地图符号的数学本质

地图符号是构成地图的基本元素。从地图符号生成的拓扑学原理、地图符号的图论解释、地图网络的本质特征和以视觉变量的有限组合构成地图符号的规律等方面进行论述,揭示地图符号的内在联系和数学本质。     

地图符号的视觉变量

视觉变量作为图形符号设计的理论基础，在地图符号设计中起着重要的作用。然而，笔者认为，Ｂｅｒｔｉｎ所提出的视觉变量有些对地图符号并不适用。本文提出了用于构造地图符号的视觉变量，并对它们的感受性能作了初步的探讨。     

国外地图符号表示差异研究

列举不同国家地图符号表示差异的基础上,确定从视觉变量理论的角度出发对地图符号表示差异进行研究.以色彩视觉变量为例,分析不同国家在色彩使用上的差异是由不同的文化观念造成的.在此基础上探究不同国家地图符号上的差异来源于地图设计者的空间认知能力,即认知结构上的差异.文中设计了地图符号对照表,以此建立国外地图符号与我国符号的对应关系,易于操作,直观明了.     

地图符号设计新思考(二)--形式美原理

地图是由符号构建的“大厦”,干差万别的地图符号又是由基本图像元素排列组合而成的。常将构成地图符号的基本图像元素称之为“视觉变量”。     

地图符号设计新思考(四)--地图符号设计的要领

说起地图符号首先应该提到几何符号,它是由圆形、三角形、方形、梯形、五角形以及六边形等几何图形组合而成．通过基本图形的视觉变量的变化．可以组成形态各一的几何符号家族．见图1。     

微地图符号的视觉变量及其应用

视觉变量是微地图在设计表达过程中的关键部分,该文针对现有视觉变量研究成果并不完全适用于微地图这一问题,研究并提出了微地图符号的视觉变量.通过对比分析微地图与常用地图的不同,得到了微地图符号简单化、多元化、个性化、模块化的特点,在此基础上提出了符合微地图符号特点的视觉变量表达方式;考虑用户、环境、地物3个方面的影响,应用微地图视觉变量设计了微地图符号;实现了校园导航微地图的设计,并运用问卷调查验证了微地图视觉变量表达及应用的合理性.结果表明,提出的理论及方法能较好地表达微地图内容,能够为微地图的应用提供理论支持.     

网络地图符号的分析与研究

列举目前访问量较大的地图网站中所使用的地图符号,对地图符号所使用的视觉变量,符号的分类、构成、特点以及使用效果进行分析总结,提出网络地图符号设计的基本要求,为网络地图的符号设计提供新的思路和方法.     

视觉符号思维与地图符号设计

地图信息传输是否有效的基本条件之一是:制图者和用图者都要懂得一种共同的视觉图形语言。因此,研究地图的视觉符号,对于地图信息的表达与传输,都具有相当重要的意义。笔者从地图符号的视觉变量等地图设计理论入手,运用设计心理学和美学,探讨地图设计过程中心理学和美学对地图符号设计的影响,论述地图符号设计的原理、原则与方法。     

GIS中三维模型的视觉变量

视觉变量是作为平面图形符号设计的理论基础而提出来的,在平面地图的符号化中起着非常重要的作用。然而,平面地图符号中的视觉变量并不能完全适用于GIS中三维模型的视觉变量,本文首先对比分析了平面地图表达和三维GIS表达的特点和异同,然后提出了GIS中三维模型的视觉变量,即:形状、空间姿态、尺寸、纹理、明暗度(光照)、阴影和清晰度。     

三维地图符号视觉参量研究

在常规地图符号参量体系上,通过引入动态特征、交互式操作等方面的参量,提出了三维地图符号的视觉参量,它由状态、动态变化和操作三个方面的参量组成,并采用认知实验研究了这些符号参量在质量特征、数量特征、关系特征以及动态特征等信息表达上的应用及功效。     

地图数学定义的研究

在地图内容和形式数学表示的基础上研究了地图的数学定义。由于引入隐式地图和变换条件,故所有储存地图信息的载体均可属于地图的范围,从而使地图定义获得了广义的解释和精确的表达。     

What Does ‘GIS’ Mean?

Many definitions of 'GIS' have been proposed, but they are rarely discussed in the peer-reviewed literature. Most definitions in active use have serious limitations. Recent literature includes a variety of proposals to redefine GIS by changing the third word. This paper proposes an extended definition accompanied by a condensed form that contains the key concepts:

'–'     

The parallel sum of matrices and its application in geodetic adjustments

Summary . It is well known that for the comparison and combination of geodetic networks their heterogeneous datum definitions are well to be considered. Various algorithms have been developed for this purpose. As an alternative concept to deal with hybrid datum problems, the operator parallel sum of matrices is introduced in this paper. To begin with, a definition is given and some basic properties are explained. To demonstrate the usefulness of the operator, two practical applications are given. The first deals with the estimation of parameters describing the deformation of two networks which are to be compared to each other. The second one treats the estimation of parameters representing the heterogeneous datum definitions of two networks which are to be merged into a hybrid network. It will be shown that – regardless of the datum definitions of the preadjusted individual networks – the parallel sum of matrices can be used to simplify the algorithms applied for the estimation of those parameters. Received 15 December 1995; Accepted 24 September 1996     

A GEOBIA framework for the implementation of national and international forest definitions using very high spatial resolution optical satellite data

In recent decades, there is an increasing need for harmonised and accurate information on the status and extent of forests. However, delineating the extent of forest areas is a complex task, since the existence of more than 100 definitions of forest worldwide causes considerable discrepancies in forested area estimates. The aim of this work was to examine the potential of geographic object based image analysis (GEOBIA) and very high spatial resolution imagery to discriminate forest areas following two different definitions of forest in northern Greece. In particular, we examined the definition of forest under the Greek law as well as the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation definition. Our findings suggest that the developed GEOBIA approach not only performed remarkably well for the discrimination of forest areas but also allowed to estimate rapidly and reliably forest extents when the two aforementioned forest definitions were employed.     

Qualitative Linguistic Terms and Geographic Concepts: Quantifiers in Definitions

Definitions of categories in existent geospatial ontologies are an invaluable source of information because they provide us with essential knowledge about concepts and their properties. A closer examination reveals that definitions also contain supplementary linguistic items, which are mainly qualitative expressions, such as quantifiers. This inclusion of modifiers in definitions affects the way values are assigned to the categories’ properties (semantic properties and relations). This paper introduces a methodology for: (1) representing the essence of qualitative information to clarify the identity relations among categories; and (2) assessing their semantic similarity in order to disambiguate the taxonomic structure of existent geospatial ontologies.     

Exploring the relationships between perceived neighborhood boundaries and street network orientation

The neighborhood is a core unit of analysis in urban research, planning, and policy-making. However, perceptual and historical processes oftentimes result in neighborhoods that are not tied to sub-urban jurisdictions. For instance, historic neighborhoods might lack official spatial definitions, hampering neighborhood-based tasks in local offices. In this case, urban practitioners can benefit from readily available spatial proxies, such as the local street network. In this study, we conducted an exploratory analysis that combines neighborhood mapping and street network modeling. By retrieving participants' sketched boundaries and quantifying spatial orientations of sketched polygons and local network patterns, we were able to measure and compare the relationships between the urban fabric and the perceived extents of two historic neighborhoods in Lisbon, Portugal. The results provided insights for enhancing existing definitions of non-official neighborhoods, outlining new urban districts as well as for discussions about the role of the urban form in shaping people's perceptions.     

Galileo系统导航电文介绍

对Galileo卫星导航系统所要使用的导航电文进行介绍,详细介绍其导航电文的结构、内容、参数与相关定义,并对GPS和Galileo两种卫星导航系统所使用的导航电文的并同进行了比较。     

《测量平差》的教学原则及其实践

根据《测量平差》课程的特点，本文归纳了在该课程教学中应遵循的５个教学原则，阐述了各教学原则的定义，要求，具体实施方法和体会，通过对我校四届测量工程专业四年制本科《测量平差》课程的教学实践证明，效果较好。     

复杂区域对象拓扑关系分解与计算

本文提出了基于9交矩阵的拓扑关系计算方法,将复杂区域分解有限个简单区域,采用正则表达式描述其多部分和洞构成,通过定义两个9交关系矩阵操作算子,利用分解区域间的拓扑关系直接计算复杂区域间的9交关系矩阵。详细证明和分析了两个操作算子的不成立条件以及消除不成立条件的方法。结合关系矩阵表法拓扑关系的推导和推理过程,操作算子可用于推导已知结构复杂区域间的所有可能9交拓扑关系。同时,9交关系矩阵操作算子依赖复杂区域的定义,不适用于所有区域对象。     

基本地貌形态数学定义的研究

根据拓扑学中覆盖和同胚的定义 ,论证等高线图形保持着覆盖它的三维曲面的拓扑性质 ,据此我们可以在平面上定义和描述三维曲面的空间特性。继而给出了如斜坡、山、山脊、凹地、谷地、鞍部等基本地貌形态的数学定义。这些数学定义使局限于定性描述的基本地貌概念获得了精密的数学形式和定量的刻划 ,并揭示了事物从量变到质变的变化规律和内在联系