Present-Day Water Economy Balances of Major River Basins in the Russian Federation

Water economy balances of the major river basins in the Russian Federation for 1998–2002 are considered and their possible changes in the period up to 2010 are discussed. Consumptive water use and the feasibility of steady functioning of water users are assessed. River basins on the southern slope of the European Russia are examined in detail.     

Multidimensional Data Analysis in the Assessment of Ice-Jam Formation in River Basins

Water Resources - The analysis and evaluation of the factors that have an effect on the frequency of ice jams and the characteristics of the accompanying floods have been shown to remain an...     

Assessment of Chemical Input into the Drainage Network from Karelian River Basins

Outflow of chemical substances from the catchment area of the Karelian drainage network is discussed using hydrochemical data obtained in more than 80 rivers of Karelia over the period of many years. Weighted average characteristics of river water composition were found for ten large basins and for the entire region. Specific outflow was defined and its value was compared with atmospheric chemical precipitation; the difference made it possible to reveal the real input of chemicals from the catchment areas of Karelia.     

珠江广州段水环境问题与保护对策

珠江广州河段是广州市的主要水体,其日趋严重的水污染所导致的水质性缺水,已成为制约广州市可持续发展的一个重要因素.本文通过珠江广州河段的水环境现状评价,分析了珠江广州河段水环境污染的成因,并依此提出了珠江广州河段水环境的保护对策,即加快生活污水处理系统建设,调整工业布局和结构,推行清洁生产,重视畜禽养殖业污水的治理,实施环境水利工程,加大监督和执法力度,加强宣传教育,提高全民节约用水和环保意识.     

Modelling Water Balance Components of River Basins Located in Different Regions of the Globe

Water Resources - Three river basins—the Lena, Ganges, and Darling—were selected to study the possibility of reproducing water balance components of river basins, located in different...     

Assessment of Anthropogenic Impact on River Basins in Southern Kuzbass Mining Areas

The total pollution caused by spreading and fallout of atmospheric aerosols in river catchment areas of a coal-mining region is estimated. The contribution of the emission produced by a coal mine to the total fallout in the territory is assessed. Different types of water pollution in the coal-mining region are analyzed, the principal pollutants are identified, and their contribution to river water quality is assessed.     

Tectonics of the offshore Red River Fault recorded in the junction of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins

Science China Earth Sciences - The Red River Fault, which originated from the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, has a great significance for obtaining a further understanding of the...     

Anthropic Exposure Indicator for River Basins Based on Landscape Characterization and Fuzzy Inference

Water Resources - The objective of this study is to develop an anthropic exposure indicator for river basins using quantitative and qualitative aspects of the landscape and morphometric analysis...     

贵州西部多流域水库区地壳三维速度结构

使用基于机器学习构建的贵州西部多流域水库区地震目录和震相报告,采用波速比一致性约束的双差层析成像方法联合反演得到了该地区的地震位置和三维v_p、v_s、v_p/v_s结构。结果显示,研究区内的地壳速度结构具有明显的不均匀性,不同大地构造变形分区展现出不同的速度结构特征。在10km以上深度,横穿黔西中部NW向的威宁构造变形区显示出显著的低速异常条带,揭示了威宁—水城深大断裂带的影响深度和范围。受库区岩性和流体渗透的影响,0km深度的速度结构显示普遍的低波速和高波速比特征,包括夹岩、平寨、光照和马马崖水库区域。重定位后,地震的空间分布勾勒出大量隐伏断层的几何展布特征,结合三维速度结构,推测该区域的地震活动与水库周围的断层活化有关。     

A comparative study of the atmospheric circulations associated with rainy-season floods between the Yangtze and Huaihe River Basins

Here we present the results from the composite analyses of the atmospheric circulations and physical quantity fields associated with rainy-season for the selected floods cases over the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins for the 21 years(1990–2010),using the daily rain gauge measurements taken in the 756 stations throughout China and the NCEP/reanalysis data for the rainyseasons(June–July)from 1990 to 2010.The major differences in the atmospheric circulations and physical quantity fields between the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins are as follows:for flooding years of the Yangtze River Basin,the South Asia high center is located further east than normal,the blocking high over the Urals and the Sea of Okhotsk maintains,and the Meiyu front is situated near 30°N whereas for flooding years of the Huaihe River Basin,the South Asia high center is further west than normal,the atmospheric circulations over the mid and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere are of meridional distribution,and the Meiyu front is situated near 33°N.In addition,there are distinct differences in water vapor sources and associated transports between the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins.The water vapor is transported by southwesterly flows from the Bay of Bengal and monsoon flows over the South China Sea for flooding years of the Yangtze River Basin whereas by southeast monsoons from the eastern and southern seas off China and monsoon flows over the South China Sea for flooding years of the Huaihe River Basin.     

On the Use of Hydrological Models and Satellite Data to Study the Water Budget of River Basins Affected by Human Activities: Examples from the Garonne Basin of France

Natural and anthropogenic forcing factors and their changes significantly impact water resources in many river basins around the world. Information on such changes can be derived from fine scale in situ and satellite observations, used in combination with hydrological models. The latter need to account for hydrological changes caused by human activities to correctly estimate the actual water resource. In this study, we consider the catchment area of the Garonne river (in France) to investigate the capabilities of space-based observations and up-to-date hydrological modeling in estimating water resources of a river basin modified by human activities and a changing climate. Using the ISBA–MODCOU and SWAT hydrological models, we find that the water resources of the Garonne basin display a negative climate trend since 1960. The snow component of the two models is validated using the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer snow cover extent climatology. Crop sowing dates based on remote sensing studies are also considered in the validation procedure. Use of this dataset improves the simulated evapotranspiration and river discharge amounts when compared to conventional data. Finally, we investigate the benefit of using the MAELIA multi-agent model that accounts for a realistic agricultural and management scenario. Among other results, we find that changes in crop systems have significant impacts on water uptake for agriculture. This work constitutes a basis for the construction of a future modeling framework of the sociological and hydrological system of the Garonne river region.     

The Use of Radar and Gauge Measurements to Estimate Areal Precipitation for Several Czech River Basins

Two methods estimating areal precipitation for selected river basins in the Czech Republic are compared. The methods use radar precipitation (the radar-derived precipitation estimate based on column maximum reflectivity) and data from 81 on-line rain gauges routinely provided by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Data from a dense network of climatological rain gauges (the average inter-station distance is approximately 8 km), the measurements of which are not available in real time, are utilized for the verification. The mean areal precipitation, which is used as the ground truth, is obtained by the weighted interpolation of the dense rain gauge network. The accuracy of the methods is evaluated by the root-mean-square-error.The first, pixel-related method merges radar precipitation with rain gauge data to obtain adjusted pixel values. The adjusting procedure combines radar and gauge values in one variable that is interpolated into all radar pixels. The adjusted pixel precipitation is calculated from radar precipitation and from the value of the combined variable. The areal estimates are determined by adding the corresponding pixel values. The second method applies a linear regression model to describe the relationship between the areal precipitation (dependent variable) and its estimates, which are determined from (i) non-adjusted radar precipitation and (ii) on-line rain gauge measurements interpolated into pixels. Classical linear regression, ridge regression and robust regression models are tested.Both the methods decrease the average areal error in comparison with the reference method, which uses the on-line rain gauge data only. The decrease is about 10% and 15% for the pixel-related and regression methods, respectively. When the estimates of the pixel-related method are included as predictors into the regression method then the improvement of accuracy is almost 25%.     

Environmental flow requirements assessment in the Halda River,Bangladesh

Abstract

Environmental flows have scarcely been considered in river water management in Bangladesh. This study attempts to assess the environmental flow requirements in the Halda River, Bangladesh. Thus, the objectives are to estimate the Halda River flow with different return periods/probabilities, which was done using the log-Pearson Type III distribution (LPIII), and to mitigate the environmental problems in the Halda River using the building block method. The LPIII distribution was used to estimate the expected extreme and satisfactory flows for fish habitat at Panchpukuria station and the expected extreme water levels at Panchpukuria, Narayanhat, Telpari and Enayethat stations. It was found that floods are likely to occur at least once in 2.1, 1.02, 1.75 and 1.25 years at Panchpukuria, Narayanhat, Telpari and Enayethat stations, respectively. The results of flow and water quality analyses suggest that environmental flow requirements cannot be achieved in this river throughout the year. The environmental flow requirements and conservation of fish resources can be achieved by implementing the suggestions provided in conjunction with a comprehensive awareness programme, investigations and trade-off analyses being among the suggestions.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor B. Sivakumar

Citation Akter, A. and Ali, Md. H., 2012. Environmental flow requirements assessment in the Halda River, Bangladesh. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 326–343.     

Impact of Possible Climate Change on Extreme Annual Runoff from River Basins Located in Different Regions of the Globe

Water Resources - For 11 large river basins (the Rhine, Tagus, Ganges, Lena, Upper Yellow, Upper Yangtze, Niger, Mackenzie, Upper Mississippi, Upper Amazon and Darling) located on different...     

Projected Changes in Water Balance Components of 11 Large River Basins during the 21st Century and Their Uncertainties

Water Resources - Changes in the water balance components of 11 large-scale river basins due to possible climate change during the 21st century were simulated with the land surface model SWAP and...     

Paleohydrology of the Black Sea Pleistocene Basins

The history of the Black Sea Pleistocene basins, whose paleohydrologic and faunistic characteristics markedly differ, is discussed. A distinct hierarchy of rhythms is established in the variations in the levels of the water bodies.     

黄河水资源问题与对策研究

黄河是中国的第二大河.黄河下游由于水资源缺乏近些年来频频发生的断流引起了人们的极大关注.黄河水资源问题日益重要,继黄河洪水、泥沙之后,成为举世瞩目的又一个热点问题.黄河水资源问题有其自身的特点,人们一直在探寻解决这个问题的好方法.本文根据长期实测资料分析介绍了黄河水资源的概况,剖析了黄河水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并对如何解决这些问题提出了建议.     

On the Problem of Sample Preservation by Freezing

During routine analysis of running water samples differences of the analytical results of water‐soluble anions were observed between analysis carried out immediately after sampling and after storage of the cooled/frozen sample. This phenomenon was investigated for some years with the “model ion” chloride. A high number of samples (ca. 210) were analysed over three years with different analytical methods, and by alteration of the sample containers the discrete physical influence of the wall effect of the sample vessel could be worked out definitely. No significant differences occur with the mean value of the year but the single values have high differences in the positive or negative direction. Assuming a similar behaviour of other water constituents when preserved by freezing the analytical values had to be looked at very critically.     

On the Acoustic-Electromagnetic Analogy for the Reflection-Refraction Problem

The same mathematical theory can be used to describe physical phenomena of different nature. For instance, the wave equation and the related mathematical developments can be used to describe elastic and electromagnetic wave propagation, and it is also extensively used in quantum mechanics. Fresnel's equations are a classical example of the analogy between shear waves and light waves. George Green in the nineteenth century, used analogies to obtain the reflection coefficients for sound waves and light waves, before the advent of the electromagnetic theory of light.In this work, we investigate the mathematical analogy between elastic waves and electromagentic waves. We obtain a complete parallelism for the reflection and refraction problem, considering the most general situation, that is, the presence of anisotropy and attenuation—viscosity in the elastic case and conductivity in the electromagnetic case. The analogy is illustrated with Fresnel's equations, the Brewster and critical angles, the concept of reflectivity and transmissivity, and the corresponding duals fields. The analysis of the elastic-solid theory of reflection applied by Green to light waves, and a brief historical review of wave propagation through the ether, further illustrate the analogy.