Structural Mapping of the Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone Using PALSAR Remote Sensing Data,Peninsular Malaysia: Implications for Sediment‐hosted/Orogenic Gold Mineral Systems Exploration

The Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) of Peninsular Malaysia is one of the major structural zones in Sundaland, Southeast Asia. It forms the boundary between the Gondwana‐derived Sibumasu terrane in the west and Sukhothai Arc in the east. The BRSZ is genetically related to the sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold deposits associated with the major lineaments in the Central Gold Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to map major geological structures in Peninsular Malaysia and provide detailed characterization of lineaments and curvilinear structures in the BRSZ, as well as their implication for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold exploration in tropical environments. Major structural lineaments such as the Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) and Lebir Fault Zone, ductile deformation related to crustal shortening, brittle disjunctive structures (faults and fractures) and collisional mountain range (Main Range granites) were detected and mapped at regional scale using PALSAR ScanSAR data. The major geological structure directions of the BRSZ were N–S, NNE–SSW, NE–SW and NW–SE, which derived from directional filtering analysis to PALSAR fine and polarimetric data. The pervasive array of N–S faults in the Central Gold Belt and surrounding terrain is mainly linked to the N–S trending of the Suture Zone. N–S striking lineaments are often cut by younger NE–SW and NW–SE‐trending lineaments. Gold mineralized trend lineaments are associated with the intersection of N–S, NE–SW, NNW–SSE and ESE–WNW faults and curvilinear features in shearing and alteration zones. Compressional tectonic structures such as the NW–SE trending thrust, ENE–WSW oriented faults in mylonite and phyllite, recumbent folds and asymmetric anticlines in argillite are high potential zones for gold prospecting in the Central Gold Belt. Three generations of folding events in Peninsular Malaysia have been recognized from remote sensing structural interpretation. Consequently, PALSAR satellite remote sensing data is a useful tool for mapping major geological structural features and detailed structural analysis of fault systems and deformation areas with high potential for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold deposits and polymetallic vein‐type mineralization along margins of Precambrian blocks, especially for inaccessible regions in tropical environments.     

Detection of hydrothermal alteration zones in a tropical region using satellite remote sensing data: Bau goldfield,Sarawak, Malaysia

Remote sensing for geology in tropical environments is very challenging, because of the dense vegetation cover and the problem of persistent cloud cover. In this research paper, we have investigated and demonstrated the detection of hydrothermal alteration zones and structural elements associated with intrusion-related gold mineralization using various types of remote sensing data in the Bau gold mining district in the State of Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. The climate of Bau is tropical with persistent cloud cover and very dense vegetation ground. Geological analyses coupled with remote sensing data were used to detect hydrothermally altered rocks and structural elements associated with gold mineralization in the Bau area. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper⁺ (ETM⁺), Hyperion and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data were used to carry out lithological–structural mapping of the mineralized zones in the study area and surrounding terrain. Hydrothermal alteration zones were detected along the SSW to NNE structural trend of the Tai Parit fault that corresponds with the occurrence of other gold mineralization in the Bau Limestone. The results show that the known gold prospects and potential areas of mineralization are recognizable by the methods used, despite limited bedrock exposure. The approach used in this study is broadly applicable to the detection of gold mineralization using ETM⁺, Hyperion and PALSAR data in tropical/sub-tropical regions.     

遥感生物地球化学找金矿方法研究进展

总结了金矿的生物地球化学性质、植物的生物地球化学效应特征以及其波谱和遥感影像特征，以及利用遥感图像处理提取生物地球化学效应引起的植被光谱异常信息的专题信息提取方法。研究表明，在金矿区上生长的植物对金及伴生元素有较强的吸收和聚积作用，植物明显受到生物地球化学效应的毒化作用；金及伴生元素的过量吸收，使植物叶片中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、水含量和叶面温度相应降低；植物叶片细胞结构发生变异，叶冠波谱反射率和波形等光谱特征明显变化；在遥感图像上，金矿区的植被表现出异常特征信息。这些信息可以作为在植被区寻找隐伏矿床的遥感生物地球化学找矿的标志。利用遥感生物地球化学的理论和技术方法，从遥感数据中分析金矿的植被图像特征，提取与金矿化有关的植被异常特征信息，可以优先出金矿化遥感异常区，并列举了几个应用实例。同时，指出了需加强该领域的理论和应用研究，为广大植被覆盖地区寻求一种快速有效的探矿方法。     

Exploration of gold mineralization in a tropical region using Earth Observing-1 (EO1) and JERS-1 SAR data: a case study from Bau gold field,Sarawak, Malaysia

Bau gold mining district, located near Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, is a Carlin style gold deposits. Geological analyses coupled with remote sensing data were used to detect hydrothermal alteration rocks and structure elements associated with this type of gold mineralization. Image processing techniques, including principal components analysis, linear spectral unmixing, and Laplacian algorithms, were employed to carry out spectrolithological–structural mapping of mineralized zones, using Advanced Land Imager, Hyperion, and JERS-1 synthetic aperture radar scenes covering the study area and surrounding terrain. Hydrothermally alteration mineral zones were detected along the SSW to NNE structural trend of the Tai Parit fault that corresponds to the areas of occurrence of the gold mineralization in the Bau limestone. The results show that potentially interesting areas are observable by the methods used, despite limited bedrock exposure in this region and the constraints imposed by the tropical environment.     

多源数据在甘肃山羊坝地区找矿勘查中的应用

针对单一遥感数据已难以满足地质找矿工作需求的问题,本次研究综合使用雷达数据、光学数据及其他非遥感数据共同服务于地质找矿。以甘肃山羊坝地区为研究区,选择ASTER多光谱遥感数据,采用植被抑制法+特征向量主成分分析法,提取研究区的蚀变信息;选择PALSAR雷达数据,采用聚焦、多视、滤波、辐射定标、地理编码和增强处理等一系列处理方法制作雷达强度图,提取研究区构造信息。最后利用GIS平台进行遥感、地质及化探等信息的集成与综合分析,最终圈定了具有找矿前景的矿产资源靶区,野外查证发现一处金矿点。此次研究获得了良好的找矿效果,表明同时使用雷达数据、光学数据及其他非遥感数据的综合找矿方法,对本地区金矿找矿勘查具有重要的指导作用。     

遥感与化探信息在川西北地区找矿中的应用

四川省西北部是我国岩金矿床分布的重点地区之一,尤以微细浸染型金矿床为主.该区有刷经寺联合村、嘎拉、金木达等大中型与超大型金矿床,充分显示出金矿成矿的良好前景.在对区域成矿规律及成矿条件的认识基础上充分利用遥感技术,建立了以NW、E-W及近S-N向为主的区域构造格架,优化了蚀变信息提取方案.结合区域化探特征建立了区域遥感及地球化学综合找矿模式.综合区域遥感、地质、化探信息,利用GIS进行了预测选区.     

新疆萨热阔布金矿床特征及隐伏矿预测新途径的思路

萨热阔布金矿床产于下泥盆统康布铁堡组海相火山 -沉积岩中 ,火山热水沉积作用形成了金的预富集 ,后期挤压剪切作用使金富集成矿。金矿找矿预测标志为有关层位、断裂、蚀变、金属元素组合、高钾侵入岩及物化探异常。提出通过进一步研究控矿规律 ,确定蚀变分带和矿体空间展布特点 ,运用浅层地震法、电磁法、构造叠加晕、流体晕、遥感信息强化技术 ,实现隐伏金矿找矿预测的思路     

Prospecting for new gold-bearing alteration zones at El-Hoteib area,South Eastern Desert,Egypt, using remote sensing data analysis

Gold has been mined in the Eastern Desert of Egypt since the time of the Pharaohs, yet the geological settings of such ore deposits and how certain deposits link to each other are still not fully understood. The application of remote sensing in identifying variations in surface mineralogy, structural elements, and lithologic contacts can help in identifying such relations. Signatures collected from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data is used to map the hydrothermal alteration zones of El-Hoteib area, which is located to the northwest of Iqat and Al-Fawi gold mines and prospective for gold. SPOT5 data is used to highlight the preliminary structural lineaments in the area. Band ratioing and principal component analysis techniques are used to refine the different lithologic units in the area. A simplified Crósta technique has been applied to the ASTER data to identify both the location and spatial extent of the different alteration zones around the Iqat-Al-Fawi area. A new gold-bearing alteration zone is detected to the north of Gabal El-Hoteib. It is structurally controlled by E–W to WNW–ESE structures with evidence of reactivation of such trends during the Quaternary. Ore microscopy examination, induced coupled plasma mass spectrometry and fire assay analysis revealed the presence of gold associated with excess zinc in most samples.     

苏丹北部红海州16区块地质特征及找矿方法探讨

16区块位于苏丹北部红海州,区内已发现金矿点11处,铜矿点6处,优选出了4个成矿远景区,评价了小型金矿床1处。该文介绍了16区的成矿地质条件、矿化特征及矿化类型,以已评价的小型金矿床为例讨论了该区金矿成矿作用及控矿因素,指出该区具备良好的金铜矿成矿远景。针对该区实际情况提出遥感解译配合化探测量、物探测量是选勘查靶区的有效方法,地表槽探揭露配合中深部钻探控制是必要的勘查手段。     

ASTER Spectral Analysis for Host Rock Associated with Porphyry Copper-molybdenum Mineralization

This study is an attempt to understand the application of spectral image processing methods to ASTER data for mapping host rock associated with porphyry copper-molybdenum mineralization. The application of remote sensing in identifying variations in surface mineralogy, structural elements, and lithologic contacts can help in identifying such relations. Signatures collected from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data is used to map the host rock of Zafarqand area. The study area is located in the central segment of the Urumieh–Dokhtar volcanic belt of Iran. The Urumieh-Dokhtar is a potential zone for exploration of new porphyry copper deposits. Band ratio, band math, false colour composites and principal component analysis techniques are used to refine the different lithologic units in the area. These methods showed the discrimination of acidic igneous rock from intermediate igneous rock and the boundary between igneous rocks using the shortwave infrared bands (SWIR) of ASTER at regional scale. Results have proven to be effective and in accordance with the results of field observations, ore microscopy examination and with reference geological map. In conclusion, the image processing methods used can provide cost-effective information to discover possible locations of porphyry copper and epithermal gold mineralization prior to detailed and costly ground investigations. The extraction of spectral information from ASTER data can produce comprehensive and accurate information for copper and gold resource investigations around the world, including those yet to be discovered.     

郯庐古岛弧构造系与金矿成矿的关系

本文从郯庐断裂带整体地质构造特征出发，应用板块构造理论和遥感技术、地质调查、物化探等综合研究方法，初步提出郯庐断裂带应归属于东亚大陆古岛孤－新裂谷式巨型构造系统，它与现代西太平洋岛弧具有“相对应性”及“等结性”控制金矿成矿集中区的新认识，并据此探索和总结了金矿（含其他矿产）的成矿规律，为寻找“招掖”式金矿进行成矿前景预测。     

内蒙古东部喀喇沁旗地区金矿围岩蚀变遥感信息提取及成矿预测

内蒙古东部喀喇沁旗地区位于燕山造山带东段的成矿带之上,金矿资源丰富.本文运用遥感技术,结合野外调查,对这一地区金矿围岩矿化异常信息进行了提取和分析.研究表明,本区现有矿床分布与明显受区域构造控制,区内金矿床围岩蚀变以硅化和含铁矿物为主,粘土矿物蚀变较少.区内主要发育3个成矿带,即南北各存在一个近E-W向的成矿带,喀喇沁旗东南发育一个NE-SW向的成矿带,且明显受断裂控制.成矿有利区主要位于本区东南部,且在本区南部NE-SW向断裂和近EW向断裂交汇地带围岩蚀变信息较强,可能为富矿部位.研究表明围岩蚀变遥感异     

遥感技术在阿尔金贝壳滩地区矿产资源综合调查中的应用

阿尔金成矿带具有较大的金、铜、铅、锌等矿种找矿潜力,但因其自然环境恶劣,常规地质手段较难顺利开展野外调查工作。中国地质调查局“阿尔金成矿带矿产资源遥感综合调查”项目,以遥感技术为手段,综合利用高空间分辨率、多(高)光谱分辨率遥感数据,制作了高分辨率遥感影像图; 完成了不同尺度地层-构造遥感解译; 开展了Fe³⁺、Al-OH、Mg-OH和CO32-等蚀变异常信息的提取与筛选; 基于野外调查验证和典型矿床研究,实现了遥感找矿预测,在阿尔金贝壳滩地区的恰什坎·萨依河中游及下游发现2处构造蚀变岩型金矿化线索; 总结了该地区构造蚀变岩型金矿的成矿机理,指明了该类矿床的有利找矿方向。     

区域控矿断裂带的航空高光谱遥感技术研究——以黑石山-花牛山深大断裂带为例

利用引进的CASI/SASI/TASI成像光谱系统在甘肃北山柳园-方山口地区获得了3500km2的高空间、高光谱分辨率遥感数据。应用该数据对柳园-方山口地区十余种矿化相关蚀变进行了精细矿物填图,根据蚀变矿物与断裂构造的空间关系,可以区分出成矿构造与非成矿构造。将识别出的成矿构造进行组合,可以得到研究区的成矿构造格架,再将该区已知矿床(点)分布图与其叠合,可以看出:该区已知矿床(点)明显受成矿构造格架控制。深入分析发现,其中黑石山-花牛山大断裂带为成矿构造格架的主干构造。该断裂带在遥感图像上呈"之"字形,通过对受该断裂控制的岩浆岩的岩性识别,确认其为一条深切硅镁壳的深大断裂带。断裂带的EW段在岩浆活动期间被拉张,造成花岗岩类-超基性岩浆的侵入,为成矿提供了重要的物源和热源。在成矿期黑石山-花牛山深大断裂带扭动方向发生了反转,由成岩期的右行变为左行,EW区段由拉张变为挤压,造成成矿热流体上升和对含矿地层的改造,有利于多金属矿床的形成。通过建立航空高光谱遥感找矿模型并开展模式找矿,在柳园-方山口地区新发现了7处多金属矿的找矿靶区(金3处,镍1处,钨钼1处,铜钼1处,铅银1处)。上述研究说明,航空高光谱遥感技术可以从一个新的角度来研究区域控矿断裂带及其成矿作用,并以新的思路和方法指导区域找矿工作。     

铀资源勘查多源地学数据挖掘技术

核能作为清洁能源之一,是实现我国能源经济可持续发展的重要支撑。近年来,核电的快速发展对天然铀资源供给提出了新需求、新挑战,利用现代对地观测新技术新方法,持续开展铀资源高效勘查,是扩大天然铀资源量的关键途径。基于数据挖掘和知识发现技术,综合利用遥感、地球物理、地质等多源地学数据,通过光学遥感数据与雷达数据融合、航磁、航放、重力与地学数据综合分析,结合地面遥感地质调查与验证,系统研究了桃山矿田及其邻区主要成矿岩体、控矿构造、热液蚀变等多种铀成矿要素的电磁波谱特征,综合评价了铀成矿条件,圈定了远景靶区。     

遥感生物地球化学效应技术在找矿中的应用效果

在植被地区,如何快速,经济,准确地获矿化信息是遥感地质找矿研究的一大难题。遥感生物地球化学理率和方法的成熟为解决这一难题提供了可行的方法。     

遥感技术在黑龙江呼玛地区金矿找矿中的意义

提出了森林茂密,松散覆盖层较厚地区的遥感基础图象制作方法,利用热红外波段及生物地球化学遥感技术地植被覆盖区与金有关异常信息的提取;建立了植被覆盖区遥感构造解译标志,解译出４组线性构造,百余个环形构造和一个大型环块构造;将区域构造应力场的演化划分为３个阶段,ＮＥ－ＮＮＥ与ＮＷ,近ＥＷ向构造带相互交织成菱形格子状构造是本区构造的基本格架;大型环块构造及其周边环形构造和菱格状构造的各“角”区,往往是金矿     

重要类型金矿床（体）成矿预测研究

在总结剪茶岭，八封庙，马鞍桥，双王，北衙5种重要类型金矿成矿地质模型基础上，针对不同地质条件开展包括遥感弱信息提取，铅同位素找靶，岩石烃异常和原生叠加晕等多种找矿新方法新技术研究，提出不同类型金矿床（体）快速定位预测的最佳方法组合。     

河南熊耳山地区铜矿找矿前景分析

以壳体成矿学理论为指导,据地质、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等资料,对河南熊耳山地穹铜矿找矿前景进行成矿学分析.该地穹东段、西段为铜矿成矿的有利地区.东段铜矿以和金矿共生为主,西段铜矿则以独立矿床为主,金银为伴生元素,为铜矿成矿最有利的地区.其中寨凹地区在大地构造背景、控矿构造、成矿母岩、成矿元素分带、蚀变特征、地球物理、地球化学和遥感信息特征等方面对形成斑岩型铜矿非常有利,为斑岩型铜矿的成矿远景区.外围的脉型铜(银)矿、银多金属矿也有较大的资源潜力.     

新疆索拉克地区成矿信息要素遥感解译研究及应用

本文采用多源遥感数据,在新疆阿尔金成矿带的索拉克地区开展成矿信息要素遥感解译.通过综合研究成矿信息的遥感地质特征、遥感影像特征、遥感蚀变矿物信息特征,进一步构建遥感解译找矿模型.利用该找矿模型,在索拉克周边区域圈定多金属找矿预测区.通过野外查证,新发现铜、金等多金属矿化线索,取得较好的找矿效果.