Application of disjunctive kriging for estimating economic grade distribution in an iron ore deposit: A case study of the Choghart North Anomaly,Iran

Most significant iron ore deposits in Iran are located in Central Iran Zone. These deposits belong to the Bafq mining district. The Bafq mining district is located in the Early Cambrian Kashmar-Kerman volcanic arc of Central Iran. Linear estimation of regionalized variables (for example by inverse distance weighting or ordinary Kriging) results in relatively high estimation variances, i.e. the estimates have very low precision. Assessment of project economics (or other critical decision making) based on linear estimation is therefore risky. Non-linear estimation methods like disjunctive kriging perform better and the lower estimation variance allows less risky economic decision-making. Another advantage of disjunctive kriging is that it allows estimation of functions of the primary variable, which here is the grade (Fe %) of the ore. In particular it permits estimation of indicator functions defined using thresholds on the primary variable. This paper is devoted to application of disjunctive kriging method in Choghart North Anomaly iron ore deposit in Central Iran, Yazd province, Iran. In this study, the Fe concentration of Choghart North Anomaly iron ore deposit was modelled and estimated. The exploration data consists of borehole samples measuring the Fe concentration. A Gaussian isofactorial model is fitted to these data and disjunctive kriging was used to estimate the regionalized variable (Fe %) at unsampled locations and to assess the probabilities that the actual concentrations exceed a threshold value at a given location. Consequently a three dimensional model of probability of exceeding a threshold value and the estimated value are provided by disjunctive kriging to divide the ore into an economic and uneconomic part on the basis of estimation of indicator functions using thresholds grades defined on point support. The tools and concepts are complemented by a set of computer programs that are applied to the case study. The study showed that disjunctive kriging can be applied successfully for modeling the grade of an ore deposit. Results showed that the correlation between the estimated value and real value at locations close to each other is 81.9%.     

吉林省敦化市塔东铁矿床成因研究

塔东铁矿床与典型的沉积变质矿床相比,其具有特殊性。赋矿地层及矿体中黄铁矿分布广泛且含量高;不同矿体矿石品位表现出明显的差异。黄铁矿的电子探针分析反映有弱的S亏损,说明有热液成因的特点;S亏损程度低代表与岩浆作用有关的热液作用。黄铁矿Re-Os同位素年代反映塔东铁矿热液成矿作用发生于401 Ma±41 Ma,其与矿区西部黑云母斜长花岗岩年龄(407 Ma±28 Ma)极为相近;且塔东铁矿石品位w(mFe)值也因距离西部黑云斜长花岗岩的远近程度不同而表现出"东低西高、浅低深高"的特点。作者据此并结合前人研究成果将塔东铁矿床的成因总结为"海底火山喷发—区域变质—岩浆热液叠加富集成矿"。     

四川省白马钒钛磁铁矿床铁品位分布地质统计学研究

以白马钒钛磁铁矿区及及坪矿段为研究对象,通过对矿体主要区域化变量矿石铁品位半变异函数的分析,建立了相应的半变异函数的球状模型,从而求得主矿体在走向、倾向以及垂直3个方向上的块金值、变程等参数.根据这些参数,求得白马铁矿床及及坪矿段铁品位变化程度系数在走向、倾向与垂直方向均小于0.3,表明矿区成矿作用单一,矿化较均匀,有利于矿山的开采,并且统计得出铁品位属于正态分布,表明下一步用普通克立格法进行估值效果最好,为矿山规划设计和生产提供了理论依据.     

印度尼西亚塔里亚布岛锡铁多金属矿床的地质地球化学特征与成因

印尼塔里亚布岛新近发现大型锡铁多金属矿床,初步探明铁储量超过l亿吨,全铁品位可达50%.塔里亚布岛锡铁多金属矿床以矽卡岩型与矿浆型为主,兼具热液型,构成一个完整的成矿系统.印支期二长花岗岩源自地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆,是矿床的主要成矿物质来源与控矿因素;岩浆经过高度的演化分异过程,生成富铁矿浆贯入充填成矿,主要赋存于花岗...     

大尹格庄金矿床矿体三维建模与矿化分布规律

文章根据勘探线地质剖面图钻孔样品化验数据和中段地质平面图坑道样品化验数据,利用Vulcan软件对大尹格庄金矿床矿体建立了两种三维实体模型,并将这两种模型结合起来,利用Datamine软件得到综合后的块体模型;运用地质统计学方法及Surpac软件,分析了①、②号两个矿（脉）体群的Au品位空间变化结构,并求得了搜索椭球体,实现了矿体和Au品位变化形态的空间分布展示;结合三维建模成果与矿体空间变化结构,分析得出了矿化分布规律.②号矿（脉）体群沿NE向继续展布的区域,是寻找深部隐伏矿体的有利部位.     

白云鄂博地区相关地质单元的铁同位素特征及其对白云鄂博矿床成因的制约

白云鄂博Fe-REE-Nb矿床是世界著名的巨型多金属矿床,它的成因一直是个激烈争论的问题,观点主要集中在沉积成因和岩浆成因上,而铁的物质来源问题是争论的焦点之一。近年来Fe同位素的快速发展为解决白云鄂博铁矿的成因提供了新思路。对白云鄂博地区发育的白云鄂博群尖山组铁质板岩、宽沟北沉积型铁矿、腮林忽洞微晶丘、灰绿岩墙这些相关地质单元的Fe同位素组成特征进行了研究,为白云鄂博矿床成因研究提供了最直接的参考。结果表明,尖山组铁质板岩的δ56Fe值为-0.49‰～0.48‰,平均值为-0.03‰±0.84‰,2SD,n=5;宽沟北沉积型铁矿的δ56Fe值为-0.68‰～0.23‰,平均值为-0.10‰±0.78‰,2SD,n=5;腮林忽洞微晶丘δ56Fe值为-0.64‰～0.12‰,平均值为-0.28‰±0.57‰,2SD,n=6;辉绿岩的Fe同位素组成δ56Fe值集中在0.11‰～0.16‰。腮林忽洞微晶丘总体上比白云鄂博赋矿白云岩富集Fe的轻同位素,Fe同位素组成变化也相对更大,表明两者可能有不同的成因。白云鄂博地区尖山组铁质板岩、宽沟北沉积型铁矿与世界其他地区含铁沉积建造的Fe同位素组成类似,其共同特征是,Fe同位素变化较大,总体上δ56Fe大于0‰。这一特征与白云鄂博铁矿的Fe同位素组成差别较大。白云鄂博矿床的δ56Fe集中在0‰附近,与白云鄂博地区灰绿岩、世界不同地区火成岩和岩浆型铁矿的Fe同位素组成特征一致。表明白云鄂博铁矿可能不是沉积成因的,更有可能与岩浆作用有关。     

Structure of magnetite lodes at the Estyunino iron deposit in the central Urals

The structure of magnetite lodes is determined by iron and sulfur distribution, as well as texture and structure of ore. These features have been revealed by documentation of cores from ore intervals in exploration boreholes penetrating two main lodes 21 and 22 of the Estyunino iron deposit. The documentation of cores was accompanied by sampling for microscopic examination of texture and structure of ore and selection of Fe and S contents in ore. Then these data were summarized as sections of the lodes. It was established that the structure of magnetite lodes is characterized by conformable ore layers distinguished by texture, structure, and Fe and S contents. Banded and spotty ores containing less than 50% magnetite are predominant. Layers of homogeneous massive ore are infrequent. The textural pattern indicates a volcaniclastic nature of host rocks. The spotty texture is characteristic of hyaloclastites with vitreous shards. The banded texture with oriented distribution of fiamme is inherent to volcaniclastic rocks. In both cases, magnetite selectively replaces dark-colored vitreous fragments and is also dispersed in the salic matrix and lava fragments. No indications of crosscutting superposed relationships are observed. The available data can be satisfactorily explained by an impregnation-metasomatic mode of ore deposition.     

中国铁矿床品位-吨位模型

文章以2005年国家有关部门公布的铁矿储量数据为依据,在拥有翔实和权威的铁矿数据材料的基础上,经过分析整理和统计计算,以铁矿的6种矿床类型(沉积变质型、沉积型、矽卡岩型、岩浆岩型、火山岩型和风化型)为划分依据,建立了中国铁矿及其伴生矿种的品位和吨位模型,并对其品位-吨位联合分布的模型进行了研究。通过研究得出结论,中国铁矿的资源量不服从正态分布,经过对数变换后服从正态分布,品位除了矽卡岩之外都直接服从正态分布。由于铁矿的品位和吨位之间相关性较差,因而不具备分形特征。最后通过建立吨位和品位的直方图来构造正态分布函数,从而实现累计概率曲线的拟合。在取得了远景区的矿床类型、矿床数分布以及矿床的品位和吨位的累计概率曲线后,可以使用计算机通过蒙特卡洛模拟的方法来实现远景区资源量的预测和模拟。     

鄂东矿集区矽卡岩型铁矿的叠加富集机制:来自磁铁矿结构和矿石品位数据的制约

矽卡岩型铁矿是我国重要的铁矿类型之一,但该类型铁矿床的品位存在两极分化的现象。本文对鄂东矿集区内典型的矽卡岩型铁矿:大冶铁铜矿、程潮铁矿和金山店铁矿开展详细的磁铁矿显微结构对比,并利用概率图解法对这三个矿床的矿石品位数据进行了筛分。发现在大冶铁铜矿和程潮铁矿中的磁铁矿至少有两个世代,发育明显的叠加结构,且叠加结构在光学显微镜和背散射电子照片中可以识别出来;金山店铁矿中局部矿石也发育叠加结构。这些矿床中代表性勘探线的钻孔品位数据的累积频率曲线具有由低值(TFe 18. 04%～33. 03%)和高值(TFe 48. 97%～55. 63%)两个非相交总体所形成的混合分布模式,剔除低品位数据(TFe 20%)再次筛分其分布模式不变,但单一总体的参数有所改变。磁铁矿结构和品位数据筛分结果表明,这些矿床可能是两个或多个期次/阶段成矿作用叠加的结果,但不同矿床的叠加程度略有区别,大冶和程潮铁矿叠加程度较高,而金山店则相对较弱,这可能是导致大冶和程潮矿床整体为富铁矿而金山店铁矿只有局部是富铁矿的重要原因。因此,叠加富集可能是矽卡岩型铁矿中铁高效富集的一种重要机制,多世代磁铁矿的发育范围和叠加程度可以在一定程度上反映高品位矿石的分布状况,其叠加程度可以作为矽卡岩型富铁矿的找矿线索。     

Beneficiation of a phosphoriferous iron ore by agglomeration methods

The Snake River iron ore deposit, in the northern Yukon, Canada, is an enormous, potentially valuable natural resource. Conservative estimates indicate that the deposit contains some thirty thousand million tons of ore. Unfortunately the chemical quality of the mine-run ore falls significantly below established industrial specifications, in particular the phosphorus content is not acceptable. Previous mineralogical examination of the deposit has indicated that the gangue constituents are finely disseminated throughout the ore.An outline is given for the selective agglomeration of the ore to concentrate the phosphorus minerals during grinding. The ground ore is then further treated to agglomerate selectively the iron fraction, which can then be separated from the remaining gangue constituents by differential settling. Successful beneficiation has been achieved on both the crude Snake River ore and a jig concentrate, with some concentrates assaying 69.0% Fe and <0.03% P (iron-ore specification is 0.07% P max.). The effects of various parameters on efficiency of separation are discussed.     

Comparison of ordinary and disjunctive kriging in an Indian iron ore deposit

This paper presents the results of disjunctive kriging applied to a supergene iron ore deposit of Bailadila Range of India. Disjunctive kriging is applied firstly to compare estimates of the blocks by ordinary kriging and secondly to estimate benchwise local recoverable reserves of the orebody. Good agreement exists between block estimates by ordinary kriging and disjunctive kriging except for peripheral blocks with less borehole information. Estimation of benchwise reserves shows that the behavior of the distribution of grades is different in various benches. The study shows that disjunctive kriging can be applied successfully for estimation of local recoverable reserves in the case of a good grade hematite iron ore deposit.     

Quantitative mineralogical and chemical assessment of the Nkout iron ore deposit,Southern Cameroon

The Nkout deposit is part of an emerging iron ore province in West and Central Africa. The deposit is an oxide facies iron formation comprising fresh magnetite banded iron formation (BIF) at depth, which weathers and oxidises towards the surface forming caps of high grade hematite/martite–goethite ores. The mineral species, compositions, mineral associations, and liberation have been studied using automated mineralogy (QEMSCAN^®) combined with whole rock geochemistry, mineral chemistry and mineralogical techniques. Drill cores (saprolitic, lateritic, BIF), grab and outcrop samples were studied and divided into 4 main groups based on whole rock Fe content and a weathering index. The groups are; enriched material (EM), weathered magnetite itabirite (WMI), transitional magnetite itabirite (TMI) and magnetite itabirite (MI). The main iron minerals are the iron oxides (magnetite, hematite, and goethite) and chamosite. The iron oxides are closely associated in the high grade cap and liberation of them individually is poor. Liberation increases when they are grouped together as iron oxides. Chamosite significantly lowers the liberation of the iron oxides. Automated mineralogy by QEMSCAN^® (or other similar techniques) can distinguish between Fe oxides if set up and calibrated carefully using the backscattered electron signal. Electron beam techniques have the advantage over other quantitative mineralogy techniques of being able to determine mineral chemical variants of ore and gangue minerals, although reflected light optical microscopy remains the most sensitive method of distinguishing closely related iron oxide minerals. Both optical and electron beam automated mineralogical methods have distinct advantages over quantitative XRD in that they can determine mineral associations, liberation, amorphous phases and trace phases.     

Designing infill directional drilling in mineral exploration by using particle swarm optimization algorithm

Geostatistical optimization in designing infill boreholes is an important cost-effective approach in increasing the accuracy of the tonnage and grade of an ore deposit. In this research, a new approach is proposed to design the optimum infill directional boreholes. In the proposed approach, the Kriging estimation variance is considered as the objective function and the number and properties of the optimum boreholes are estimated to minimize the objective function. The optimization procedure is implemented by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Range of the spatial and directional properties of new boreholes is determined by considering the primary information of the mineralization and administrative constraint of drilling. Then, the PSO algorithm is iteratively applied, and in each iteration, the variation of the estimated Kriging variance after drilling the new boreholes is determined and properties of the new boreholes are updated. The iterative procedure of the algorithm is continued until minimum Kriging variance is satisfied. The approach was applied to the Dalli Cu-Au porphyry deposit in Iran and three new infill directional boreholes were designed by considering six earlier boreholes from the preliminary exploration stage. New optimum boreholes were located where less information from the preliminary exploration stage exists and the highest variance is considered. Two new boreholes are near to vertical (78°) and the third is an inclined with 55° dip. By drilling these three new boreholes, the estimated grade model could be upgraded by 20%. For simplicity, quickness and the ability to search for the required numbers and specifications of a group of directional boreholes in a 3D environment are the most advantages aspects of the proposed approach.     

对冀东司家营铁矿深部找矿问题的探讨

司家营铁矿是冀东最大的单体铁矿床,其资源量约占冀东铁矿资源总量的六分之一,具有重要的经济意义和资源战略地位。司家营铁矿自1914年发现至今已有100多年,有悠久的勘查和研究历史,取得了一系列重要研究进展：矿床的成矿时代为新太古代晚期;矿质初始来源于海底高温热液与海水混合;矿区内的褶皱和断裂构造对矿体的最终定位有控制作用;矿床的原始成矿地质背景可能为弧后盆地;矿区有原生沉积和热液改造贫矿而成的富铁矿,后期构造运动可以导致进一步的富集。通过对司家营铁矿的研究进展和存在问题综述,本文认为：滦县岩群的中上层是后续深部找矿的目标层位,而富铁矿应在厚大的贫矿体中找;辨别断裂的性质有助于推断深部矿体位置,褶皱的转折端和断裂的交汇处有助于赋存富铁矿;磁异常和重力异常是找大矿、找富矿的重要标志;混合岩化和热液蚀变作用发育的位置更利于找富铁矿;后续的找矿工作建议在矿区西侧矿体延深方向上开展;随着埋藏深度的加大,弱小的磁异常也值得高度重视。     

新疆西天山查岗诺尔铁矿床矿物学特征及其地质意义

查岗诺尔大型磁铁矿床位于西天山阿吾拉勒东段,矿体赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组安山质火山碎屑岩或凝灰岩中,主要呈层状、似层状、透镜状,受NW、NWW、NE断裂及环形断裂构造控制。矿区发育石榴石、透辉石、方柱石、阳起石、钾长石、绿帘石、绿泥石、方解石等蚀变矿物,矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿和赤铁矿,伴生的金属矿物以黄铁矿和黄铜矿为主。电子探针分析结果表明,石榴石和辉石分别为钙铁榴石-钙铝榴石系列和透辉石-钙铁辉石系列,其化学组成可表示为Adr37.97~97.89Grs0.19~57.21(Alm+Sps)0.84~4.38和Di28.68~87.46Hd10.46~70.13Jo0.24~5.53,与典型的矽卡岩型铁矿中石榴石和辉石的端员组分相似。在磁铁矿和赤铁矿的Ca+Al+Mn-Ti+V图解中,多数样品落入矽卡岩型铁矿的区域;在磁铁矿的TiO2-Al2O3-MgO图解中,多数样品落入或趋近于沉积变质-接触交代磁铁矿区域。结合矿床地质特征和矿物学研究,认为该矿床的形成与矽卡岩化紧密相关,矽卡岩化对铁成矿有重要的贡献。     

沂水县杏山官庄铁矿地质特征

在汞丹山凸起中分布的基性一超基性岩体,其磁铁矿含量高者可构成矿体。利用高精度磁测、钻探等方法开展了沂水县杏山官庄铁矿的普查工作,大致查明了该矿体的规模、形态和产状,认为该矿床具有低品位、工程地质条件简单的特点,综合分析矿床成因属岩浆分异型磁铁矿矿床。     

Metallogenic mechanism of cobalt in the Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit in the Middle -Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt: Constrained by in -situ sulfur isotopes and zircon U-Pb datingSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Cobalt, being a vital strategic rare and precious metal, is primarily produced within diverse deposit types through co association. The cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit is a key deposit type with considerable development potential. However, the source and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in skarn iron deposit remain unclear. The Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit is located in the Anqing-Guichi district of the Middle -Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt ( MLYB). It is the first large-scale skarn iron -rich deposit discovered in the metallogenic belt in recent years. Its associated cobalt resources have reached a medium scale. Meanwhile, the cobalt grade in the Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit is the highest among similar deposits in the MLYB, reaching 190g/t. In this study, the zircon U-Pb dating of the ore -forming intrusions and the spatial variation of pyrite in -situ sulfur isotopes in the vertical direction ( drilling section) of the Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit were carried out. The results indicate that the U-Pb ages of the two deep concealed magmatic rock samples are 139. 6 +/- 1. 0Ma and 138. 9 +/- 0. 6Ma, respectively, which occurred during the Early Cretaceous. Vertically, the overall range of pyrite sulfur isotope is +5. 3%similar to + 13. 9%o, and delta S-34 varies greatly from top to bottom, and shows strong heterogeneity, which is obviously different from the sulfur isotope compositions of Anqing skarn Cu -Fe deposit. The pyrite delta S-34 in the cobalt -rich magnetite ore body in the bottom -up mineralization -alteration zone of the Zhuchong deposit ranges from 5. 3%o to 10. 0%o. In the diopside skarn belt near the ore, the delta S-34 range of the vein pyrite spans from 12. 1%o to 13. 9%o. Within the altered diorite, the delta S-34 values of vein pyrite vary from 7. 1%o to 10. 8%o. In the outer skarn, the delta S-34 range of vein pyrite ranges fall between 6. 8%o and 7. 6%o. Within the siltstone of the Yueshan Formation, located in the gypsum -bearing salt layer, the delta S-34 values of pyrite range from 12. 0%o to 12. 7%o. Similarly, the uppermost siltstone vein pyrite of the Tongtoujian Formation exhibits a delta S-34 range of 6. 1%o to 7. 8%o. The sulfur isotope composition of pyrite within the Zhuchong cobalt -rich magnetite ore exhibits an intermediate range between that of the Yueshan pluton and the gypsum -salt layer of the Yueshan Formation. This suggests that the sulfur isotope signature within the ore reflects a mixture of two distinct end members. Statistical analysis of scale and grade within the MLYB cobalt -rich skarn deposits ( Fe -Cu -Co) indicates no apparent correlation between cobalt mineralization and the type of Fe -Cu skarn deposits. Furthermore, the involvement of sulfur through the gypsum -salt layer in the ore -forming hydrothermal fluid does not exhibit a discernible     

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床磁铁矿稀土元素特征及其地质意义

辽宁弓长岭铁矿床是我国著名的沉积变质型铁矿床,其二矿区的磁铁富矿达大型规模,属国内之最.为探讨弓长岭铁矿床铁矿的物质来源、形成环境和富矿成因,本文以二矿区六个铁矿体的贫铁矿石和富铁矿石中磁铁矿单矿物为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱进行了系统的稀土元素测试.结果表明,所有样品中磁铁矿的稀土元素总量(∑REEs)和Y具有非常一致的特征:稀土元素总量较低,Y/Ho比值较高;经太古界后平均澳大利亚页岩( PAAS)标准化呈现重稀土相对富集、轻稀土相对亏损的分馏模式,大部分呈现La正异常,所有样品都有明显的Eu和Y正异常,这些特征表明研究区的磁铁矿成矿物质主要来源于海底高温热液和海水;虽然磁铁矿的Ce/Ce*为0.69～ 0.97,但大多数样品缺乏真正意义的Ce负异常,这暗示其沉积于还原的海水环境;富铁矿石磁铁矿的稀土元素总量和Eu含量明显高于贫铁矿石的磁铁矿,而且含富矿的上含铁带Eu异常明显较高,表明富铁矿石磁铁矿具有更明显的热液特征,是在贫铁矿石的基础上受热液活动形成的.     

雅满苏铁矿床地质特征及成因浅析

雅满苏铁矿矿体的空间分布受成矿期断裂构造的控制,呈透镜状、舒缓波状延伸,分3个层位产出.铁矿的形成与火山热液活动关系密切,矿体中既有热液活动的特征又有矿质流体贯入的特征,早期热液活动形成交代充填型矿石,后期富铁流体贯入充填后形成品位较高的磁铁矿体.