应用地震层析成象技术研究深部速度结构

罗马尼亚Ｖａｎｃｅａ地震区是大陆上发生与板块磁撞和削减有关的中深部地震活动的地区之一。本文介绍了应用地震层析成象方法研究该地区深部速度结构成果。在研究中使用了地方和区域地震所记录的４３３个浅源和中部地震的到时资料反演求解深至２００ｋｍ的三维速度结构,在走时和射线路径的计算中利用了有效的三维射线跟踪技术,在反演中采用ＬＳＱＲ算法,高分辨率的地震层析图象揭示了速度结构的广泛不均匀性,结果表明,地震层析     

利用远震地震波形畸变现象探测地幔低速体

地幔低速异常体的精确探测对于研究热点/地幔柱的成因至关重要.但是,由于观测手段以及波前愈合现象的影响,远震走时层析成像在探测地球深部的低速异常体时具有极大的限制.因此,越来越多的学者利用地震波穿过低速体后产生的绕射波和直达波.干涉造成的波形畸变信息来研究地幔低速体.本文通过三维地震数值模拟来拟合长白山、黄石公园地区宽频地震记录,分析绕射波和直达波相互干扰造成的波形畸变现象.模拟结果显示,绕射波/波形畸变对于探测地幔深处的低速体具有较高分辨率;目前常用的基于互相关测量的有限频层析成像方法对于深部低速体速度异常低估现象明显.如果将有限频层析成像结果在深部的速度异常值放大到原来的2倍,数值模拟可以很好的拟合观测到的地震波形畸变现象.通过对长白山地区、黄石公园地区记录的地震波形畸变现象的拟合,我们进一步确认了长白山、黄石地区下方分别在400~600 km、700~1000 km处存在地幔低速体,并对低速体速度异常值进行了矫正.     

Application of 3-D Crustal and Upper Mantle Velocity Model of North America for Location of Regional Seismic Events

—?Seismic event locations based on regional 1-D velocity-depth sections can have bias errors caused by travel-time variations within different tectonic provinces and due to ray-paths crossing boundaries between tectonic provinces with different crustal and upper mantle velocity structures. Seismic event locations based on 3-D velocity models have the potential to overcome these limitations. This paper summarizes preliminary results for calibration of IMS for North America using 3-D velocity model. A 3-D modeling software was used to compute Source-Station Specific Corrections (SSSCs(3-D)) for Pn travel times utilizing 3-D crustal and upper mantle velocity model for the region. This research was performed within the framework of the United States/Russian Federation Joint Program of Seismic Calibration of the International Monitoring System (IMS) in Northern Eurasia and North America.¶An initial 3-D velocity model for North America was derived by combining and interpolating 1-D velocity-depth sections for different tectonic units. In areas where no information on 1-D velocity-depth sections was available, tectonic regionalization was used to extrapolate or interpolate. A Moho depth map was integrated. This approach combines the information obtained from refraction profiles with information derived from local and regional network data. The initial 3-D velocity model was tested against maps of Pn travel-time residuals for eight calibration explosions; corrections to the 3-D model were made to fit the observed residuals. Our goal was to find a 3-D crustal and upper mantle velocity model capable predicting Pn travel times with an accuracy of 1.0–1.5 seconds (r.m.s.).¶The 3-D velocity model for North America that gave the best fit to the observed travel times, was used to produce maps of SSSCs(3-D) for seismic stations. The computed SSSCs(3-D) vary approximately from +5 seconds to ?5 seconds for the western USA and the Pre-Cambrian platform, respectively. These SSSCs(3-D) along with estimated modeling and measurement errors were used to relocate, using regional data, an independent set of large chemical explosions (with known locations and origin times) detonated within various tectonic provinces of North America. Utilization of the 3-D velocity model through application of the computed SSSCs(3-D) resulted in a substantial improvement in seismic event location accuracy and in a significant decrease of error ellipse area for all events analyzed in comparison both with locations based on the IASPEI91 travel times and locations based on 1-D regional velocity models.     

重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

基于交叉梯度交替结构约束的二维地震走时与全通道直流电阻率联合反演

在利用不同的地球物理勘探方法对地下复杂介质成像时,因观测系统的非完备性及数据本身对某些岩石物性的不敏感性,单独成像的结果存在较大的不确定性和不一致性.对于地震体波走时成像与直流电阻率成像,均面临着成像阴影区问题.对于地震走时成像,地震射线对低速区域覆盖较差形成阴影区,造成低速区域分辨率降低.对于电阻率成像,电场线在高阻区域分布较少,造成高阻区域分辨率较低.为了提高地下介质成像的精度,Gallado和Meju(2003)提出了基于交叉梯度结构约束的联合地球物理成像方法.在要求不同的物性模型拟合各自对应的数据同时,模型之间的结构要求一致,即交叉梯度趋于零.为了更有效地实现基于交叉梯度的结构约束,我们提出了一种新的交替结构约束的联合反演流程,即交替反演不同的数据而且在反演一种数据时要求对应的模型与另一个模型结构一致.新的算法能够更容易地把单独的反演系统耦合在一起,而且也更容易建立结构约束和数据拟合之间的平衡.基于新的联合反演流程,我们测试了基于交叉梯度结构约束的二维跨孔地震走时和直流电阻率联合成像.合成数据测试表明,我们提出的交替结构约束流程能够很好地实现基于交叉梯度结构约束的联合成像.与单独成像结果相比,地震走时和全通道电阻率联合成像更可靠地确定了速度和电阻率异常.     

工程VSP与地震CT联合探测方法及其在岩土工程的应用

垂直地震剖面（Vertical Seismic Profile,简称VSP）和层析成像（Computerized Tomography,简称CT）方法,不仅能够使用统一的数学方法描述（如射线理论）,并且在其勘探实践活动中完全可融为一体而成为优化技术组合下的高分辨工程物探方法.特别是在井间地震CT数据采集现场施工中,充分利用VSP和井间CT数据采集方式的兼容性和优化观测系统参数设计,几乎可以不增加野外工作费用,就能够同时获取井间地震CT数据和施测孔的逆向VSP数据体.如井中排列多点激发,地面各接收点构成多偏移距逆向VSP道集,并可组成关于孔中各炮点的变偏移距逆向VSP道集.这种高分辨技术组合在近地表大中型岩土洞室工程测试环境中更易于实现.本文简述了工程VSP与地震CT数据一体化观测系统,介绍了联合速度反演初始模型的建立与成像处理流程,给出VSP和CT联合成像方法应用于三峡大坝工程物探检测中的一个实例简介,最后得出相关结论并提出建议.     

Resolution tests of global geodynamic models by travel-time tomography

This study presents results of a 2-D tomographic inversion of synthetic data that examines the ability of seismic tomography to reveal structures created by mantle dynamic processes. Our seismic velocity anomaly model is based on the density heterogeneities obtained from models of thermal and thermo-chemical convection. Both layered and whole-mantle models are employed to produce the synthetic input anomalies. We investigate the resolving power of the inversion of P and pP arrival times, and assess the influence of parameterisation and regularisation (damping). We show that the effect of regularisation is substantial and that the optimum damping depends upon the wavelength of the input structures. The resolution of the inversion decreases considerably at depths greater than 1000 km, therefore the ability of the kinematic inversion to distinguish between whole-mantle and layered flows (coupled via thermal coupling) may be limited.     

Construction of ray synthetic seismograms using interpolation of travel times and ray amplitudes

The seismic wave field, in its high-frequency asymptotic approximation, can be interpolated from a low- to a high-resolution spatial grid of receivers and, possibly, point sources by interpolating the eikonal (travel time) and the amplitude. These quantities can be considered as functions of position only. The travel time and the amplitude are assumed to vary in space only slowly, otherwise the validity conditions of the theory behind would be violated. Relatively coarse spatial sampling is then usually sufficient to obtain their reasonable interpolation. The interpolation is performed in 2-D models of different complexity. The interpolation geometry is either 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D according to the source-receiver distribution. Several interpolation methods are applied: the Fourier interpolation based on the sampling theorem, the linear interpolation, and the interpolation by means of the paraxial approximation. These techniques, based on completely different concepts, are tested by comparing their results with a reference ray-theory solution computed for gathers and grids with fine sampling. The paraxial method holds up as the most efficient and accurate in evaluating travel times from all investigated techniques. However, it is not suitable for approximation of amplitudes, for which the linear interpolation has proved to be universal and accurate enough to provide results acceptable for many seismological applications.     

基于人工地震资料的珠江口地区最小一维P波速度模型

珠江口地区位于南海北部大陆的边缘,具有洋陆过渡型地壳特征,且NE向滨海断裂带从其中穿过,强震风险不可忽视.文中基于2015年珠江口海陆联合三维人工地震探测数据,人工进行初至P波震相拾取,并使用VELEST程序分别反演了陆域和海域的最小一维P波速度模型(走时残差均方根最小)和台站校正结果.台站校正结果的空间分布与区域地形...     

利用DE算法反演地壳速度模型和地震定位

利用差异演化（Differential Evolution）非线性全局优化算法,设计了一种反演地壳速度模型和进行地震定位的方法,并给出了反演结果的具体分析.利用有限差分算法计算速度模型的走时场,可以节省大量的计算量,加快计算过程.反演得到的地壳速度模型和地震的震源参数可以直接用于地震层析成像研究,还可以利用地震层析成像得到的三维速度结构对地震重新定位,从而得到较为精确的震源参数.地壳速度模型的反演方法也可以用于三维速度结构的反演.     

THE USE OF FORWARD- AND BACK-SCATTERED P-, S- AND CONVERTED WAVES IN CROSS-BOREHOLE IMAGING1

The principles of imaging, for example that of prestack migration, can be applied to cross-borehole seismic geometry just as they can to surface seismic configurations. However, when using actual cross-borehole data, a number of difficulties arise that are rarely or never encountered in imaging surface seismic data: discontinuities may reflect or diffract incident seismic waves in any direction. If a discontinuity lies between the lines of sources and receivers, forward-scattered, or interwell, events may be recorded. If a discontinuity lies outside the interwell region, back-scattered, or extra-well, events may be recorded. Many angles of incidence are possible, and all possible reflected modes (P–P, P–S, S–P and S–S) are present, frequently in nearly equal proportions. The planes of the reflectors dip from 0 to ±90°. In order to deal with these complexities we first separate propagation modes at the receiver borehole using both polarization and velocity. Next we compensate for phase distortion due to dispersion. Finally, and most importantly, we migrate or image the data in cross-borehole common-source gathers. To do this, a finite-difference solution to the 2D scalar wave equation, using reverse time, for an arbitrary distribution of velocities, is used to project the separated, reflected-diffracted wavefield back into the medium. There are four reflection modes (P–P, P–S, S–P and S–S), so we can apply four different imaging conditions. The zones outside the boreholes as well as inside the boreholes can be imaged with these conditions. These operations are repeated for each common-source gather: each common-source gather generates four partial images in each image space. This multiplicity of partial images can be stacked in various combinations to yield a final image of the subsurface. Our experiments using solid (not fluid) physical models indicate that when these procedures are correctly applied, high quality cross-borehole images can be obtained. These images appear with great clarity even though some of the weak diffractions causing diffraction images may be almost totally obscured by other high-amplitude events on the raw data.     

Regional minimum 1-D P-wave velocity model for a new seismicity catalogue with precise and consistent earthquake locations in southern Iran

For faster and more robust ray tracing in 1-D velocity models and also due to the lack of reliable 3-D models, most seismological centers use 1-D models for routine earthquake locations. In this study, as solution to the coupled hypocenter-velocity problem, we compute a regional P-wave velocity model for southern Iran that can be used for routine earthquake location and also a reference initial model for 3-D seismic tomography. The inversion process was based on travel time data from local earthquakes paired reports obtained by merging the catalogues of Iranian Seismic Center (IRSC, 6422 events) and by the Broadband Iranian National Seismic Network (BIN, 4333 events) for southern Iran in the period 2006 through July 2017. After cleaning the data set from large individual reading errors and by identifying event reports from both networks belonging to same earthquake (a process called event pairing), we obtained a data set of 1115 well-locatable events with a total number of 24,606 P-wave observations. This data set was used to calculate a regional minimum 1-D model for southern Iran as result of an extensive model search by trial-and-error process including several dozens of inversions. Significantly different from previous models, we find a smoothly increasing P-velocity by depth with velocities of 5.8 km/s at shallow and velocities of 6.4 km/s at deepest crustal levels. For well-locatable events, location uncertainties are estimated in the order of ±?3 km for epicenter and double this uncertainty for hypocentral depth. The use of the minimum 1-D model with appropriate station delays in routine hypocenter location processing will yield a high-quality seismic catalogue with consistent uncertainty estimates across the region and it will also allow detection of outlier observations. Based on the two catalogues by IRSC and BIN and using the minimum 1-D model and station delays for all stations in the region, we established a new combined earthquake catalogue for southern Iran. While the general distribution of the seismicity corresponds well with that of the two individual catalogues by IRSC and BIN, the new catalogue significantly enhances the correlation of seismicity with the regional fault systems within and between the major crustal blocks that as an assembly build this continental region. Furthermore, the unified seismic catalogue and the minimum 1-D model resulting from this study provide important ingredients for seismic hazard studies.     

西南印度洋中脊三维地震探测中炮点与海底地震仪的位置校正

在海上实施三维地震探测过程中,人工震源枪阵中心与船上GPS的距离及地震探测作业中的船行方向造成炮点实际位置与预设位置有一定偏差;自由落体投放的OBS由于海流的影响会偏离原定设计位置(投放点),因此,炮点与海底地震仪(OBS)的位置校正是三维地震结构研究中的基本环节.本文利用艏向信息校正了炮点位置;采用蒙特卡洛和最小二乘法方法对海底地震仪的位置进行了校正,并探讨了直达水波曲线特征.结果表明 OBS位置一般偏离设计点1 km左右,其误差范围在20 m以内,校正后的OBS记录剖面展示了真实的记录情况.该研究结果为下一步西南印度洋的三维层析成像研究提供了坚实数据基础,同时为今后南海的三维深部地壳结构探测提供经验与借鉴.     

Seismic Tomography of the Lithosphere with Body Waves

— A pair of papers in 1976 lead-authored by Kei Aki heralded the beginning of the field of seismic tomography of the lithosphere. The 1976 paper by Aki, Christoffersson, and Husebye introduced a simple and approximate yet elegant technique for using body-wave arrival times from teleseismic earthquakes to infer the three-dimensional (3-D) seismic velocity heterogeneities beneath a seismic array or network (teleseismic tomography). Similarly, a 1976 paper by Aki and Lee presented a method for inferring 3-D structure beneath a seismic network using body-wave arrival times from local earthquakes (local earthquake tomography). Following these landmark papers, many dozens of papers and numerous books have been published presenting exciting applications of and/or innovative improvements to the methods of teleseismic and local earthquake tomography, many by Aki's students.¶This paper presents a brief review of these two types of tomography methods, discussing some of the underlying assumptions and limitations. Thereafter some of the significant methodological developments are traced over the past two and a half decades, and some of the applications of tomography that have reaped the benefits of these developments are highlighted. One focus is on the steady improvement in structural resolution and inference power brought about by the increased number and quality of seismic stations, and in particular the value of utilizing shear waves. The paper concludes by discussing exciting new scientific projects in which seismic tomography will play a major role — the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) and USArray, the initial components of Earthscope.     

Three-dimensional Q structure in Jiashi earthquake region of Xinjiang

Introduction It is well known that the occurrence of moderate and strong earthquakes and the distribution of seismically active belts are most directly related to deep crustal faults. Therefore, studying geometrical spreading and physical state of medium of deep crustal faults has always been a major subject in earthquake science. It is not only of great significance to the understanding of deep structural background and seismogenic mechanism of strong earthquakes, but also of great help to se…     

巧家地震和鲁甸地震震源区周边P波速度结构

本文利用2010年1月至2020年6月巧家地震和鲁甸地震震源区周围发生地震事件的走时观测资料,应用双差层析成像方法获得了2014年MS6.5鲁甸地震和2020年5月18日巧家MS5.0地震周边区域中上地壳的P波速度结构.成像结果显示:整个研究区域的速度结构存在很强的非均匀性:在鲁甸地震震源区附近,浅部存在速度高达6.4...     

京津唐地区地壳三维P波速度结构与地震活动性分析

本文利用华北遥测地震台网和首都圈数字地震台网112个台站记录到的1993~2004年发生在首都圈地区3983次地震的P波绝对到时资料和相对到时资料,采用双差地震层析成像方法联合反演了京津唐地区地壳三维P波速度结构和震源参数.京津唐地区的三维P波速度结构图像在浅层上很好地反映了地表地质、地形的特征.在平原和凹陷的盆地处呈现P波低速速度异常,而在隆起的山区或基岩出露区显示为P波高速速度异常.在研究区域内震级M≥6.0历史地震和经过重新定位后的震级M_L≥3.0的地震的震源位置在10 km深度和15 km深度处的P波相对速度扰动图上的投影都显示出相似的特点,即:绝大部分的地震的震源位置在P波相对速度扰动图上的投影分布在低、高速异常的交界地带,且偏高速体一侧,只有极少数的地震分布在P波速度异常体内部.     

Combined three-dimensional electric and seismic tomography study on the Åknes rockslide in western Norway

We present a combined 3-D geoelectric and seismic tomography study conducted on the large Åknes rockslide in western Norway. Movements on the slope are strongly influenced by water infiltration, such that the hydrogeological regime is considered as a critical factor affecting the slope stability. The aim of our combined geophysical study was to identify and visualize the main shallow tension fractures and to determine their effect on hydraulic processes by comparing the geophysical results with information from borehole logging and tracer tests. To resolve the complex subsurface conditions of the highly fractured rock mass, a three-dimensional set-up was chosen for our seismic survey. To map the water distribution within the rock mass, a pattern of nine intersecting 2-D geoelectric profiles covered the complete unstable slope. Six of them that crossed the seismic survey area were considered as a single data set in a 3-D inversion. For both methods, smoothing-constraint inversion algorithms were used, and the forward calculations and parameterizations were based on unstructured triangular meshes. A pair of parallel shallow low-velocity anomalies (< 1400 m/s) observed in the final seismic tomogram was immediately underlain by two anomalies with resistivities <13 kΩm in the resistivity tomogram. In combination with borehole logging results, the low-velocity and resistivity anomalies could be associated with the drained and water-filled part of the tension fractures, respectively. There were indications from impeller flowmeter measurements and tracer tests that such tension fractures intersected several other water-filled fractures and were responsible for distinct changes of the main groundwater flow paths.     

龙门山断裂带精细速度结构的双差层析成像研究

利用川西流动地震台阵、汶川地震震后应急台网记录到的P波到时资料,对2008年5月至2008年10月期间发生的汶川地震余震序列应用双差层析成像方法进行了地震震源和三维P波速度结构的联合反演.结果显示,联合反演获得的地震重定位结果与基于一维地壳参考模型的双差定位方法结果相近;研究区15 km以上速度结构与地表断裂分布密切相关,20 km以下深度呈现北东向和北西向交错结构.汶川地震破裂带南段龙门山断裂带之间上地壳呈现高速异常,速度结构的非均匀变化是控制余震分布和主震破裂传播的主要因素;联合反演结果给出了小鱼洞-理县方向存在隐伏断裂的速度结构证据,同时发现,破裂带北东段可能沿新发断裂扩展;结果确认了汶川地震起始段的高角度逆冲断裂特征,也确认了前山断裂和中央断裂在约20 km深度合并到脆韧转换带的特征.     

多震相走时和波形三维地震成像方法及在朝鲜半岛和祁连山地壳结构研究的应用

本项成果包括：提出天然地震走时反演层析成像技术,采用下列方法使得处理结果得以改善：1)利用Pg,Sg,Pm,Sm,Pn,Sn等震相增大约束条件;2)用已有精度较高的人工地震测深结果作速度约束;3)用波形反演来修改模型,把波源,介质吸收,散射等全部物理特征集中反映在记录中,把诸多物理量开发出来互为约束,以修改后的模型再作反演,使解的稳定性大大提高;4)采用最优化过程,选择遗传算法。可以进行震源定位,走时反演,波形反演;5)得到任意深度的速度分布及从地表到Moho面的速度剖面。主要应用结果：对于朝鲜半岛南部,划分为5(沿纬度)*６(沿经度)*8(沿深度)块,对于中部分288块.得到从地表到M面的8个水平切面;中部地区沿纬度13个二维剖面及其Moho面深度分布。上述方法也用于祁连山中东段地壳三维结构成像加上地震台网数字记录,反演。该区属塔里木-阿拉善地块走廊过渡带与北祁连褶皱带;从剖面可看出该地块上地壳低速层厚,下地壳有-低速层。北祁连褶皱带盆地与隆起构造之间的起伏差异,显示古浪断裂与金强河断裂之间的深部差异与界线。两地区的结果表明,这些剖面对认识大地构造、地质结构的稳定性,深部事件的性质是很有益的,对地球动力学研究也有重要意义。