基于基线信噪比估计台站性能参数与射电源流量密度

对于天体测量与大地测量VLBI观测,所选取射电源的强弱以及参加观测的台站系统的性能表现对其观测结果具有重要的影响。以基线信噪比为观测量建立观测方程,采用带约束条件的最小二乘估计方法,统一估算射电源的流量密度和台站的系统等效流量密度,从而对所选取射电源以及台站在VLBI观测中的性能表现进行评估。使用国际VLBI网观测数据验证了射电源流量密度及台站性能参数估计方法的正确性,并利用中国VLBI网实测数据评估了国内VLBI台站的性能表现。     

VLBI观测信号相关处理中的小波保角变换

Daubechies小波可以表征为幂函数或e指数函数的形式 ,保持相关相位条纹的幅角不变。在VLBI观测信号相关处理过程中引入了小波分析方法 ,以探讨小波理论在VLBI技术中的应用特点。两个台站的VLBI观测信号经过时间补偿和干涉条纹旋转后 ,利用静态小波算法在线性空间中的保角变换特征可提取VLBI信号的干涉相位特征 ,并完整保留相位的时序关系。     

VLBI台站监管系统的研制与应用

VLBI台站监管系统是绕月探测工程VLBI测轨分系统应用软件的一个重要组成部分。其主要功能是在VLBI观测期间实时监管各测站参试设备运行状况,采集参试设备数据信息并进行处理分析与存档,当系统出现问题时能立即指出问题所在;另外,还实时提供必要的有关数据给VLBI数据处理中心做相关处理。VLBI台站监管系统在嫦娥探月一期工程实施期间运行稳定、可靠,对VLBI测轨任务的圆满完成起到了积极的作用。目前,它仍在探月工程的常规观测中发挥作用。     

实时VLBI技术

随着通信技术的发展出现了用数据通讯网络代替磁带记录与传输 ,将数据直接传至数据中心处理的实时VLBI技术 ,它包括准实时和真实时VLBI两个技术层次 ,是VLBI技术的一次飞跃。实时VLBI除具备传统VLBI的高精度、高灵敏度和全天候、全天时被动观测能力以外 ,还具有设备简化、自动化程度高、实时性、易于利用现代通信技术获得宽带能力与高灵敏度等突出特点。它在VLBI台站检测、航天器精密跟踪、UT1加强观测和传统的测地和天文学观测领域均有重要的科学意义和实用价值。     

VLBI观测信号相关处理中的小波保角变换

Daubechies小波可以表征为幂函数或e指数函数的形式，保持相关相位条纹的幅角不变。在VLBI观测信号相关处理过程中引入了小波分析方法，以探讨小波理论在VLBI技术中的应用特点。两个台站的VLBI观测信号经过时间补偿和干涉条纹旋转后，利用静态小波算法在线性空间中的保角变换特征可提取VLBI信号的干涉相位特征，并完整保留相位的时序关系。     

实时VLBI技术

随着通信技术的发展出现了用数据通讯网络代替磁带记录与传输，将数据直接传至数据中心处理的实时VLBI技术，它包括准实时和真实时VLBI两个技术层次，是VLBI技术的一次飞跃。实时VLBI除具备传统VLBI的高精度、高灵敏度和全天候、全天时被动观测能力以外，还具有设备简化、自动化程度高、实时性、易于利用现代通信技术获得宽带能力与高灵敏度等突出特点。它在VLBI台站检测、航天器精密跟踪、UT1加强观测和传统的测地和天文学观测领域的有重要的科学意义和实用价值。     

空间VLBI观测的（u,v）覆盖平面

一个专用VLBI研究的卫星－－VSOP将于1996年9月发射，根据该卫星的轨道根数，我们讨论空间VLBI观测中的（u,v）覆盖及它所受到的影响，以射电源Mkn421作为实例，给出了相应的计算结果。同时也给出了该源在15GHz和43GHz的最新的10台站VLBI观测结果。     

硬件相关处理机数据回放模块研究

硬件相关处理机系统需从数据记录缓存器读取台站数据,经数据预处理后进行下一步的相关处理。为了满足高速实时数据的传输及预处理要求,设计了VLBI数据回放模块,该模块通过千兆网络传输观测站数据,控制数据收发,并针对VLBI数据特点进行数据解码、数据校验、数据异常处理等。测试结果表明,该模块处理速率可达1 Gbit/s,在硬件相关处理机进行单台站数据速率64 Mbit/s的实时数据处理时能稳定正常工作。该模块己应用于嫦娥3号任务的硬件相关处理系统中。     

PIMA软件在APSG测地VLBI数据处理中的应用

上海VLBI相关处理中心引进了一款国外新近研发的VLBI相关后处理软件PIMA,它在相位校准、复带通校准和条纹搜索等方面具有独到的优势,特别适合于射电源的成图和绝对天体测量。以亚太空间地球动力学计划(Asian Pacific Space Geodynamics,APSG)测地VLBI观测为样本,介绍了PIMA软件及配套数据分析软件VTD/Post-Solve的特点和处理流程。对PIMA获得的观测量文件以及国际VLBI天体测量和大地测量服务(International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry,IVS)常规数据处理获得的观测量文件,分别进行了台站坐标和射电源位置参数解算。二者的解算结果在测量误差范围内一致,且在低信噪比情况下,PIMA获得了更多的观测量。后续的APSG观测将包括更多数量的微弱射电源。PIMA软件有望在此类数据处理中发挥重要作用。     

CVN硬盘系统和软件相关处理在e-VLBI试验中的应用

介绍了中国VLBI网（CVN）的e-VLBI技术研究进展．CVN包括上海佘山、乌鲁木齐南山2个固定观测站和云南昆明的流动站，以及上海天文台的2台站硬件相关处理机。2003年上海天文台自行研制了基于PC技术的VLBI数据记录、回放系统，命名为CVN硬盘系统，并成功将其安置于CVN观测站和处理机系统。硬件处理机经过改造后，已能处理来自硬盘和原有磁带系统的数据．从2003年至今，中国VLBI网采用该硬盘系统进行了多次VLBI观测和e-VLBI试验。在CVN硬盘系统基础上，软件相关处理技术的研究也得以开展。软件相关处理原型程序已经被用于台站条纹检测、卫星条纹搜索和数据处理中。该软件获得的计算结果被成功用于国内第一个3台站卫星VLBI的延迟和延迟率闭合试验，以及国内首次利用VLBI数据进行的卫星定轨试验。除此之外，该软件还用作硬件处理机的条纹引导器。为适应未来“嫦娥”月球探测工程，CVN将扩展成含有4个观测站和2个相关处理机（硬件、软件）的实时VLBI网。今后，e-VLBI将被应用于月球卫星导航以及测地和天体物理的VLBI观测。     

大口径射电望远镜电磁兼容评估技术研究

电磁兼容性是设备或系统的重要性能指标, 也是保障系统的工作效能和提高系统可靠性的重要因素. 大口径射电望远镜运行阶段, 台址周围无线电业务及内部潜在的电磁干扰会降低观测系统灵敏度、影响天文观测的质量. 本论文针对拟建的新疆110 m全向可动射电望远镜(Qi Tai raido Telescope, QTT)开展了系统电磁兼容评估技术及控制方法研究, 具有重要的工程应用价值. 首先, 依据现有电波环境测量方法的不足, 深入分析了仪器设备的关键参数配置方法及测量时间计算方法, 采用Y因子法校准测量数据, 提出一种准实时电波环境测量方法. 面向高重复性宽带频谱, 分析了宽带频谱信号和噪声特征, 结合标准差理论, 提出一种基于邻值比较的信噪分离方法, 并采用邻值统计方法优化关键参数, 提高信噪分离精度. 针对QTT台址, 开发了自动化电波环境监测系统, 该系统6 GHz以下频段系统增益大于40 dB, 系统噪声系数小于2 dB, 测量不确定度小于1.49 dB, 具有极高的系统灵敏度和测量精度; 分析了频谱监测数据流, 设计了基于HDF5 (Hierarchical Data Format version 5)的数据存储格式, 开发了自动化电波环境测量和监控软件及数据处理软件. 依据QTT台址长期监测数据, 评估分析了台址电磁环境、主要干扰源特征及其影响. 其次, 提出大口径射电望远镜馈源口面干扰电平限值量化方法, 建立了基于台址地形的电波传播模型, 分析了现有电波传播模型的优缺点及适应性, 结合QTT台址实际地形及地质特征, 采用Longley-Rice和Two-Ray电波传播模型, 预测分析了QTT台址潜在干扰区域电磁干扰达到射电望远镜的电波路径衰减, 结合大口径射电望远镜天线增益量化方法, 提出设备所在位置干扰电平限值量化方法, 运用该方法对QTT台址潜在干扰区域的干扰电平限值进行量化. 依据设备所在位置干扰电平限值, 调研分析了国内外军用、民用电磁兼容测量标准, 结合电磁干扰对射电天文观测的影响, 提出一种大口径射电望远镜电磁兼容控制方法, 解决了现有电波暗室测量系统无法直接测量评估电子设备电磁兼容的问题, 该电磁兼容控制方法计划应用于QTT建设及运行阶段, 确保系统拥有良好的电磁兼容性. 最后, 依据QTT台址潜在干扰区域干扰电平限值, 结合典型电子设备电磁辐射频谱, 分析了QTT电磁兼容设计需求, 提出电磁兼容设计初步方案. 另外, 针对台址建筑设施内的中低电磁辐射干扰源, 提出一种低成本建筑屏蔽方法, 应用于QTT台址现有建筑.     

The ARIEL Instrument Control Unit design

In this paper we present the electromagnetic modeling and beam pattern measurements of a 16-elements ultra wideband sparse random test array for the low frequency instrument of the Square Kilometer Array telescope. We discuss the importance of a small array test platform for the development of technologies and techniques towards the final telescope, highlighting the most relevant aspects of its design. We also describe the electromagnetic simulations and modeling work as well as the embedded-element and array pattern measurements using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle system. The latter are helpful both for the validation of the models and the design as well as for the future instrumental calibration of the telescope thanks to the stable, accurate and strong radio frequency signal transmitted by the UAV. At this stage of the design, these measurements have shown a general agreement between experimental results and numerical data and have revealed the localized effect of un-calibrated cable lengths in the inner side-lobes of the array pattern.     

Interference-mitigation measures at RATAN-600 radio telescope

We report an analysis of the electromagnetic situation at RATAN-600 radio telescope over the 30-year period of operation of the complex of continuum radiometers. We analyze practical methods for mitigating radio interference ranging from the use of anti-interference adapters to incorporating fast digital signal processors into the standard data acquisition system.     

RFI measurements and mitigation for FAST

Radio Frequency Interference(RFI)mitigation is essential for supporting the science output of Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST)due to its high sensitivity.In order to protect FAST from RFI,an Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)study has been carried out and the operation of a Radio Quiet Zone(RQZ)is ongoing.RFI measurements of the telescope instruments and monitoring of the active radio services outside the site have revealed the radiation properties of the RFI sources.Based on the measurement results and theoretical analysis,various EMC methods have been implemented for the telescope to decrease the RFIs.Meanwhile,the main RFI sources in the FAST RQZ,such as mobile stations,broadcast stations and navigation instruments,have been identified,and the technical measures have been adopted to protect the quiet radio environment around the site.The early science outputs of FAST have demonstrated the efficiency of RFI mitigation methods.     

Coherent Cherenkov radio pulses from hadronic showers up to EeV energies

The Cherenkov radio pulse emitted by hadronic showers of energies in the EeV range in ice is calculated for the first time using full three dimensional simulations of both shower development and the coherent radio pulse emitted as the excess charge develops in the shower. A Monte Carlo, ZHAireS, has been developed for this purpose combining the high energy hadronic interaction capabilities of AIRES, and the dense media propagation capabilities of TIERRAS, with the precise low energy tracking and specific algorithms developed to calculate the radio emission in ZHS. A thinning technique is implemented to allow the simulation of radio pulses induced by showers up to 10 EeV in ice. The code is validated comparing the results for electromagnetic and hadronic showers to those obtained with GEANT4 and ZHS codes. The contribution to the pulse of other shower particles in addition to electrons and positrons, mainly protons, pions and muons, is found to be below 3% for 10 PeV and above proton induced showers. The characteristics of hadronic showers and the corresponding Cherenkov frequency spectra are compared with those from purely electromagnetic showers. The dependence of the spectra on shower energy and high-energy hadronic model is addressed and parameterizations for the radio emission in hadronic showers in ice are given for practical applications.     

Preface: Key technologies for enhancing the performance of FAST

The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope(FAST)passed its national acceptance inspection on 2020 January 11.This special issue includes a total of 15 papers,which are selected to introduce the status of FAST’s performance and demonstrate the key technologies applied to FAST.The presented performance parameters can provide an important reference for scientists to propose observations with FAST.The key technologies presented in these papers include design and implementation in the measurement and control system,electromagnetic compatibility system,and receiver system.Finally,scientific achievements obtained by FAST during the commissioning phase are also reported.     

太阳射电辐射的自调制模型

本文采用几何光学近似，研究在日冕条件下，沿着磁场传播的电磁波产生非线性自调制不稳定性的可能．发现只有分米波和米波段的射电爆发，可以在日冕外层产生纵向和横向的自调制不稳定性．而在其它波段，如光学、X射线和高频电磁波，则不会产生这样的非线性不稳定性过程．由纵向自调制不稳定性产生的精细结构具有包络孤波的形状．     

Radio frequency compatibility analysis for BDSBAS and GPS/WAAS

Radio frequency signal compatibility is the basis of interoperability of the Satellite eBased Augmentation System(SBAS). SBAS should abide by relative international radio regulations of International Telecommunication Union(ITU) and meet the compatibility requirements of radio frequency signal between the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)/SBAS, in order to avoid negative mutual interference. According to ITU Proposal and related reference and assumptions, the paper made simulation of signal receiving maximum power in the Bei Dou Satellite-Based Augmentation System(BDSBAS)global signal coverage. And then, interference of BDSBAS to Global Positioning System(GPS)/WAAS(Wide Area Augmentation System) on L1/L5 bands were calculated and analyzed, with equivalent carrierto-noise ratio as the evaluation parameter. The result shows that the carrier-to-noise ratio decrease of GPS/WAAS caused by BDSBAS B1 C and B2 a signals are extremely lower than inter-system interference of GPS/WAAS, and thus can be ignored in practical applications. Therefore, BDSBAS will not cause the service performance degradation of GPS and WAAS.     

Interference coupling analysis based on a hybrid method: application to a radio telescope system

Working in a way that passively receives electromagnetic radiation from a celestial body,a radio telescope can be easily disturbed by external radio frequency interference as well as electromagnetic interference generated by electric and electronic components operating at the telescope site.A quantitative analysis of these interferences must be taken into account carefully for further electromagnetic protection of the radio telescope. In this paper, based on electromagnetic topology theory, a hybrid method that combines the Baum-Liu-Tesche(BLT) equation and transfer function is proposed.In this method, the coupling path of the radio telescope is divided into strong coupling and weak coupling sub-paths, and the coupling intensity criterion is proposed by analyzing the conditions in which the BLT equation simplifies to a transfer function. According to the coupling intensity criterion, the topological model of a typical radio telescope system is established. The proposed method is used to solve the interference response of the radio telescope system by analyzing subsystems with different coupling modes separately and then integrating the responses of the subsystems as the response of the entire system. The validity of the proposed method is verified numerically. The results indicate that the proposed method, compared with the direct solving method, reduces the difficulty and improves the efficiency of interference prediction.     

Static charged dust distributions: Sources of purely electromagnetic origin

The present work is a continuation of our earlier work on the charged dust sources of purely electromagnetic origin for static axisymmetric and static spherically-symmetric fields. Here we have extended the above work to the case of generalized static metric and have shown that a static charged dust distribution, irrespective of any symmetry conditions, can be only of purelly electromagnetic origin. Incidentally, it follows from this result itself that the Weyl-Majumdar-Papapetrou class of static charged dust sources, which form an important class of astrophysical systems, are also of purely electromagnetic origin.