GUI based inversion code for automatic quantification of strike limited listric fault sources and regional gravity background from observed Bouguer gravity anomalies

A method coupled with a GUI based code in JAVA is developed in the space domain to simultaneously estimate the structures of strike limited listric fault sources and regional gravity background from a set of observed Bouguer gravity anomalies. The density contrast within the hanging wall of the structure is assumed to be varying continuously with depth based on a parabolic equation. The limiting surface of the fault plane is described with an exponential function. This method is automatic in the sense that it initializes both parameters of a strike limited listric fault source and regional gravity background from a set of observed Bouguer gravity anomalies and improves them iteratively until the modeled gravity anomalies fit the observed anomalies within the specified convergence criteria. The advantage of the code is that besides generating output in both ASCII and graphical forms it displays the animated versions of (i) the changes in model geometry, (ii) variation of each model parameter and misfit with iteration number, (iii) improvements in modeled gravity anomalies, and (iv) variation of density contrast with depth. The applicability of the code is demonstrated on both synthetic and real field gravity anomalies. In case of synthetic example pseudorandom noise is added to the residual gravity anomalies of the structure prior to inversion. The noisy anomalies are then inverted for the unknown parameters presuming (i) an ideal listric fault structure bounded by an exponential limiting surface with perfect flat top and bottom surfaces, (ii) non-ideal structure with uneven top and bottom surfaces with imperfect exponential limiting surface. Further, the robustness of the algorithm is exemplified by adding both regional gravity background and pseudorandom noise to the anomalies of the structure before inversion. In all cases, the interpreted parameters of the structure closely mimic the assumed parameters. The interpretation of gravity anomalies across the master fault of the Chintalpudi sub-basin in India has yielded information that is consistent with both DSS results and drilling information. The highlight of the code is that it can be used to interpret the gravity anomalies of listric fault sources even when the profile along which the interpretation is intended fails to bisect the strike length of the structure.     

Gravity anomaly interpretation of 2D fault morphologies by means of nonplanar fault planes and exponential density contrast model: a space domain technique

Boundary faults associated with thick sedimentary basins are more often curved in cross section rather than planar. We develop a space domain-based automatic gravity inversion technique to quantify such listric fault sources from a set of observed gravity anomalies. The density contrast within the hanging wall of fault morphology is presumed to be known according to a prescribed exponential law. Furthermore, the fault plane is described by a polynomial function of arbitrary but specific degree, whose coefficients become the unknown parameters to be estimated from a set of observed gravity anomalies in addition to the thickness of the fault structure. Using a set of characteristic anomalies, the present inversion identifies approximate parameters pertaining to the origin of fault plane and depth to decollement horizon. Based on the errors between the observed and model gravity anomalies of the structure, the algorithm constructs and solves a system of normal equations to estimate the improvements in depth and coefficients of the polynomial in an iterative approach until one of the specified convergence criteria is fulfilled. The efficacy of the algorithm is shown with the analysis of gravity anomalies attributable to a synthetic model of a listric fault source in the presence of pseudorandom noise. Application of the proposed inversion technique on the observed gravity anomalies of the Ahri-Cherla master fault of the Godavari subbasin in India using the derived exponential density contrast model has yielded an interpretation that is consistent with the available/reported information.     

Sub-surface geometry of Ar Rika and Ruwah faults from gravity and magnetic surveys

Ten global positioning system (GPS)–gravity profiles were conducted to provide sub-surface geometry of two sections of the Najd Fault System (NFS) Ruwah and Ar Rika faults, six in the Afif and four in the Al Muwayh area about 500 and 650 km west of Riyadh, respectively. GPS surveys were collected in differential GPS (DGPS) mode, allowing a large area to be covered in limited time. DGPS is utilized for the advantages of accuracy, economy, and speed. Output DGPS location coordinates were used in free-air and Bouguer reductions; terrain corrections were applied using a 3-arcsecond digital elevation model; finally, isostatic and decompensative corrections were applied. Integration of the resulting decompensative isostatic residual anomalies and aeromagnetic map has mapped the NFS very accurately. Modeling the gravity field crossing the Ruwah fault zone revealed that it is associated with low gravity anomalies probably due to a complex of lower density crushed rocks and modeled the geometry of the subsurface structure of Ar Rika fault as an inclined fault with reverse movement that would imply a compression component (post-dated the shearing) parallel to the plane of the cross-section.     

CURVGRAV-GUI: a graphical user interface to interpret gravity data using curvature technique

CURVGRAV-GUI is an open source software that was developed to interpret gridded gravity data by using curvature technique. It was developed using C# language with Microsoft.NET Framework 4.0. This program calculates the critical and extreme points, and estimates the depths of source bodies at this points. Besides, CURVGRAV-GUI processes gravity data by using minimum curvature, one of the attributes of curvature, and detects the subsurface lineaments. It is a user-friendly application that can display obtained solutions and gravity data thanks to image and scatter maps. CURVGRAV-GUI was designed to develop both synthetic and field applications. Additionally, the β constant, a parameter related to the source geometry, was examined for different source types such as sphere, horizontal and vertical cylinder and thin vertical fault. This program was tested by using two synthetic model applications. In the first synthetic model application, it was used a complex synthetic model consisting of three sphere and a horizontal cylinder located at the different depths. In the second synthetic model application, a graben model consisting of two thin vertical fault was used. Finally, the performance of the CURVGRAV-GUI was tested with using a real gravity data belonging to Kozakli-Central Anatolia region, Turkey. Very successful results were obtained for both synthetic and field data. Earth scientist can use CURVGRAV-GUI for educational experiments.     

Gravity anomaly modeling of sedimentary basins by means of multiple structures and exponential density contrast-depth variations: A space domain approach

An automatic modeling scheme is developed in the space domain to interpret the gravity anomalies of sedimentary basins, among which the density contrast decreases exponentially with depth. Forward modeling is realized in the space domain using a combination of both analytical and numerical approaches. A collage of vertical prisms having equal widths, whose depths are to be estimated, describes the geometry of a sedimentary basin. Initial depths of a sedimentary basin are predicted using the Bouguer slab formula and subsequently updated, iteratively, based on the differences between the observed and theoretical gravity anomalies until the modeled gravity anomalies mimic the observed ones. The validity and applicability of the method is demonstrated with a synthetic and two real field gravity anomalies, one each over the Chintalpudi sub-basin in India and the other over the San Jacinto graben, California. In case of synthetic example, the assumed structure resembles a typical intracratonic rift basin formed by normal block faulting and filled with thick section of sediments. The proposed modeling technique yielded information that is consistent with the assumed parameters in the case of synthetic structure and with the available/drilling depths in case of field examples.     

利用遥感、重力多源信息研究郯-庐断裂带苏-鲁段构造特征

本文利用遥感与重力多源信息对郯庐断裂带苏鲁段构造特征进行了研究.应用构造地貌学方法分析了断裂带晚第四纪构造活动及地貌特征;基于Parker界面反演法,利用变密度模型计算了莫霍面深度;随后采用小波多尺度分析方法对局部重力场进行分离,进而分析研究了苏鲁段地壳密度非均匀性及深部地壳结构.沿苏鲁段断裂带发育的水系错断、断层陡坎...     

龙门山及邻区断裂分布及地震前后断裂形态差异

利用欧拉方程(欧拉反褶积法)对龙门山地区重力数据进行反演,得到了地震前龙门山及邻区断裂的分布特征及参考深度。汶川地震波及范围广、破坏性大,地震前后发震断裂及周围断裂的形态必然会存在一定差异。笔者布设了一条实测重力剖面来对比地震前后断裂的形态。对比发现,地震后龙门山断裂带的逆冲趋势减弱,映秀—北川断裂与都江堰—江油断裂之间产生了多个破碎带。通过断裂形态的变化探究本次地震的成因,提出了应力面(第二地震面)和多震源的观点。     

漳州盆地地热异常与重磁异常的相关性研究

本文依据漳州盆地的地质、地球物理特征,从异常场源、异常特征方面论述了漳州盆地地热异常与重磁异常的关系,进而采用相关滤波方法,处理了该区的重力资料。分析了断裂构造,并对热源体的赋存部位作了初步探讨,阐明了轻便、经济的重磁勘探方法在地热资源勘查中的作用。     

运用正交函数拟合预测新疆阿舍勒地区块状硫化物矿床

新疆阿舍勒块状硫化物铜锌矿床,是一个正在勘探的大型富铜矿床,矿体呈厚大透镜状,具层控特征,矿体和围岩之间密度差较大。地面重力方法,理应是最有效的勘探方法,但是,由于阿舍勒矿区地质构造过分复杂,地下不同深度的多种密度体叠合在一起,往往掩盖了矿体所产生的重力异常。为了解决这个疑难问题,通过研究,选择适当的正交函数去进行拟合,实现目标信息分离,将成矿层位的重力异常从实测重力异常值中分离出来,勾绘出了矿区线状构造成矿带的轮廓,揭示了矿区构造;指出找矿方向,圈出１１个重力异常,根据矿区矿石的最低密度大于围岩最高密度的实事,可以说：“凡有矿的地方必然显示出重力异常”。故使用本方法处理重力资料,在阿舍勒这类矿区,可具直接找矿效果。     

南岭成矿带多尺度重力场及深部构造特征

利用小波多尺度分解方法分离不同深源尺度花岗岩侵入体的重力异常信息, 结合视密度填图方法划分了5 km、15 km及25 km深花岗岩体分布特征, 并综合地震成像和大地电磁测深资料, 对南岭花岗岩侵入体的赋存侵位、诱发热源以及成因模式等问题进行初步探讨.研究结果表明, 以茶陵-郴州断裂为界, 区内重力场和岩体构造呈明显分区, 东南区岩体局部重力异常幅值较小, 地表出露岩体较薄, 岩浆沿着小通道上涌形成岩盖; 西北区岩体局部重力异常幅值较大, 侵位深度较深; 区内大多数岩体侵位深度不超过25 km; 深部地球物理资料还揭示诸广山和猫儿岭地区15~25 km附近存在大规模低密度、低速特征的陆壳重熔区; 诸广山地区上地幔顶部存在低速、低阻熔体特征的软流圈上涌通道, 推测来自软流圈的玄武岩浆底侵造成该区中下地壳岩石部分熔融, 并为其周围大规模成岩成矿提供热源和物质来源.      

A three-dimensional interpretation of the bouguer anomalies over the minna batholith in central nigeria

A gravity survey over the Precambrian ‘Older Granite’ intrusion in the Minna area of central Nigeria shows that the area is characterized by a prominent residual gravity low of −21 mGal relative to a NE-SW trending regional anomaly. Three dimensional modelling of the residual gravity shows that the floor of the granite suite is, in general, located at a depth of 5 km, and that the walls of the suite may be inward dipping. Three prominent plugs in the survey area extend to depths of between 8 and 14 km locally. The general configuration of the modelled bodies and pattern of the gravity anomalies suggest that the granite suite is a batholith which was magmatically emplaced with the three plugs acting as conduits for the ascent of the magma.The modelling also suggests that the contracts of the granite suite with the flanking Birnin Gwari and Kushaka Formations are steep, and that the maximum thickness of these formations are 11 and 6 km, respectively. The close association of the schist formations with the batholith, and the inferred sharp contact between them, suggest that the ancient margins of the schist formations probably were zones of weakness along which the magma initially ascended.     

基于正演模拟的火山岩重磁响应特征研究:以川西地区二叠系为例

近期的川西地区深层火山岩勘探成果表明该地区二叠系火山岩具有巨大勘探潜力,但目前以地震为主的勘探手段在精细刻画火山岩分布范围等方面尚存在困难,本研究尝试通过重磁方法为火山岩勘探提供更多有利证据。利用川西地区最新的重磁资料,结合现有地质认识分析川西地区重磁物性特征;根据不同模型的重磁正演模拟结果,总结川西地区深层火山岩重磁响应特征。通过实测重磁资料处理,分析研究区断裂分布特征和高磁异常分布规律。研究表明:(1)正演结果显示磁力异常对火山岩的反应敏感,重力异常对断裂构造反应明显,但对火山岩无明显反应;(2)磁力异常对火山岩的刻画能力较为突出,能够识别出厚度大于45 m的火山岩,但对于火山岩埋深、岩性变化的识别存在困难;(3)通过研究区重力异常解译出的断裂构造与研究区已知断裂构造吻合度较高,同时利用磁力异常刻画的火山岩分布情况与现有认识也具有可比性。重磁勘探在四川盆地火山岩勘探中具有重要作用,重力勘探可探明控制火山岩分布的深大断裂的发育情况,磁力勘探能够识别出火山岩平面分布特征,快速圈定有利靶区,进而为火山岩勘探提供有力的重磁依据。     

梯度法解释复杂二维断裂重力异常

对以往的二维断裂重力异常的梯度解释方法作了几点改进:①采用最小二乘拟合方法求取台阶倾角α;②直接利用台阶倾角与台阶的水平边界位置来计算台阶的埋深;③将重力二维梯度解释方法推广到复杂断裂模型的解释。文中详细论述了这种方法的原理, 给出了其具体实现步骤。该方法比起以往重力梯度解释方法, 应用更加简便而且解释结果更加稳定。用该法成功地解释了某油气盆地的实测重力资料。     

Reverse drag revisited: Why footwall deformation may be the key to inferring listric fault geometry

Although reverse drag, the down warping of hanging wall strata toward a normal fault, is widely accepted as an indicator of listric fault geometry, previous studies have shown that similar folding may form in response to slip on faults of finite vertical extent with listric or planar geometry. In this study we therefore seek more general criteria for inferring subsurface fault geometry from observations of near-surface deformation by directly comparing patterns of displacement, stress, and strain around planar and listric faults, as predicted by elastic boundary element models. In agreement with previous work, we find that models with finite planar, planar-detached, and listric-detached faults all develop hanging wall reverse-drag folds. All of these model geometries also predict a region of tension and elevated maximum Coulomb stress in the hanging wall suggesting that the distribution and orientation of near-surface joints and secondary faults may also be of limited utility in predicting subsurface fault geometry. The most notable difference between the three models, however, is the magnitude of footwall uplift. Footwall uplift decreases slightly with introduction of a detachment and more significantly with the addition of a listric fault shape. A parametric investigation of faults with constant slip ranging from nearly planar to strongly listric over depths from 1 to 15 km reveals that footwall fold width is sensitive to fault geometry while hanging wall fold width largely reflects fault depth. Application of a graphical approach based on these results as well as more complete inverse modeling illustrates how patterns of combined hanging wall and footwall deformation may be used to constrain subsurface fault geometry.     

高精度重磁测量在河南崤山金矿区调查评价中的应用

通过对河南崤山金矿区重磁资料数据的处理,分离了深源与浅源场,并结合物性特征解释重磁异常。研究区高精度重力异常主要反映断裂构造、隐伏岩体和崤山古地块分布特征,高精度磁力异常反映中酸性隐伏岩体分布特征。结合地质资料,综合分析和研究重磁异常特征,推测了与金矿有关的断裂及隐伏岩体的平面和三维空间分布位置。依据重磁异常特征和已知金矿床赋存规律,对成矿远景区段进行预测与评价,预测金矿远景区2处。对今后在研究区中深部和外围同类矿床的勘查中缩小目标靶区、合理选择勘探方法等具有一定的实际意义。     

Anomalous lithospheric structure of Northern Juan de Fuca plate — a consequence of oceanic rift propagation?

Anomalous crustal and upper mantle structure of northern Juan de Fuca plate is revealed from wide-angle seismic and gravity modelling. A 2-D velocity model is produced for refraction line II of the 1980 Vancouver Island Seismic Project (VISP80). The refraction data were recorded on three ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) deployed at the ends and middle of a 110 km line oriented parallel to the North American continental margin. The velocity model is constructed via ray tracing and conforms to first-arrival amplitude observations and travel time picks of direct, converted and reflected phases. Between sub-sediment depths of 3 to 11 km, depths normally associated with the lower crust and upper oceanic mantle, the final model shows that compressional-wave velocities decrease significantly from southeast to northwest along the profile. At sub-sediment depths of 11 km at the northwestern end of the profile, P-wave velocities are as low as 7.2 km/s. A complementary 2-D gravity model using the geometry of the velocity model and velocity–density relationships characteristic of oceanic crust is produced. The high densities required to match the gravity field indicate the presence of peridotites containing 25–30% serpentine by volume, rather than excess gabbroic crust, within the deep low velocity zone. Anomalous travel time delays and unusual reflection characteristics observed from proximal seismic refraction and reflection experiments suggest a broader zone of partially serpentinized peridotites coincident with the trace of a pseudofault. We propose that partial serpentinization of the upper mantle is a consequence of slow spreading at the tip of a propagating rift.     

基于层源位场的重力及其梯度数据联合相关成像

为提高重力与重力梯度数据联合成像的纵向分辨率,笔者提出基于层源位场的重力及其梯度联合相关成像方法.为体现不同深度位置地质目标体的空间分布特征,采用均值滤波法和插值-切割分离法分离位场异常,并使用向下延拓方法得到不同深度层的层源重力及其梯度数据,在此基础上实现分层重力及其梯度的联合相关成像.将本文方法应用到多个立方体的组...     

Gravity Anomalies and Crustal Thickness Variations over the Western Ghats

The Western Ghats (WG), a topographic scarp facing towards the west coast of India and extending over diverse geological terranes – Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP), Dharwar Craton (DC) and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT), is an enigmatic geomorphic feature. WG is characterized by low gravity anomalies. In order to decipher the sources of gravity anomalies, we have decomposed the gravity anomalies using wavelength filter and have obtained estimates of the depth to crust-mantle boundary (CMB) under WG and surrounding regions from the inversion of gravity data, which is compared with seismically determined CMB estimates. Overall, the CMB depth varies from 33 to 50 km, which is consistent with seismically determined values, except in the region of shear zones between DC and SGT probably indicating a different density contrast at CMB. The major source of gravity low is found to be the deepening of CMB under the WG compared to adjacent regions regardless of surface lithology. The CMB depths under WG and surrounding region generally approximate the CMB depths estimated for low strength flexural isostatic models, which suggests that flexural compensation of uplifted topography, later modified by tectonic and denudation processes, is a likely development model for the Western Ghats.     

安徽东至查册桥矿区金矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

查册桥矿区位于江南过渡带，包括牛头高家金矿床、程檀金矿床、路源金矿点和东边金矿化点、杨梅尖金矿点.其中牛头高家金矿是安徽省首次发现的具一定规模的红土型金矿.研究区主体位于东至断裂与高坦断裂带交汇处及其两侧，三岗尖-杨美桥背斜核部及北翼.区内存在多个重要的赋矿层位，主要包括南华系休宁组、南沱组，震旦系蓝田组，寒武系黄柏岭组、杨柳岗组，奥陶系仑山组、东至组.高坦断裂带、兰程畈断裂带、奥陶系/志留系间的推覆-滑覆断层界面均是重要的控岩控矿构造，区内岩浆岩主要受其控制，物化探异常也主要沿其分布.通过对矿床地质特征总结，并结合前人研究成果，对找矿潜力进行分析，认为区内具有寻找低温热液型-叠改型、层控夕卡岩型、岩浆热液脉型金、铜、钨、钼、银、铅锌等矿化的潜力.     

安徽东至查册桥矿区金矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

查册桥矿区位于江南过渡带,包括牛头高家金矿床、程檀金矿床、路源金矿点和东边金矿化点、杨梅尖金矿点.其中牛头高家金矿是安徽省首次发现的具一定规模的红土型金矿.研究区主体位于东至断裂与高坦断裂带交汇处及其两侧,三岗尖-杨美桥背斜核部及北翼.区内存在多个重要的赋矿层位,主要包括南华系休宁组、南沱组,震旦系蓝田组,寒武系黄柏岭组、杨柳岗组,奥陶系仑山组、东至组.高坦断裂带、兰程畈断裂带、奥陶系/志留系间的推覆-滑覆断层界面均是重要的控岩控矿构造,区内岩浆岩主要受其控制,物化探异常也主要沿其分布.通过对矿床地质特征总结,并结合前人研究成果,对找矿潜力进行分析,认为区内具有寻找低温热液型-叠改型、层控夕卡岩型、岩浆热液脉型金、铜、钨、钼、银、铅锌等矿化的潜力.