,微生物白云石模式推动“白云石（岩）问题”前进了一大步,大量的实验和实例证明微生物（硫酸盐还原菌、产甲烷古菌、中度嗜盐有氧细菌等）的代谢活动对于促进白云石低温沉淀起了关键作用。微生物白云石特殊的微结构、微形貌和稳定同位素特征是其主要识别标志。然而,该模式在微生物成岩规模、诱导机制、是否存在纳米细菌化石以及现代微生物白云石成因模式能否用来解释古代白云石的成因等方面仍存在较大争议。我国古代湖相白云岩因其时空分布广、成因机制多样等特点可为“白云石问题”的研究提供良好的条件。     

青海小柴旦盐湖湖滩岩中原生白云石的发现及其意义

前言笔者于1983年8月参加了西北五省盐矿情报交流会组织的青海盐湖地质考察,在小柴旦盐湖开采出来的硼矿石中发现一种属湖滩岩型的硼质细砂岩。经取样分析和研究,从中发现了菌藻成因的原生白云石。此发现为国际上热烈争论的白云石成因提供了新的实际资料和一种新的形成方式,这亦是继海南岛儋县更新世交代白云石的发现之后,在我国又一新发现的近代原生白云石沉积物。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861