介绍两本新书

i)《世界新的技术革命与对策》:“经济参考”编辑部编。图书分类号 N0201,本书广泛地论及世界新技术革命有关问题和参考资料。叙述通俗简明,资料丰富。主要内容是:一、世界新技术革命内容、特点和历史背景。二、我国一些省市在新技术革命中采取的对策。三、世界各国采取的新技术革命     

坚决走与工农相结合的道路——参加教育革命小分队的体会

在毛主席无产阶级教育革命路线的指引下,1974年初我参加了学校组织的教育革命小分队,到河北省晋县贺家寨大队蹲点。两年来,在党的领导下我们和贫下中农一起战天斗地,开展了春季麦田管理、春作物播种、夏收、夏种和秋收,秋种等农业气象服务工作。进行了丰产麦田光照条件、夏播谷子秕粒和棉花高密度种植与气象条件关系等同题的研究。并参加了基点的开门办学活动,举办了公社、县和石家庄地区各种类型的农业气象短训班。在农业气象为生产服务上做了一点工作,自己在与工农相结合的     

发展气象科技 深化为农服务

随着科学技术、包括农业科学技术和气象科学技术的迅猛发展,全球性知识经济时代日趋临近。江泽民主席指出：“知识经济,创新意识,对于我们２１世纪的发展至关重要”、要“进行一次新的农业科技革命”。在我国,一场与国际同步的新的农业科技革命即将到来。在此前的农业...     

计算机应用回顾与展望

1 前 言 新技术革命的浪潮,迅猛席卷着整个世界,而高新技术首当其冲的是微电子信息技术。微电子科学是20世纪60年代发展起来的电子学中的一个分支,它一出现就以其强大的生命力成为新技术革命的主要标志,使人类进入了历史的新纪元——电子信息时代。 电子信息时代的主要特征是计算机的     

甘肃河西农业改制与气候

当前,农业耕作制度的改革是我省农业战线上的一场大革命。特别是河西是我省农业“五·五”计划建设的重点,耕作制度的改革,直接关系着商品粮基地的建设。农业改制中,怎样合理而有效地利用气候资源,变一年一熟为一年两熟或多熟制,发挥出最大的增产效果,使单位面积的农业产量大幅度地增长,这就是农业改制中需要考虑的气候问题。     

智慧气象助力提升革命老区气象服务能力的策略

随着智能化、大数据、云平台等新技术的快速发展,气象现代化建设步入智能时代,智能网格预报产品的应用比数值模式预报产品的应用更精细、更准确,各种气象新技术的应用大大提高了气象服务的准确性及丰富了其多样性,但受各种客观、主观条件限制,资源相对匮乏的革命老区,其气象服务产品还有很大开发空间。因此,以百色革命老区为例,在分析其气象服务存在问题的基础上提出应对策略,为提高革命老区气象服务能力提供参考依据。     

电子技术与气象现代化

中国气象学会理事会决定成立电子技术专业委员会来推进电子科学技术在气象工作中的应用,促进气象科学技术现代化。这是一项顺应目前正在兴起的新技术革命潮流的     

做好气象服务提高为农业服务的经济效益——马鹤年局长在世界气象日纪念会上的报告(摘要)

今年世界气象日活动的主题是:“气象为农业服务。”今天,我主要谈谈气象与农业生产有什么关系,气象对农业生产能提供哪些帮助,如何充分利用气象科学技术,提高经济效益的问题。1、气象与农业有什么关系?农业要增产,一靠政策、二靠科学,气象科学与生产有很密切的关系。大家知     

精细农业研究进展

精细农业是随着全球定位系统、遥感技术和农业新技术、地理信息系统、计算机技术的发展而兴起的现代农业管理方法,它将给农业生产带来深刻的变革。从农业资源的利用现状出发,分析了精细农业概念产生的必然性及其核心指导思想,并阐述了精细农业的技术组成、形成过程、国内外现状、发展趋势和成功应用。     

精细农业研究进展

精细农业是随着全球定位系统、遥感技术和农业新技术、地理信息系统、计算机技术的发展而兴起的现代农业管理方法,它将给农业生产带来深刻的变革.从农业资源的利用现状出发,分析了精细农业概念产生的必然性及其核心指导思想,并阐述了精细农业的技术组成、形成过程、国内外现状、发展趋势和成功应用.     

Explaining the stickiness of supply chain relations in the Brazilian soybean trade

The global trade of agricultural commodities has profound social-ecological impacts, from potentially increasing food availability and agricultural efficiency, to displacing local communities, and to incentivizing environmental destruction. Supply chain stickiness, understood as the stability in trading relationships between supply chain actors, moderates the impacts of agricultural commodity production and the possibilities for supply-chain interventions. However, what factors determine stickiness, that is, how and why farmers, traders, food processors, and consumer countries, develop and maintain trading relationships with specific producing regions, remains unclear. Here, we use data on the Brazilian soy supply chain, a mixed methods approach based on extensive actor-based fieldwork, and an explanatory regression model, to identify and explore the factors that influence stickiness between places of production and supply chain actors. We find four groups of factors to be important: economic incentives, institutional enablers and constraints, social and power dimensions, and biophysical and technological conditions. Among the factors we explore, surplus capacity in soy processing infrastructure, (i.e., crushing and storage facilities) is important in increasing stickiness, as is export-oriented production. Conversely, volatility in market demand expressed by farm-gate soy prices and lower land-tenure security are key factors reducing stickiness. Importantly, we uncover heterogeneity and context-specificity in the factors determining stickiness, suggesting tailored supply-chain interventions are beneficial. Understanding supply chain stickiness does not, in itself, provide silver-bullet solutions to stopping deforestation, but it is a crucial prerequisite to understanding the relationships between supply chain actors and producing regions, identifying entry points for supply chain sustainability interventions, assessing the effectiveness of such interventions, forecasting the restructuring of trade flows, and considering sourcing patterns of supply chain actors in territorial planning.     

Bridging organizations in agricultural carbon markets and poverty alleviation: An analysis of pro-Poor carbon market projects in East Africa

International agricultural carbon market projects face significant challenges in delivering greenhouse gas mitigation objectives whilst also seeking to provide additional benefits for poverty alleviation. The carbon credit producer (the smallholder farmer) and carbon credit buyer in the carbon market transaction typically operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Buyers operate at a global scale, responding to opportunities for financial speculation and both private and public climate action plans. Farmers operate within households, farms, and immediate agricultural landscapes, pursuing livelihood and food security needs. These different scales often result in mismatches of timing, payment, and knowledge in market transactions and can be partially rectified by project developers who serve to broker the relationship between the farmers and the buyers. We examined eight East African agricultural carbon market projects to determine how project developers function as bridging organizations and minimize the mismatches between these actors. Results show that projects better bridged the timing and payment gap between buyers and producers when project developers provided non-monetary benefits or direct monetary assistance to farmers. However, knowledge gaps remained a significant barrier for farmers wishing to participate in the market. We discuss how project developers brokered relationships in ways that reflected their interests and highlight the limitations, trade-offs, and challenges that must be overcome if win-win outcomes of poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation are to be realized.     

城市气候效应研究进展

城市是人类社会发展的必然产物.随着城市的快速发展,城市气候效应凸显,并对社会经济可持续发展和人体健康等造成影响.基于国内外已有的研究成果,综述了城市气候效应,包括城市热岛效应、雨岛效应、混浊岛效应、于岛效应和雷暴岛效应的研究历史、现状及其与城市化、天气气候变化的相互关系,并对未来城市气候效应的研究方向及技术方法进行了展望.     

“Climate-smart agriculture and food security: Cross-country evidence from West Africa”

In the face of climate change and extreme weather events which continue to have significant impacts on agricultural production, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as one important entry point in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and building climate resilience while ensuring increases in agricultural productivity with ensuing implications on food and nutrition security. We examine the relationship between CSA, land productivity (yields), and food security using a survey of farm households in Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. To understand the correlates of the adoption of these CSA practices as well as the association between CSA, yields, and food security, we use switching regressions that account for multiple endogenous treatments. We find a positive association between the adoption of CSA practices and yields. This increase in yields translate to food security as we observe a positive association between CSA and food consumption scores. Although we show modest associations between the independent use of CSA practices such as adopting climate-smart groundnut varieties, cereal-groundnut intercropping, and the use of organic fertilizers, we find that bundling these practices may lead to greater yield and food security gains. Under the different combinations, the use of climate-smart groundnut varieties exhibit the strongest association with yields and food security. We also estimate actual-counterfactual relationships where we show that the adoption of CSA practices is not only beneficial to CSA adopters but could potentially be beneficial to non-CSA adopters should they adopt. These results have implications for reaching some of the sustainable development targets, especially the twin goals of increasing agricultural productivity and maintaining environmental sustainability.     

Rural-urban connectivity and agricultural land management across the Global South

Research on how urbanization affects rural agriculture has typically focused on loss of farmland due to urban expansion. However, more distal pathways that could link urbanization to rural agriculture, including enhanced connectivity through rural-urban migration and market access, remain poorly understood. Here, we assess whether greater rural-urban connectivity is associated with changes in agricultural land management across the Global South. Such associations are complex, and thus difficult to measure at this scale. We therefore take a two-step approach to investigate these relationships. First, using a multivariate clustering approach, we define a series of rural-urban connectivity typologies from existing spatial data on land use, demographics, rural market access, and rural population change (as a proxy for outmigration). We examine the variation in key agricultural outcome variables (mean cereal crop yields, % of attainable yields met, and cropping frequency) within the typologies, which shows that greater overall connectivity (market access and population change) is associated with higher cereal yields, yield attainment, and cropping frequency. Second, building on these clustering results, we develop hypotheses about the relationship between rural-urban connectivity and agricultural land use intensity. We then use propensity score matching to test these hypotheses by comparing locations with similar sociodemographic and land use characteristics. When controlling for gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, agricultural land, and population density, rural locations with relatively high market access, negative population change, and greater built-up area have significantly higher mean nitrogen application rates, irrigated areas, and cereal yields across the Global South. Results vary by region, but greater rural-urban connectivity and urban extents are generally associated with higher overall agricultural inputs and yields, particularly in Asia. However, we find little support for a relationship between connectivity and either % attainable yields met or field size. Our findings stress the need to better understand the mechanisms that link urbanization processes and agricultural management at different spatiotemporal scales.     

Dams and population displacement on China’s Upper Mekong River: Implications for social capital and social–ecological resilience

China is home to nearly half of the world’s 50,000 large dams, which provide irrigation, flood protection, and hydroelectricity. Most of these projects involve substantial population displacement, which can disrupt social capital, the webs of interdependence and support that community members maintain with one another through relationships of trust and reciprocity. We use new empirical evidence to examine the association between dam-induced displacement and social capital in China and interpret our findings in the context of social–ecological resilience theory. Our focus is on agricultural households on the Upper Mekong River, where four large hydropower dams have been constructed over the past twenty years.Our broad finding is that resettlement is associated with diminished social capital, as measured by two key indicators: inter-household exchange of financial resources, and inter-household exchange of agricultural labor. These effects differ across the four dam sites in the study based on local economic conditions and changes in resettlement policy. We find that population resettlement is associated with markedly lower levels of agricultural labor exchange. In an economically under-developed setting, this reduces the depth and breadth of social support that agricultural households rely on to produce crops for subsistence and income. This in turn diminishes social–ecological resilience because social capital is a key factor that helps agricultural or resource-dependent communities manage risk and adapt to changes and stressors.We consider the policy implications of our findings in the context of scientific and industry efforts to minimize social harm, promote economic vitality, and improve the sustainability of hydropower as a form of renewable energy.     

黑龙江省土壤湿度及其对气温和降水的敏感性分析

气温和降水量变化是影响土壤湿度变化的主要原因,研究土壤湿度对气温和降水的敏感性对区域农业生产、生态环境治理和经济可持续发展有重要意义。采用1984-2007年黑龙江省73个气象观测站的气温、降水数据和13个土壤湿度观测站土壤观测数据,利用EOF、相关分析等数理分析方法,对黑龙江省土壤湿度与气温、降水量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：1984-2007年黑龙江省土壤湿度变化在不同区域存在差异：除三江平原中西部地区外,大部分农区土壤湿度变化趋势一致,20世纪90年代中期以前基本偏湿,而90年代中期以后则为偏干,2001年偏干严重。土壤湿度对气候变化响应的敏感性也不同,松嫩平原（西南部除外）是土壤湿度对气温和降水变化敏感区域;松嫩平原西南部对气温敏感;伊春南部地区-哈尔滨东部-三江平原西部为降水敏感区;逊克、伊春北部、牡丹江和三江平原东部土壤湿度对气温和降水均不敏感。     

利用气象卫星资料估算全球作物总产研究

以美国为例,利用1996～2000年每旬的全球植被指数卫星遥感资料,计算出每年耕地上作物生长季内的总NPP（Net Primary Production）。农作物总产是耕地上总NPP的一部分,根据NPP与作物总产的关系,确定作物的产量转换系数,然后利用当年耕地的总NPP值来估算当年作物的总产。通过研究表明,该方法的预测精度较高,可操作性强,能够投入业务应用。     

国家级现代农业气象业务技术进展

农业气象业务技术是开展农业气象服务的基础和前提,因此,农业气象业务技术的研发一直是国家级农业气象业务服务的核心工作。近年来,国家级农业气象业务技术已逐步迈向精细化、定量化,涵盖了农业气象监测评价、作物产量预报、农业气象灾害监测评估与影响预报、农用天气预报、农林病虫害发生发展气象等级预报等诸多领域。随着农业气象业务技术的发展,支撑农业气象服务的客观产品更加丰富和多样化,既有站点产品,又有格点产品,涵盖了日、周、月、季、年等不同时间尺度。以农业气象指标、数理统计模型、作物生长模拟、卫星遥感、地理信息系统、大数据等技术为核心的国家级农业气象业务平台（CAgMSS）已成为全国农业气象业务系统的重要品牌。面向现代农业发展对气象服务日益增长的需求,精细化、精准化的农业气象灾害监测与风险评估技术、作物长势评估与产量预报综合集成技术、农业应对气候变化技术以及农业气象大数据挖掘与人工智能技术将是未来国家级农业气象业务技术发展的重点。     

近60a来南京季节变化特征分析

利用1951年1月-2010年12月南京市逐日气温观测资料,依据张宝堃应用候平均气温稳定通过某一临界值划分四季的标准,建立了近60 a南京的季节平均气温的时间序列,分析了近60a南京春、夏、秋、冬四季开始、结束及持续时间的变化特征,给出了季节气温的变化趋势以及候平均与入季时间、季节持续时间的相关分析.结果表明:近60a,南京入冬时间推迟,入夏时间提前.冬季变短,缩短的平均速率为2.9 d/10a;夏季变长,增加的平均速率为4.1d/10a;秋季变短,缩短的平均速率为1.5d/10a;春季略有些变长.南京冬、春季平均气温升高,且冬季气温升高更为显著,而夏、秋季平均气温下降,秋季气温下降略明显于夏季.冬季最低气温有升高的趋势,夏季最高气温与年较差有下降的趋势.春季入季时间与春季的平均气温成正相关,而秋季的入季时间与秋季平均气温成负相关;夏季的平均最低气温和平均气温与夏季的长度成负相关,冬季的平均最高气温和冬季的长度成正相关.