西乌旗迪彦庙-达青地区石炭纪斜长花岗岩的发现及其对古亚洲洋构造演化的指示意义

本文对西乌珠穆沁旗迪彦庙-达青俯冲增生杂岩带内的斜长花岗岩开展了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和锆石Hf同位素研究。该区斜长花岗岩主要由斜长石、石英和少量黑云母组成,具有较高的SiO_2(68. 24%～79. 34%)、低Al(Al_2O_3为11. 33%～15. 23%)、低Ti(TiO_2为0. 270%～0. 773%)、低MgO(Mg#值为11～47)和富Na贫K(Na_2O/K_2O为4. 90～24. 25)的特征。稀土元素总量为14. 15×10~(-6)～189. 04×10~(-6),稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线为轻稀土弱富集、重稀土平坦的配分模式。微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,Nb、Ta和Ti为负异常。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示:样品DYM17-006的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为330. 1±3. 2 Ma,样品DQ17-007的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为316. 5±2. 4 Ma,分别代表了迪彦庙和达青地区斜长花岗岩的形成年龄。锆石Hf同位素组成显示具有高的(~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf)_t比值以及正的ε_(Hf)(t)值(9. 387～16. 251),反映其岩浆源自于亏损地幔。综合分析认为,迪彦庙-达青俯冲增生杂岩带内斜长花岗岩应属于结晶分异型花岗岩,由起源于亏损地幔源区的洋脊玄武质岩浆结晶分异形成。迪彦庙-达青一带存在一个长期演化的大洋,在石炭纪处于洋盆扩张阶段,伴随着古亚洲洋的俯冲消减及洋陆转换,最终构成了中亚造山带的一部分。     

内蒙古东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了解晚古生代西伯利亚板块南缘增生造山过程中的岩浆活动特征,对东乌旗巴彦都兰二长花岗岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学进行了研究,并讨论了岩石成因和构造环境。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为(277.2±0.7)Ma,以正的锆石εHf(t)(6.8~14.1)为特征,具有年轻的锆石地壳模式年龄(tcDM)(865~655 Ma),属于早二叠世晚期岩浆活动产物。二长花岗岩以高钾[w(K)=3.63%~4.95%,K2O/Na2O=0.91~1.47]、富碱[w(K2O+Na2O)=7.52%~9.16%]、准铝质-弱过铝质(A/CNK=0.96~1.15)为特征;稀土元素总量较低(38.82×10-6~193.20×10-6),(La/Yb)N为3.91~23.08,轻、重稀土元素分异较明显,呈弱负铕异常(δEu为0.34~1.17);富集部分大离子亲石元素(LREE、Rb、K等);Zr弱负异常、Hf弱正异常,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示后造山花岗岩特征。综合分析表明,巴彦都兰二长花岗岩形成于伸展的构造环境中,是贺根山洋盆闭合后的后造山阶段产物,为865~655 Ma前洋壳俯冲形成的先成地壳部分熔融而成。     

内蒙古东乌旗晚古生代闪长岩、二长花岗岩年代学特征及岩石成因

为了解晚古生代西伯利亚板块南缘增生造山过程中的岩浆活动特征及其对贺根山洋盆闭合时间的制约,对东乌旗巴彦都兰闪长岩、二长花岗岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学、锆石Hf同位素和岩石地球化学进行了研究,并讨论了岩石成因和构造环境。闪长岩、二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb同位素年龄依次为(319.8±0.9)Ma、(300.8±1.7)Ma,分别侵位于晚石炭世、早二叠世地层。闪长岩以正的锆石εHf(t)(13.5~17.1)为特征,具有年轻的锆石地壳模式年龄(tDMc)(335~466 Ma),明显富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Ba、Sr,相对亏损Ta、Nb和Ti等高场强元素(HFSE),为洋壳俯冲阶段,地幔楔混入并与年轻洋壳部分熔融形成。二长花岗岩以高钾、富碱、弱过铝质为特征,富集部分大离子亲石元素(LREE、Rb、K等);Zr弱负异常、Hf弱正异常,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti,显示后造山花岗岩特征。二长花岗岩形成于伸展构造环境,是贺根山洋盆闭合后后造山阶段的产物,为洋壳俯冲形成的先成地壳部分熔融而成。     

大兴安岭明水地区三叠纪花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

大兴安岭中段明水地区头道河岩体主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年结果显示,头道河岩体形成于243~240 Ma的中三叠世。岩石地球化学资料显示头道河岩体具有高硅(Si O2=61.32%~78.19%),富铝(Al2O3=11.85%~16.87%),贫铁(TFe2O3=0.56%~5.93%)、镁(Mg O=0.16%~3.30%)、钙(Ca O=0.26%~2.94%)的特征,为一套高钾钙碱性的I型花岗岩;稀土元素总量偏低(ΣREE=75.5×10-6~149.49×10-6),稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Yb)N介于8.71~17.61之间,无明显铕异常;微量元素以富集Rb、Pb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素为特征。锆石原位Hf同位素分析表明,该岩体花岗质岩石的176Hf/177Hf值为0.282 811~0.283 227,εHf(t)为较高的正值(+6.55~+12.19),Hf二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)介于595~1 107 Ma之间。上述地球化学特征指示,头道河岩体源区物质为中元古代显生宙期间从亏损地幔增生的年轻火成岩地壳物质。结合区域地质资料及同期火成岩物质的时空展布规律,认为中三叠世头道河岩体形成于古亚洲洋闭合后的造山后伸展构造环境。     

昌宁－孟连结合带斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

昌宁-孟连结合带牛井山地区发育以构造岩片和透镜体形式产出的斜长角闪岩,其对于认识和恢复昌宁-孟连结合带特提斯演化历史具有重要意义。本研究对牛井山蛇绿混杂岩带内的斜长角闪岩进行了系统的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素及全岩地球化学研究。锆石CL图像揭示斜长角闪岩锆石为岩浆成因锆石。锆石U-Pb定年结果为272±1.2 Ma(MSWD=1.1,n=21),代表斜长角闪岩原岩时代。岩石地球化学分析表明,斜长角闪岩Si O2含量为51.83%~52.6%,全碱(Na2O+K2O)含量为3.33%~4.16%,Na2O/K2O比值为5.8~19.8,属于低钾拉斑玄武岩系列。微量元素结果表明斜长角闪岩具有N-MORB的地球化学特征。原岩恢复研究揭示斜长角闪岩的原岩为272±1.2 Ma的N-MORB型辉长岩。斜长角闪岩锆石初始(176Hf/177Hf)i值为0.282906~0.282956,对应的εHf(t)为10.7~12.5;单阶段亏损地幔Hf模式年龄tDM1为416~499 Ma(平均值为466Ma),明显老于原岩结晶时代。岩石地球化学特征和锆石Hf模式年龄揭示昌宁-孟连特提斯洋在272 Ma时具有一个长期亏损的地幔,地幔年龄为早古生代416~499 Ma。结合该带存在早古生代洋壳残余及洋壳俯冲成因埃达克岩的事实,我们认为昌宁-孟连带是一个连续演化的原-古特提斯洋,晚古生代272 Ma时还存在洋中脊扩张并产生具有N-MORB性质的洋壳。     

藏北羌塘中部存在志留纪洋盆——来自桃形湖蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄证据

报道了羌塘西部桃形湖蛇绿岩中斜长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果和岩石地球化学资料及锆石Hf同位素成分。斜长花岗岩中的锆石具有典型的岩浆生长环带,结合其Th/U值(0.16~0.44),表明为典型的岩浆成因。锆石LA-ICP-MS和Cameca U-Pb定年结果分别为441Ma±2Ma和442Ma±3Ma,相当于早志留世,略年轻于伴生的堆晶辉长岩。锆石的εHf(t)值为+8.13~+11.23,平均值为+9.50,具有明显的幔源成因特征。全岩地球化学分析结果表明,斜长花岗岩是洋壳运移过程辉长岩部分熔融形成的。斜长花岗岩的年龄数据表明,羌塘中部地区存在志留纪洋盆。     

青藏高原古特提斯洋早石炭世弧后拉张:来自A型花岗岩的证据

本文报道了羌塘中部冈玛错钾长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学和锆石Hf同位素分析结果。钾长花岗岩中的锆石具岩浆生长环带,未见继承的老核,并且锆石Th/U比值大于0.5(0.58~1.05),显示出典型岩浆成因的锆石特征。锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果为352.4±1.9Ma,表明其形成时代为早石炭世。钾长花岗岩富硅(Si O_2=74.17%~77.88%),低铝(Al2O3=10.50%~11.98%),贫镁(Mg O=0.23%~0.36%),富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=5.74%~7.24%),Na_2OK_2O,K_2O/Na_2O=0.53~0.71,A/CNK=0.87~1.06,富集轻稀土元素和Zr、Hf、Rb、Th和U等元素,亏损Sr、Eu、P和Ti等元素,10000Ga/Al=3.12~4.14,显示出A2型花岗岩的地球化学特征。钾长花岗岩中锆石的εHf(t)值和Hf同位素两阶段模式年龄分别变化于+4.40~+12.14和549~985Ma,显示出正的、不均一的同位素组成,可能形成于壳-幔混合作用,其中幔源端元应当是伸展环境下上涌的地幔岩浆,而壳源端元则可能是扬子板块新元古代的新生地壳部分熔融形成的长英质岩浆。结合区域地质资料,认为该花岗岩可能形成于古特提斯洋壳对羌北-昌都板块北向俯冲引起的陆缘弧后拉张环境。     

大兴安岭北部诺敏河地区早石炭世A型花岗岩的年代学、地球化学及Hf同位素研究

大兴安岭北部诺敏河地区碱长花岗岩锆石呈自形—半自形短柱状—板状,具有结构清晰的振荡生长环带和较高的Th/U比值(1.10～2.18),指示其为典型岩浆成因锆石。LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究显示岩石形成于早石炭世杜内期(352.9±3.3 Ma)。岩石地球化学研究显示,岩石属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性岩石,富硅(SiO_2=73.25%～77.01%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=7.72%～9.48%)、富铁(Fe_2O_3=2.06%～2.97%,Fe_2O_3+FeO=2.32%～3.33%),贫镁(MgO=0.08%～0.26%)。根据强烈亏损Sr、Eu、Ba、Ti、P等元素,REE分布曲线为右倾式海鸥型和明显的Eu负异常(δEu=0.26～0.31)的岩石地球化学特征,判断碱长花岗岩属于A型花岗岩。锆石~(176)Yb/~(177)Hf值为0.03778～0.133612,~(176)Lu/~(177)Hf值为0.001095～0.004155,~(176)Hf/~(177)Hf值为0.282824～0.282863。对应的锆石U-Pb年龄计算出锆石ε_(Hf)(t)=8.9～10.6,一阶段Hf模式年龄为t_(DM1)=560～658 Ma,两阶段Hf模式年龄t_(DM2 )=815～974 Ma,指示其源于新元古代源岩的部分熔融。与额尔古纳地块早石炭世A型花岗岩的对比表明,在兴蒙造山带东北部古亚洲洋盆的闭合发生在早石炭世;结合内蒙古中部地区古亚洲洋盆闭合时代为晚石炭世,表明古亚洲洋盆的闭合是东早西晚的"剪刀状"发展过程。     

西昆仑西北缘大洋斜长花岗岩带的岩石地球化学特征、成因及其构造环境

大洋斜长花岗岩一般作为蛇绿岩的组成部分,发育规模往往较小,目前世界上不与蛇绿岩共生或有成因关系的斜长花岗岩实例较少,关于不发育蛇绿岩的大规模大洋斜长花岗岩的报道更是少见。本文通过岩石学、岩石地球化学、锆石UPb定年和Hf同位素研究,论证西昆仑造山带西北缘发育着大规模由英云闪长岩、石英闪长岩和奥长花岗岩组成的大洋斜长花岗岩带。以该斜长花岗带中奥依塔克岩体和萨罗依岩体为研究对象,测得其锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分别为322.8±2.2Ma、319.0±1.7Ma,锆石均具较高的正εHf(t)值(11.06~16.93),模式年龄为320~540Ma(平均值为396.1Ma),大于其形成年龄。岩石具低的Al2O3、高Ca O和Mg O含量,强烈的富钠贫钾,稀土元素总量较低,LREE稍亏损或平坦型配分型式,通过与世界典型大洋斜长花岗岩的对比,该斜长花岗岩带属于典型大洋斜长花岗岩,但相对具负Eu异常,富集K、Rb,亏损Nb、Ta元素。对该大规模斜长花岗岩的成因研究进行了探索,认为该斜长花岗岩带不是传统的玄武质岩浆结晶分异成因,而是在低压(0.1GPa)低温(737~781℃)条件下镁铁质洋壳发生部分熔融的产物,残留相为斜长石+角闪石±斜方辉石±钛铁矿(无石榴石)。结合区域资料,西昆仑西北缘斜长花岗岩带是在晚石炭世弧后盆地的伸展裂解环境下以乌鲁阿特组(玄武岩夹沉积岩)为代表的早石炭世新生镁铁质洋壳部分熔融所形成的产物。     

内蒙古温都尔庙地区早二叠世岛弧型花岗闪长岩的发现:对古亚洲洋闭合的时限约束

研究区位于西伯利亚板块与华北板块之间的关键部位,可能代表了古亚洲洋最终闭合的位置.在嘎顺地区首次识别出花岗闪长岩,通过对岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学和Lu-Hf同位素分析,获得LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为294.8±2.7 Ma,形成于早二叠世.SiO₂含量介于64.69%~67.64%;Al₂O₃含量介于15.00%~15.52%;MgO含量介于1.14%~1.77%;Na₂O含量介于1.41%~3.61%;K₂O含量介于3.25%~3.98%.∑REE值介于157.89×10-6~174.43×10-6;LREE值介于147.86×10-6~149.55×10-6;HREE值介于9.34×10-6~11.8×10-6;右倾稀土配分曲线,呈轻度负Eu异常,轻重稀土元素分馏程度大,轻稀土相对于重稀土明显富集.明显富集Rb、K,亏损Ba、Sr大离子亲石元素（LILE）;富集Th,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）.锆石176Hf/177Hf值介于0.282 673~0.282 791;ε_Hf（t）值介于2.7~7.0,其二阶段模式年龄T_DM2介于861~1 129 Ma,176Lu/177Hf值介于0.000 486~0.000 734,结合岩石地球化学特征,认为该套岩石形成于岛弧岩浆作用,证实了早二叠世古亚洲洋仍未闭合.      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.