Detecting the stepwise propagation of the Eastern Sicily thrust belt (Italy): insight from thermal and thermochronological constraints

An extensive dataset of vitrinite reflectance, FTIR parameters on organic matter, illite content in mixed layers illite‐smectite, apatite fission tracks and U‐Th/He dating has been used to reconstruct the stepwise propagation of the Eastern Sicily fold‐and‐thrust belt during Late Palaeogene and Neogene times. The results indicate that the fold‐and‐thrust belt is divisible into two levels of thermal maturity. These levels consist of a less evolved level of thermal maturity that records limited sedimentary burial and minor heating, and a more evolved level of thermal maturity that indicates tectonic burial and exhumation at different times. Deformation and exhumation of shallowly buried units are linked to wedge forward propagation by low‐angle thrusts, whereas the evolution of deeply buried units is associated with tectonic imbrications by duplex formation and steep thrusts. The two tectonic styles alternate during evolution of the fold‐and‐thrust belt under low erosion rates.     

Tectonic burial and exhumation in a foreland fold and thrust belt: the Monte Alpi case history (Southern Apennines,Italy)

The Monte Alpi area of the Southern Apennines represents the only sector of the thrust belt where the reservoir rocks (i.e. Apulian Platform carbonates) for major hydrocarbon accumulations in southern Italy are interpreted to crop out. Tectonic evolution and exhumation of this area were analysed by integrating stratigraphic and structural data with different organic and inorganic parameters which record the burial and thermal evolution of the sediments (vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusions, and I/S mixed layers in clayey sediments). Our analyses suggest that the presently exposed Monte Alpi structure suffered a loading of ca. 4000 m, owing to the emplacement of allochthonous units in Early Pliocene times. Available geological data indicate that erosion of the tectonic load occurred since the Late Pliocene, when the area first emerged. This implies an average exhumation rate in excess of 1 mm/year. A model can be constructed which matches the maturity indices and also takes into account intermediate stages of the evolution, resulting from combined structural and fluid inclusion data. By this model, a first stage of exhumation would have taken place at an average rate of about 0.36 mm/year. This was controlled by uplift and erosion associated with both: (i) thrusting at depth within the Apulian carbonates (Late Pliocene), and (ii) strike-slip faulting (Early Pleistocene). A second exhumation stage would have occurred in the last 700 ky at a much faster rate (ca. 4 mm/year) as a result of extensional tectonics.     

雪峰山隆起北缘热历史及其对牛蹄塘组生烃作用的影响

对于复杂构造带的古老- 深层页岩，烃类的生成过程可能是多阶段的。准确恢复页岩的成熟演化过程是研究页岩气富集机理的先决条件。本文依托雪峰山隆起北缘新钻探的地质调查井，恢复雪峰山北缘古生代以来的热历史，从热演化的角度讨论牛蹄塘组页岩的生烃潜力。元素分析显示，热液活动对牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质的富集产生了积极影响，特别是下部页岩热液指示指标异常高、显著的Ce负异常、Eu正异常和Y正异常，都证明了牛蹄塘组早期受热液作用的影响。古温标联合反演结果显示，雪峰山北缘自古生代以来先后经历了三次升温—降温过程。三次热演化高峰依次出现在晚奥陶世末期、中三叠世末期和早白垩世末期，所达到的最高温度依次降低。三次升温过程分别受到早古生代拉张作用和岩浆活动、晚古生代—早中生代快速沉降作用和早白垩世岩浆活动的控制。受沉积埋藏作用和早期热事件的影响，牛蹄塘组页岩在寒武纪—早志留世快速经历了生油高峰、原油裂解高峰等生烃关键时期，在晚奥陶世达到过成熟阶段。随后第一次的抬升剥蚀作用，破坏了页岩及上覆盖层的封闭性，形成有利于气体扩散的裂缝或断层通道，使得早期形成的烃类散失。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩化特征及影响因素

通过对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化程度的平面展布和纵向分布特征的研究,结合对华力西中晚期—喜马拉雅期侵入岩露头分布和构造活动特征的分析,认为华力西晚期、燕山期侵入岩与构造活动对区内石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的演化程度影响较大,印支期侵入岩和构造活动仅对部分地区烃源岩成熟度有影响,喜马拉雅期构造活动对区内烃源岩演化程度无影响。区内石炭系—二叠系系阿木山组（干泉组）和下—中二叠统菊石滩组烃源岩过成熟主要受华力西晚期侵入岩和构造活动的影响,上二叠统哈尔苏海组烃源岩演化程度受燕山期侵入岩和构造活动的影响。明确了不同期次侵入岩和构造活动对石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化程度影响的平面展布特征。综合研究认为,区内石炭系—二叠系烃源岩不存在区域变质,成熟度总体为成熟—高成熟,部分剖面（井）烃源岩演化程度较高（达到过成熟）,是由侵入岩的热接触变质和构造活动的动力变质造成的。石炭系—二叠系沉积之后,岩浆活动和构造活动相对较弱的地区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化程度适中,为成熟—高成熟。     

Thermomechanical evolution of the high‐grade core in the nappe zone of Variscan Sardinia,Italy: the role of shear deformation and granite emplacement

In the nappe zone of the Sardinian Variscan chain, the deformation and metamorphic grade increase throughout the tectonic nappe stack from lower greenschist to upper amphibolite facies conditions in the deepest nappe, the Monte Grighini Unit. A synthesis of petrological, structural and radiometric data is presented that allows us to constrain the thermal and mechanical evolution of this unit. Carboniferous subduction under a low geothermal gradient (~490–570 °C GPa^?1) was followed by exhumation accompanied by heating and Late Carboniferous magma emplacement at a high apparent geothermal gradient (~1200–1450 °C GPa^?1). Exhumation coeval with nappe stacking was closely followed by activity on a ductile strike‐slip shear zone that accommodated magma intrusion and enabled the final exhumation of the Monte Grighini Unit to upper crustal levels. The reconstructed thermo‐mechanical evolution allows a more complete understanding of the Variscan orogenic wedge in central Sardinia. As a result we are able to confirm a diachronous evolution of metamorphic and tectonic events from the inner axial zone to the outer nappe zone, with the Late Variscan low‐P/high‐T metamorphism and crustal anatexis as a common feature across the Sardinian portion of the Variscan orogen.     

柴达木盆地石炭系油气调查最新进展

柴达木盆地石炭系是海相油气勘探的新领域,通过对柴达木盆地石炭系油气地质条件进行调查,评价其资源潜力,为该区寻找油气战略接替区提供科学依据。以柴达木盆地石炭系为主要目标,通过调查和研究,首次获得柴达木盆地石炭系油气流,在柴达木盆地古生界海相新层系油气方面取得重要发现;综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演及镜质体反射率等分析,获取柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次;结合盆地模拟技术,重建了石炭系埋藏史,分析了柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标,研究了烃源岩生烃演化史。研究表明:柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩广泛发育,有机质丰度较高,埋深较大,但未发生变质,处于成熟-高成熟阶段;德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为快速埋藏期、稳定期与强烈抬升剥蚀期,新生代以来沉降史与抬升剥蚀史存在着差异;石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为“存在二次生烃,晚期生烃为主”的特点,主要受该区构造运动控制;柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的趋势,主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动。调查分析表明,新层系石炭系油气条件良好,资源前景广阔,是柴达木盆地下一步勘探的接替层系。     

Hydrocarbon-generating potential of the Eocene Thebes Formation,Gulf of Suez: 1D basin modeling as a supplementary tool for source rock evaluation

The present work provides high-resolution modeling of the thermal maturation of the Eocene Thebes Formation using a multi-1D approach. The model focuses not solely on the thermal maturity but also on timing of hydrocarbon generation (primary generation and secondary cracking), adsorption by organic matter, and expulsion. The time-lapse conceptual model was developed using well log data, geochemical analyses, and composite logs. The stratigraphic sequence of the Belayim Marine oil field was subdivided into a time series based on the tectonic framework of the Gulf of Suez. An elevated basal heat flow has been assigned throughout the rifting phases and basin evolution. The simulation developed for seven wells reveals variations in burial, thermal history, and accordingly the thermal maturity. The predicted thermal maturity ranges from immature to mature with a different tendency to generate hydrocarbons (both primary generation of oil and/or gas secondary cracking) dependent on kerogen type, basin development, and burial history. Hydrocarbon generation (oil) starts after the Messinian Time Event during the deposition of the Post-Zeit Formation. Hydrocarbon generation was related to burial rather than basin evolution for the 113-M-27, BM-23, BM-65, and BM-70 wells. Conversely, generation correlated principally to basin development particularly Messinian Time Event for the 113-M-34 well. Expulsion occurred subsequent to generation of thermogenic gas (secondary cracking of generated oil). It is not possible to investigate the relationship between the production index and thermal maturity as a consequence of expulsion that reduced the S1 values. The different levels of thermal maturity (potential, active, and effective source rock) allow for the differentiation of regions of potential hydrocarbon accumulation that were charged from the Thebes Formation.     

柴达木盆地石炭系油气调查最新进展

柴达木盆地石炭系是海相油气勘探的新领域,通过对柴达木盆地石炭系油气地质条件进行调查,评价其资源潜力,为该区寻找油气战略接替区提供科学依据。以柴达木盆地石炭系为主要目标,通过调查和研究,首次获得柴达木盆地石炭系油气流,在柴达木盆地古生界海相新层系油气方面取得重要发现; 综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演及镜质体反射率等分析,获取柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次; 结合盆地模拟技术,重建了石炭系埋藏史,分析了柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标,研究了烃源岩生烃演化史。研究表明: 柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩广泛发育,有机质丰度较高,埋深较大,但未发生变质,处于成熟—高成熟阶段; 德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为快速埋藏期、稳定期与强烈抬升剥蚀期,新生代以来沉降史与抬升剥蚀史存在着差异; 石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为“存在二次生烃,晚期生烃为主”的特点,主要受该区构造运动控制; 柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的趋势,主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动。调查分析表明,新层系石炭系油气条件良好,资源前景广阔,是柴达木盆地下一步勘探的接替层系。     

冀中坳陷东北部石炭-二叠系烃源岩热史及成熟史模拟

石炭-二叠系煤成气藏是冀中坳陷东北部亟待突破的勘探领域。文中基于大量的钻井、测井、地球化学和古地温资
料,分别模拟构建了大城凸起、文安斜坡和武清凹陷的埋藏史和考虑岩浆热液侵入作用的热演化史。研究结果表明冀中坳
陷东北部石炭-二叠系地层总体上经历了“三沉两抬”的构造演化过程,在印支运动前全区具有近似的演化历史,印支
期、燕山期区内构造演化开始分异,至新生代形成总体“东隆西坳”的构造格局。区内烃源岩热演化包括一次生烃和二次
生烃,并可细分为长期隆升型、后期强烈沉降深成变质型和岩浆热变质型三种类型。一次成烃主要发生在三叠系末期,二
次成烃分别在新近纪和古近纪岩浆侵入期。区内斜坡浅部和隆起区一次成烃,斜坡和凹陷深部为后期强烈沉降深成变质二
次成烃、斜坡和凸起岩浆热液侵入区发生岩浆热变质二次成烃。一次成烃期Ro 值在0.7%左右,不具成藏潜力,二次成烃
期烃源岩可达高熟、过熟阶段,成藏配置条件好,成藏潜力巨大。     

Evidence for two burial/exhumation stages during the evolution of the Variscan belt,as exemplified by P–T–t–d paths of metabasites in distinct allochthonous units of the Maures massif (SE France)

This paper examines the metamorphic evolution of three juxtaposed units of the Maures massif (France) with respect to the tectonic processes related to the Variscan orogeny. All sampled rocks are metabasalts or metagabbros metamorphosed during Palaeozoic tectonic events. The inferred metamorphic evolution takes into account the relative chronology of mineral parageneses with respect to microstructures, the mineral chemistry of zoned amphiboles, and calculated P–T–t–d paths derived from each unit. Three successive and contrasting tectono-metamorphic events are clearly identified. The D₁ event is associated with coarse-grained amphiboles of an early S₁–L₁ fabric that recorded prograde/retrograde anticlockwise paths at high-grade amphibolite facies conditions (7–8 kbar/700–750 °C). The D₂ event is related to fine-grained amphiboles of the main S₂ foliation that recorded prograde/retrograde clockwise paths at MP–MT conditions (4–6 kbar/550–650 °C). The D₃ event corresponds to late post-S₂ amphiboles crosscutting the main foliation and recording retrograde clockwise paths at lower grade conditions (4–2 kbar/500–350 °C). The D₁ event results from Silurian–Devonian continental subduction and subsequent thrust tectonics during an early stage of the Variscan evolution, before the Carboniferous. The D₂ event is connected to the Visean continental collision, marked by nappe stacking (burial) then crustal folding and sinistral strike-slip shearing (exhumation). The D₃ event is an effect of the Namurian late-orogenic extension (late exhumation) that mostly affected the previously thickened whole central block. This paper demonstrates that the whole metamorphic history of the Maures massif consists of two successive stages of burial/exhumation at different metamorphic conditions during the Variscan mountain building. Similar stages of subduction-uplift then collision-uplift processes have also been recognised in others parts of the Variscan belt and in the Alpine orogen.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化特征及影响因素

通过对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化程度的平面展布和纵向分布特征的研究,结合对华力西中晚期—喜马拉雅期侵入岩露头分布和构造活动特征的分析,认为华力西晚期、燕山期侵入岩与构造活动对区内石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的演化程度影响较大,印支期侵入岩和构造活动仅对部分地区烃源岩成熟度有影响,喜马拉雅期构造活动对区内烃源岩演化程度无影响。区内石炭系—二叠系系阿木山组（干泉组）和下—中二叠统菊石滩组烃源岩过成熟主要受华力西晚期侵入岩和构造活动的影响,上二叠统哈尔苏海组烃源岩演化程度受燕山期侵入岩和构造活动的影响。明确了不同期次侵入岩和构造活动对石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化程度影响的平面展布特征。综合研究认为,区内石炭系—二叠系烃源岩不存在区域变质,成熟度总体为成熟—高成熟,部分剖面（井）烃源岩演化程度较高（达到过成熟）,是由侵入岩的热接触变质和构造活动的动力变质造成的。石炭系—二叠系沉积之后,岩浆活动和构造活动相对较弱的地区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩演化程度适中,为成熟—高成熟。     

柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩成熟度演化史

德令哈坳陷是柴达木盆地石炭系具有勘探前景的地区。综合区域调查、平衡剖面反演、镜质体反射率等分析,获取了柴达木盆地主要构造运动期次,并结合盆地模拟技术,重建了石炭系埋藏史;结合石炭系烃源岩油气地化指标,研究了德令哈坳陷石炭系烃源岩热演化史。研究表明,德令哈坳陷内石炭系烃源岩广泛发育,有机质丰度较高,埋深较大,但未发生变质,处于成熟-高成熟阶段。德令哈坳陷石炭系埋藏史主要表现为晚石炭世、中侏罗世早期-晚白垩世、渐新世晚期-中新世为快速埋藏期,早二叠世-晚三叠世、早白垩世-始新世为稳定期,晚三叠世末-晚侏罗世、始新世末-中新世、中新世末以来为强烈抬升剥蚀期,沉降史与抬升剥蚀史新生代以来存在着差异;石炭系烃源岩热演化史主要表现为"二次生烃、晚期生烃为主"的特点,主要受控于区域构造运动。晚古生代以来柴达木盆地热演化总体表现为缓慢降低的特征,主要受控于柴达木盆地岩浆热事件与构造活动特征。      

大别造山带东段扬子陆块和华北陆块间缝合带的位置

大别山为扬子陆块和华北陆块之间的碰撞造山带.构造-岩石单元的岩石组成、同位素年代学资料和构造关系表明, 大别山东段主要由扬子陆块北缘不同变质程度的变质基底和少量浅变质盖层组成, 没有代表蛇绿混杂岩和华北陆块南缘古生代活动大陆边缘的火山-侵入岩建造.各主要构造-岩石单元间的界线为超高压变质岩折返过程中形成的伸展型剪切带, 大别山北部的伸展-逆冲推覆构造也是超高压变质岩折返过程中伸展构造的一部分, 其中不存在具有缝合带意义的重要构造界线.因此, 在大别山东段, 华北陆块和扬子陆块间的缝合带既不是水吼-五河剪切带, 也不是磨子潭-晓天断裂.根据地球物理资料推测, 南北陆块间的缝合带应分布在信阳-舒城断裂的前缘, 但现在覆于合肥盆地中新生代沉积之下.      

Intracontinental tectonic melange in Southern Apennines

On the axial zone of the Southern Apennines the major tectonic boundary between the inner platform (Western platform unit) and the pelagic (Lagonegro units) domains is represented by a thick level of highly deformed rock‐assemblage. Structural analysis reveals that this tectonic unit represents an intracontinental melange complex characterized by a block‐in‐matrix fabric that contains blocks from both hangingwall platform and footwall basin units. This unit comprises different sets of structures that, caused by shearing processes, developed at depths ranging from about 8–9 km to the surface. These tectonites represent the product of a crustal shear zone developed at the major boundary between platform‐basin domains of Adria during the thick‐skinned tectonic processes controlling the Southern Apennines mountain building.     

A Comparison about Metamorphism among the Oldest-Rock Units from Orogenic Belts of Dabie, Eastern Qinling and Eastern Kunlun of Central Mountain Ranges, China

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Geology and geodynamic evolution of the high-P/low-T Maksyutov Complex, southern Urals, Russia

The high-pressure/low-temperature Maksyutov Complex is situated in the southern Urals between the Silurian/Devonian Magnitogorsk island arc and the East European Platform. The elongated N-S-trending complex is made up of two contrasting tectono-metamorphic units. Unit 1 consists of a thick pile of Proterozoic clastic sediments suggested to represent the passive margin of the East European Platform. The overlying unit 2, composed of Paleozoic sediments, volcanic rocks, and a serpentinite mélange with rodingites, is interpreted as a remnant of the Uralian Paleo-ocean. Devonian eastward subduction of oceanic crust beneath the Magnitogorsk island arc resulted in an incipient blueschist-facies metamorphism of unit 2 indicated by lawsonite pseudomorphs in the rodingites. While unit 2 was accreted to the upper plate, subduction of the continental passive margin caused the high-pressure metamorphism of unit 1. Buoyancy-driven exhumation of unit 1 into the forearc region led to its juxtaposition with unit 2 along a retrograde top-to-the-ENE shear zone. Further exhumation of the Maksyutov Complex into its present tectonic position was accomplished by later shear zones that were active as normal faults and are exposed along the margins of the complex. At the western margin a top-to-the-west shear zone juxtaposed a low-grade remnant of a Paleozoic accretionary prism (Suvanyak Complex) above the Maksyutov Complex. Along the eastern margin a top-to-the-east shear zone and the brittle Main Uralian Normal Fault emplaced the Maksyutov Complex against the Magnitogorsk island arc in the hanging wall.     

Late Variscan exhumation histories of the southern Rhenohercynian Zone and western Mid-German Crystalline Rise: results from thermal modeling

Thermal modeling techniques constrained by published petrological and thermo-chronometric data were applied to examine late orogenic burial and exhumation at a Variscan suture zone in Central Europe. The suture separates the southern Rhenohercynian zone from the Mid-German Crystalline Rise and traces the former site of a small oceanic basin. Closure of this basin during Variscan subduction and subsequent collision of continental units were responsible for different tectono-metamorphic evolutions in the suture's footwall and hanging wall. Relative convergence rates between the southern Rhenohercynian zone and western Mid-German Crystalline Rise can be inferred from the pressure-temperature-time evolution of the Northern Phyllite Zone. During Late Viséan-Early Namurian times, horizontal thrusting velocities were at least 20 mm/a. Thermal modeling suggests that exhumation of the Mid-German Crystalline Rise occurred temporarily at rates of more than 3 mm/a. Such rapid exhumation cannot be produced by erosion only, but requires a substantial contribution of extensional strain. Exhumation by upper crustal extension occurred contemporaneously with convergence and is explained by continuous underplating of crustal slices and thrusting along faults with ramp-flat geometry. Finally, implications for the tectono-metamorphic history of the study area and the thermal state of the crust during late Variscan exhumation are discussed.     

Location of the Suture Zone between the South and North China Blocks in Eastern Dabie Orogen

INTRODUCTION TheDabieMountainsareacollisionalorogenbe tweentheSouthandNorthChinablocks.Theageof theultrahighpressuremetamorphism(Hackeretal., 1998;Rowleyetal.,1997;Amesetal.,1993;Liet al.,1993)andthelateststratainvolvedintheforeland fold thrustbelt(Xueta…     

桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区变形特征与构造格局

桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区可以划分为九个大地构造单元,自北向南分别是:华北克拉通南缘岩石构造单元——宽坪岩群、具弧后盆地性质的二郎坪岩石构造单元、具岛弧性质的秦岭杂岩单元、龟山岩组和南湾岩组构成的俯冲前缘楔构造带、构造混杂岩带、桐柏北部高压岩片单元、桐柏核部杂岩单元、桐柏南部高压岩片单元以及随州构造变形带。根据详细的构造解析以及新的地质年代学资料,本文将中生代以来的构造变形划分为五幕,前两幕变形主要发育在构造混杂岩带以南的各个岩石构造单元中,之后的三幕变形则波及整个研究区。第一幕变形的时间约为255～238Ma,以发育区域上透入性的片理及北西西向的拉伸线理为主,并导致了高压岩片早期自西向东的挤出。第二幕变形的时间约为230～215Ma,以自北向南的逆冲推覆构造为主,使得高压岩片进一步垂向抬升。第三幕变形应早于下侏罗统,以近北西西向的宽缓褶皱为主要特征,该幕变形期间桐柏核部杂岩及其两侧高压岩片单元发生同步的抬升。第四幕变形大致发生在140～130Ma之间,主要表现为桐柏核部杂岩两侧走滑型韧性剪切带的活动,桐柏核部杂岩表现出向东的挤出。第五幕变形发生在120～80Ma,表现为北西向及北东向的脆性断裂活动,并切割以上所有构造形迹。桐柏高压岩片的抬升剥露受多幕变形控制,呈阶段性的抬升。     

大地构造对上扬子区志留纪生物礁分布及发育的控制

根据上扬子板块的基底特征，及板块边缘特征等不同大地构造单元演化特征入手，分别对上扬子板块基底地貌、板块边缘构造及板内不同构造单元控制志留纪古沉积环境及生物礁发育演化进行了论述。在上扬子板块的北缘（南秦岭构造带），为被动大陆边缘，沉积环境适于生物礁发育，类型较多。而板块西缘（金沙江构造带）为主动大陆边缘，在岛弧区发育部分点礁以及生物层；板块内部受古隆起影响的地区（川西北、川东南、黔北），形成缓坡沉积环境，在浅缓坡区生物礁十分发育，类型众多；但是板内深断裂（龙门山，二郎山-攀西裂谷带）边缘生物礁不甚发育，仅见生物层-小型点礁组合。志留纪时，上扬子板块受全球海平面变化的影响明显，至Ｗｅｎｌｏｃｋ期后，大部分地区因海平面下降而无沉积。但是在板块边缘凹陷区，因区域构造的影响，全球海平面波动对其影响不大，Ｗｅｎｌｏｃｋ期后继续接受沉积且发育生物礁。