上海天文台斑点相机及观测实验

斑点干涉成像技术已有几十年的历史,该技术在双星天文观测上得到了广泛的应用,取得了一系列的研究成果.上海天文台研制的一台斑点相机安装在1.56 m望远镜上,主要用于双星、三星以及延展目标的斑点干涉成像观测.重点介绍斑点相机的设计、调试以及图像重建工作,并结合双星和三星目标的观测情况,给出高分辨率重建图像及角距离测量结果.实验结果表明:在1.56 m望远镜上开展斑点干涉观测实验,能够接近望远镜衍射极限分辨率水平.     

多层湍流大气相位屏的数值模拟

高分辨图像重建技术可以有效消除湍流大气的影响,重建目标的接近望远镜衍射极限的图像。但是当目标的视场角比较大时,大气—望远镜综合系统不再是线性空不变的,给图像重建带来新的困难,它是大气性质中的一个重要特性,对大气相位屏的模拟应该满足这一特性。提出了一种可以模拟等晕区效应的多层大气相位屏的数值模拟方法,这种方法可以应用于等晕区对高分辨统计重建方法的影响的研究中。利用该数值模拟方法模拟了5″和8″的双星的斑点图,用斑点干涉术对模拟的双星进行了重建,并与实测的双星的斑点干涉术重建结果进行了比较。比较结果表明该数值模拟方法所产生的等晕区效应与实际的等晕区效应相似。     

综合孔径干涉望远镜的高分辨率图像重建

利用干涉望远镜成像,可以获取最长基线对应的高频率信息,但往往只能获得部分频域覆盖.为了获得尽可能多的频率信息,可以先通过孔径排布变换,进行更充分的频率采样,再经过干涉图像合成,得到含有完备频率信息的目标高分辨率重建像.介绍了综合孔径干涉望远镜的高分辨率图像重建工作,重点讨论了孔径旋转条件下的干涉图像对齐和合成问题,并成功实施了天文目标的干涉成像观测实验,获得了有完备频率信息的目标高分辨率重建像.     

NVST多通道成像观测系统的数据同步采集

为了在1 m红外太阳望远镜多通道高分辨率成像观测系统中实现多个波段太阳图像的同步高分辨率统计重建,需要1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像采集系统同步。研究了如何采用CCD相机外触发工作模式、计算机PCI总线硬件中断技术和全球定位系统时间相结合实现1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像的同步采集,并在现有的Hα和Ti O两个成像观测通道上搭建实验平台。通过一系列的波形时序测试,数据记录和分析等实验证明本文所采用的这一数据同步采集技术能满足1 m太阳望远镜多个观测通道图像的同步采集要求。     

天文高分辨像复原技术检测地基天文光学望远镜成像质量

在天文高分辨像复原技术的基础上，根据谱比法较准确地测量视宁度参数r0后，计算得到大气系统的平均短曝光传递函数，从而把大气湍流对检测结果的影响从综合成像系统中分离了出来。利用望远镜摄取大量目标源的短曝光像(斑点图)作为原始数据，通过分析这些含有望远镜衍射极限分辨率信息的斑点图，实现天文光学望远镜系统点扩展函数(PSF)中低频信息的重建，得到半峰全宽(FWHM)和80％的能量集中度(EE)。     

高分辨率太阳图像重建方法

高空间分辨率的太阳观测数据有助于深入研究太阳大气现象、太阳物理基本问题。地基大口径太阳望远镜常通过自适应光学技术和图像重建技术获取高空间分辨率图像。目前太阳图像重建技术主要有斑点成像术和斑点相位差法两类。介绍了斑点成像术中几类方法的原理,阐述了斑点成像术重建太阳像的流程以及几个关键步骤,介绍了多帧盲反卷积和相位差法的原理,比较了斑点成像术和斑点相位差法的特点,最后阐述了它们在太阳高分辨率观测中的应用和发展趋势。     

大气色散对太阳多波段同步高分辨图像重建的影响

抚仙湖1 m新真空太阳望远镜(New Vacuum Solar Telescope,NVST)利用多波段成像系统对太阳光球和色球同时进行高分辨成像观测,并对观测图像进行多波段同步高分辨统计重建,以大幅度降低重建所需的计算量,并改善低信噪比波段的高分辨重建效果。大气色散是影响多波段同步高分辨重建效果的主要因素。借助多层湍流大气的模拟,通过比较不同天顶角下色散引起的波像差、相对谱比,分析了大气色散对多波段同步高分辨重建的影响。分析结果表明对于1 m太阳望远镜,当天顶角在60°以内时,色散对近红外以及波长相差不大的可见光波段的多波段同步高分辨重建的影响较小,而393.3 nm波段受色散的影响明显,天顶角超过45°时分辨率明显下降。     

基于Lyot滤光器的NVST磁像仪光学系统设计

我国1 m新真空太阳望远镜(New Vacuum Solar Telescope, NVST)能够实现优于0.2″的高分辨成像观测,但还不具备高分辨磁场的常规观测能力。很多磁结构和太阳活动都存在于较小的尺度,需要进行高分辨磁场测量。1 m新真空太阳望远镜的台址具备优良的视宁度,若磁像仪具备快速调制能力,并配合高分辨统计重建技术,有望实现亚角秒分辨率的太阳磁场测量。1 m新真空太阳望远镜测量磁场面临的主要问题包括折轴光路带来的时变偏振、望远镜姿态变化和风载带来的光轴偏移以及湍流的影响等多种问题。针对太阳磁场高分辨观测的需求及1 m新真空太阳望远镜面临的太阳磁场测量问题,详细分析了1 m新真空太阳望远镜太阳光球磁场的测量需求,制定了磁像仪的基本参数,提出了偏振分析器需求,设计了光球磁场的高分辨观测方案。最后利用ZEMAX光学设计软件为磁像仪设计了光路,结果显示光学设计能够满足高分辨成像的需求。     

太阳宁静区的高分辨率像复原

本文介绍在怀柔６０ｃｍ多通道太阳望远镜上运用斑点干涉像复原方法所取得的一些初步结果,对用短暴光方法（暴光时间不大于１０毫秒）获得的一系列“冻结”大气后的目标像用斑点干涉像复原方法进行处理,即可获得消除了地球大气影响的目标复原像,斑点掩模法即为斑点干涉像复原方法的一种,我们用它对日面中心的宁静区米粒进行处理,复原出了分率不劣于０．〃５的白光米粒象。     

云南天文台新型斑点象探测系统

斑点成象技术能有效地消除地球大气湍流的不良影响,实现地基大型天文望远镜的衍射受限分辨率成象,其所需的原始数据是天文目标及参考星的一系列的短曝光斑点象,它们取自望远镜的终端设备：斑点象探测系统。文中对比该技术对原始数据的要求：介绍了云南天文台研制的新型斑点象探测系统的结构和性能。实际观测结果表明,该系统基本能满足要求。     

Speckle interferometry of nearby multiple stars. V. 2002–2006 positional measurements

We present the measurements of positional parameters of 194 nearby binary stars performed at the 6-m BTA telescope of the SAO RAS from 2002 through 2006 applying the speckle interferometric technique. The observations were conducted at central filter wavelengths ranging from 545 to 800 nm using a speckle interferometer equipped with a fast CCD and a three-stage image intensifier. A significant part of the observed systems (80 stars) are pairs, the duality of which was discovered or suspected from the Hipparcos satellite observations. The remaining stars are visual binaries and interferometric binary systems with orbital motion period estimates from several to tens of years, as well as the pairs with slow relative motion of the components, used for gaging the image scales and positional angle calibrations.     

Speckle interferometry as a method for detecting nearby extrasolar planets

The applicability of the technique of speckle interferometry to the problem of detecting faint planetary and stellar objects around nearby stars is considered. Direct resolution could not be expected to reveal planetary objects, although many faint stellar objects should be detectable with a speckle camera of large dynamic range. The most promising possibilities lie with the approximately 100 nearby visual binaries with separations ?3 arcsec. Continued speckle interferometric observation of these systems could detect perturbations with amplitudes similar to those detectable by an ideal astrometric telescope. A simple scheme for measurement the fringe spacing in the composite spatial frequency power spectrum of the visual binary Eta Orionis indicates that relative separations with accuracies of 0″.002 in each coordinate are attainable. Use as reference stars of faint background stars lying within the isoplanatic patch of a nearby star is also considered.     

Searching for planets by differential astrometry with large telescopes

Traditional astrometric methods are limited in accuracy by the atmosphere in a way that does not show much improvement with increased telescope aperture. However, there is the potential for very high accuracy with large telescopes if advantage can be taken of these factors: First, the differential atmospheric distortion of images of closely adjacent stars is less with larger aperture; second, the diffraction limit is sharper, and third, photon statistics are improved. In this paper we analyze and give experimental tests of techniques that could be applied to the detection of planets with the mass of Jupiter or Uranus, if they are present in nearby binary star systems.The atmospheric perturbation of the relative position of the energy centroids measured in short exposure images of binary stars depends on the effective height of the turbulent distortion. For a 4-meter telescope, the error in centroid determination of a 4-arcsec binary can be as small as 20 milliarcsec (mas) in a single 20-millisecond (msec) exposure. The relative position measured by cross-correlation of short exposure speckle images, as suggested by McAlister (1977b), may give even higher accuracy. In this case, Roddier (Roddieret al., 1980) has shown that the atmospheric error depends on the thickness rather than the height of the layers that make the dominant contribution to the turbulence. Through Monte Carlo analysis we show that on occasions when the turbulence arises largely in a thin layer, a single 20-msec exposure of a 4-arcsec binary taken with a 4-m aperture can yield an astrometric accuracy of order 0.5 mas.We report on experiments made at the Steward Observatory 2.3-m telescope which achieved accuracies corresponding to 1.7 mas in a 2.24-arcsec binary and 16.1 mas in a 6.0-arcsec binary with only 15 and 18 specklegram pairs respectively. We plan to use the 6.5-m converted MMT to obtain much higher performance, between 4.0 mas and 0.40 masper independent specklegram pair, depending upon atmospheric conditions, for binaries of 4-arcsec separation. By cycling rapidly through perhaps 100 binaries, thus calibrating systematic errors through the average change in binary separation, Jupiter-mass planets may be detectable with small but regular access to the telescope.Paper presented at the Conference onPlanetary Systems: Formation, Evolution, and Detection held 7–10 December, 1992 at CalTech, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.     

光学系统参数确定带宽约束的天文图像盲反卷积

大气湍流极大限制了地基大口径望远镜观测天文目标图像的空间分辨率.根据最大似然估计原理,提出了用实际光学带宽约束的可有效减小天文观测图像中大气湍流影响的盲反卷积方法,通过共轭梯度优化算法使卷积误差函数趋向最小.建立了望远镜光学系统参数和图像频域带宽的关系,采用变量正性约束、点扩散函数带宽有限约束,提高算法的收敛性.为避免图像处理中有效傅立叶变换频率超出截止频率,要求采集望远镜焦面图像时单个成像单元(如CCD像素单元)应小于四分之一衍射斑直径.算法中未用目标支持域约束,所提出的方法适用于全视场天文图像恢复.用计算机模拟和对实际天文目标双鱼座图像数据的恢复结果验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

基于大视场反卷积的天文图像叠加方法

地基望远镜在成像过程中,由于受大气湍流、望远镜静态像差、跟踪误差、指向误差及视场变化的影响,不同视场区域的PSF (Point Spread Function)具有差异;同时,不同望远镜获取的图像PSF也存在差异.将多个望远镜获取的星象直接叠加至相同的区域后,图像质量受像质最差的望远镜限制,最终观测分辨率和灵敏度均会受到影响.通过图像复原,可以提高图像质量,进而提高叠加效果.根据该思路提出了1种基于PSF分区的迭代图像复原方法:该方法首先通过SOM (Self-organizing Maps)对PSF进行聚类分析,利用同类别PSF的平均PSF进行反卷积,再将反卷积结果按PSF聚类结果分割为不同大小的子图,最后将子图进行拼接.图像复原在提高图像质量的同时,降低了PSF不一致性对图像叠加带来的影响.将几个望远镜在同一时刻获取的图像经反卷积处理之后利用图像配准算法进行矫正并叠加,可获得高信噪比图像.对实际望远镜获取的数据处理后的结果表明:图像在进行复原和叠加过程中,星象目标信噪比不断提升,提高了成像系统对暗星的探测能力.     

Stellar occultation spikes as probes of atmospheric structure and composition

The characteristics of spikes observed in the occultation light curves of β Scorpii by Jupiter are reviewed and discussed. Using a model in which the refractivity (density) gradients in the Jovian atmosphere are parallel to the local gravitational field, the spikes are shown to yield information about (i) the [He]/-[H₂] ratio in the atmosphere, (ii) the fine scale density structure of the atmosphere and (iii) high-resolution images of the occulted stars. The spikes also serve as indicators for ray crossing. Observational limits are placed on the magnitude of horizontal refractivity gradients; these appear to be absent on scales of a few kilometers at altitudes corresponding to number densities less than 2 × 10¹⁴ cm^?3. Spikes are produced by atmospheric density variations, perhaps due to atmospheric layers, density waves or turbulence. To discriminate among these possibilities, future occultation observations should be made from a number of observation sites at two or more wavelengths simultaneously with high time resolution techniques. Given a large telescope and suitable observing techniques, useful information about Jupiter's atmosphere can be obtained from future occultations of early-type stars as faint as V ～ + 6–7.     

Speckle interferometry of nearby multiple stars. IV. Measurements in 2004 and new orbits

The results of speckle interferometric observations of 104 binary and 6 triple stars performed at the BTA 6 m telescope in 2004 October are presented. Nearby low-mass stars are mostly observed for the program, among which 59 there are new binaries recently discovered by the Hipparcos astrometric satellite. Concurrently with the diffraction-limited position measurements we obtained 154 brightness ratio measurements of binary and multiple star components in different bands of the visible spectrum. New, first-resolved binaries are the symbiotic star CH Cyg with a weak companion at 0.043″ separation and the pair of red dwarfs, GJ 913 = HIP 118212. In addition, we derived the orbital parameters for two interferometric systems: the CN-giant pair HD 210211 = HIP 109281 (P = 10.7 yr) and the G2V-K2V G2V-K2V binary GJ 9830 = HIP 116259 (P = 15.7 yr).