南海浮游被囊动物火体虫科(Pyrosomatidae)——新记录种的形态特征

火体虫科(Pyrosomatidae),隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、海樽纲、磷海樽目,全球海域已报道8种。本文描述了采自南海火体虫科一新记录种短轮火体虫 (Pyrosomella verticillata) 群体和单体的形态特征,分析了其群体长度、宽度与轮数的关系,并比较了该种与已在南海发现的大西洋火体虫(Pyrosoma atlanticum)的形态差异。研究标本保存在南海海洋生物标本馆。     

隐妇蚌虫属现生种的分类学研究(甲壳门:介甲目,蚌壳虫科)(英文)

本文以检索表的形式记述了甲壳动物门介甲目蚌壳虫科隐妇蚌虫属的17个现生种。对其中的1个新种石泉隐妇蚌虫Caenestheria shiquanica sp.nov.进行了形态特征描述。列表比较了近似种川候隐妇蚌虫C.Kawamurai(Ueno,1940)Hu,1988与新种的主要形态区别特征。文中附有亚洲产的12种隐妇蚌虫的形态图58幅。     

中国粗胞苔虫科的研究

唇口目、无囊亚目的枝室类苔虫(Division Cellularina)通常包括5科:小隔苔虫科(Farciminariidae)、粗胞苔虫科(Scrupocellariidae)、双胞苔虫科(Bicellariellidae)、戎胞苔虫科(Euoplozoidae)和端口苔虫科(Epistomidae)。在中国科学院海洋研究所历年来从底栖拖网和潮间带搜集的标本中,已发现小隔苔虫科1属1种,粗胞苔虫科5属31种,双胞苔虫科8属41种,端口苔虫科1属1种;戎胞苔虫科至今尚未获得标本。Mawatari[1973：Studies on Japanese Anascan Bryozoa.2.Division Scruparina. Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo,16(4):605-624.] 提出把 Brettia 属和 Eucratea 属从微室类的Scrupariidae中分出,归于枝室类。根据这两属的出芽类型及群体的一般特征。它们与 Scruparia 属区别显著，而与枝室类的 Bugulella 属、Beania属近似。因此我们认为, Mawatari的意见是可取的。由于我们至今尚未获得 Brettia 和 Eucratea 两属的标本,故本文不予论述。 粗胞苔虫科是枝室类苔虫的两个大科之一;种类十分丰富。其主要特征是:群体直立或稍松散葡匐,通常在分枝分歧处有关节。个虫多列或双列。前、侧鸟头体通常存在。除三胞苔虫属 Tricellaria Fleming,1828外,背面都有振鞭体或鸟头体,刺通常存在。口上卵胞。本科最显著的特征是在前膜上面覆盖一根盖刺(scutum),它是刺的变形,其形状多种多样。 在研究枝室类苔虫时,首先要弄清它们分枝的分歧方式,亦即弄清个虫在分枝分歧处的排列方式。所有枝室类苔虫在分枝分歧处群体结构大致相同,但个虫排列方式各异。一支双列分枝的分岐是通过个虫数目的一分为二来完成的。分岐进行的方式,一般是母节间部(parent internode)相对应的两个连续交替的个虫各自接续两个末位后生个虫(distal successor zooids)。为叙述方便,可用字母统一标注与分歧有关的个虫。A是准备分歧的两个交替排列的始位个虫(proximal zooid),B是与A连续交替、位于分枝另一侧的末位个虫(distal zooid)。E是与分枝中轴密切相关的后续个虫(successor zooids),称为轴个虫(axillary zooid)。C和D是“Y”状分枝的一枝(子分枝daughter branch)的外列个虫,分別是A和B的直接后续个虫,在形状上它们与A和B一致。与A和B的区别在于它们彼此分岐,以便让其他两个后续个虫E和F嵌在它们中间。E来自A,位于A的内侧,F来自B,位于B的内侧,也就是说,群体分枝分歧后的两支子分枝的内列个虫来自不同的个虫:F来自B,G来自E。这是双胞苔虫科的分岐模式(图1:2)。 粗胞苔虫科的分岐模式与双胞苔虫科不同。在祖胞苔虫科,末位个虫B发育成为单列,从始位个虫A分出两个子个虫C和E,因此与A接续的不是B而是C和E。C是A的末位后续个虫,在A的外侧分出,发育成为单列。E是A的始位后续个虫,在A的内侧分出。E分出个虫F和G,因此从A长出完整的分枝。此分枝与群体分枝具有相同的外列和内列,分别称为B列、C列,而G和F分别形成A侧枝的内列和B侧枝的内列。因此,粗胞苔虫科在群体分枝分岐时产生的两支子分枝的内列来白同一个虫,轴个虫E产生F和G(图1:1)。 不同种类分岐方式不同。分岐方式在区別种属时有一定的参考价值。这里就本文涉及的种类,将粗胞苔虫科的分歧类型概述如下。 粗胞苔虫科有9属,在我国已发现5属。     

中国双胞苔虫科(苔藓虫)的种类记述

唇口目、无囊亚目、枝室超科(Order Cheilostomata;Suborder Anasca; Superfamily Cellularinoidea) 的双胞苔虫科(Bicellariellidae Levinsen，1909)的种类十分丰富，它的成员从潮间带至4000 多米的深海海底，从热带海洋到寒冷的极地海域，都有广泛的分布。 双胞苔虫科群体通常直立，有时多少平卧(recumbent)，甚至松散被覆(encrusting)在基质上。分枝多数为双列，有时单列或多列。个虫(zooids)通常钙化弱，但几丁化强。在一列个虫中，每一个虫从其前位个虫的背面末端生出，故个虫末端多少重叠在其后续个虫的始端部分上。前膜(frontal membranes)通常大，常占个虫整个前表面，但有时较小，始端裸壁发达。个虫两侧通常内卷，整个个虫常呈陀螺形。刺通常存在，有端刺(distalspines)和侧刺(lateral spines)。有柄鸟头体(pedunculated avicularia)为双胞苔虫科所特有。有时无刺也无鸟头体。卵胞通常存在。群体分歧方式和粗胞苔虫科(Family Scrupocellariellidae)不同(图1)：两支子分枝的内列个虫来自不同的虫室。为了叙述方便，可用字母统一标注与分歧有关的个虫。A是准备分岐的两个交替排列的始位个虫。B是与A连续交替、位于分枝另一侧的末位个虫。E是与分歧中轴密切相关的后续个虫，称为轴个虫;C与D是Y状分枝的一枝(子分枝)的外列个虫，分别是A和B的直接后续个虫，在形状上它们与A和B一致，与A和B的区别在于它们彼此分歧，以便让其他两个后续个虫E和F嵌在它们中间。E来自A，位于A的内侧，F来自B，位于B的内侧，即群体分枝分歧后的两支子分枝的内列(个虫)来自不同的个虫: F来自B，G来自E。这是双胞苔虫科的分歧模式。     

唇口目苔藓虫群体早期发育的演化意义 Ⅰ.软壁亚目膜孔苔虫科和琥珀苔虫科的群体早期发育特点及一新属、六新种

苔藓动物的群体是由生理上互相连系、以无性繁殖方法复制的称之为个虫的成员组成。幼虫变态后,绝大多数苔藓虫形成构成群体基础的单一个虫,称为初虫,这些单一的初虫通常为一摄食个虫,有时则为形态多样的无摄食功能的空个虫;另一些幼虫变态后则形成2个、3个或5个个虫,称之为初虫群,初虫群的每一个体均为摄食个虫。绝大多数苔藓虫群体都由单一的初虫或初虫群以无性出芽而成,只有极少数苔藓虫群体由休眠芽产生或由裂殖方式产生。按照苔藓动物学关于群体性质的一般概念,每一群体由若干类型的个虫和多个虫部分构成,而某些群体还包括个虫外部分。个虫是无性繁殖产生、分别执行如摄食、生殖、支撑、保护等主要生理或结构功能的自然连系的形态单位。多个虫部分包括既存个虫界限外面生长的连续体壁层及其包裹的体腔,随着群体发育,它们便成为个虫之一部分。个虫外部分在群体整个生命期间都位于个虫界限之外,包括体壁(有骨骼层或无骨骼层)、非体壁之一部分的骨骼以及相邻的体腔。群体是一个可与单体动物相比拟而与环境相互作用的完整生命机体,一般说来,群体是均匀一致的。组成群体的成员除初虫或初虫群是以有性生殖方式产生外,所有其他部分都是由细胞生理上连续的有丝分裂和非细胞部分的分泌作用产生的。如果假定它们的基因是均匀性的,那么就可以说在一群体内的个虫在形态上是同一的,然而一苔藓动物群体内的个虫在某些特征上通常是不同的。一群体内表征上不同的个虫表达了那些未必反映基因差异的形态变异,任一群体所显示的这种非遗传变异都可归于下述诱发群体内形态变异的四个非遗传因素:个虫和个虫外结构的个体发育、群体发育(或群育)、多形结构和微环境。     

南海西北部陆架区住筒虫属的种类描述及其丰度分布

住筒虫是浮游被囊动物的一类,隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、有尾纲、住筒虫科、住筒虫属,在海洋生物食物链中占重要位置。根据南海西北部陆架区2006年夏季、冬季和2007年春季3个航次各82个站的浮游动物拖网(网目孔径169 μm)调查资料,共鉴定到8种住筒虫:Fritillaria aberrens,F.abjornseni, F.formica, F.haplostoma, F.megachile, F.pacifica, F.pellucida, F.tenella,其中F.aberrens、F.abjornseni和F.pacifica为南海新纪录。对它们进行了形态描述,并结合环境因子探讨其丰度分布特征。夏季出现住筒虫8种,平均丰度为(2.62±4.68 )个/m3;冬季3种,春季4种,平均丰度分别为(0.23±0.52)和(1.72±5.43)个/m3。F.formica是丰度最高的一种,在夏季、冬季和春季分别占总丰度的43.88%,80.18%和84.29%;其次是F.pellucida和F.haplostoma;以上三种分布广,丰度较高。与环境因子分析表明,夏季琼东沿岸上升流和雷州半岛东部海域冷涡现象对种类向沿岸推移及其丰度增加有一定的助长作用。     

中国茎苔虫属的研究

茎苔虫属(Caulibugula Verrill, 1900) 隶于唇口目、无囊亚目、双胞科(Cheilostomata,Anasca, Bicellariellidae)。茎苔虫的群体系由分节的长茎(stem) 和丛状分枝构成。每节为一空个虫。空个虫的前膜细长，侧壁有钙质加厚(Calcareous thickening)。附根一般由茎部始端的空个虫分出。泡状体(vesicles) 或有或无。分枝双列(很少单列)，通常呈扇形。大多数种类扇形分枝始端的第一个虫与其后续个虫稍有不同，常呈倒圆锥形。普通个虫(ordinary zooids) 系双胞型(Bicellariella-type) 或草苔虫型(Bugula-type)。双胞型个虫呈陀螺形，前膜短但刺长；草苔虫型个虫细长形，前膜长但刺短而少，或无刺。鸟头体皆有柄，着生位置因种而异，吻和颚骨皆呈尖形，或全无鸟头体。卵胞或有(口上卵胞hyperstomial ovicell) 或无。 茎苔虫属的种可分为两组：一组种的扇形分枝的普通个虫为双胞型，如桑给巴尔茎苔虫C. zanzibariensis (Waters)；另一组种为草苔虫型，如杯茎苔虫C.caliculata (Levinsen)。 Busk(1884)把具有双胞型个虫的种归于双胞苔虫属(Bicellaria, s, l.), 而Levinsen(1909)则把具有草苔虫型个虫的种放入草苔虫属。但是由空个虫构成的分节长茎是这类苔虫所特有的稳定特征，因而具有这一稳定特征的种，不能归于双胞苔虫屈和草苔虫属，只能归于茎苔虫属(Harmer, 1926:457)。 茎苔虫属的成员通常栖息在近岸浅海，有的种从潮间带至水深100多米皆有分布，多数为热带－亚热带种，主要分布在马来群岛、澳大利亚西部和南部、印度、非洲东岸、中国和日本。此外，还分布在美洲太平洋沿岸(加利福尼亚)和大西洋沿岸(佛罗里达、卡罗来纳、巴西)等地。 本文系作者对中国科学院海洋研究所历年来搜集的标本进行系统整理后写成，共报道10种，其中3种为中国首次记录，6种为新种。新种模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所(青岛)。     

中国近海龙介虫科和螺旋虫科(多毛纲：缨鳃虫目)的研究Ⅲ

中国近海多毛纲缨鳃虫目(Sabellida)龙介虫科(Serpulidae)和螺旋虫科(Spirorbidae)是污损生物的主要类群之一。根据中国科学院海洋研究所历年调查、全国海洋综合调查和作者近年来补充采集的标本，进行系统整理，已陆续报道龙介虫科近51种。本文是第三篇报道，共鉴定龙介虫科8属12种、螺旋虫科7属12种。其中有10种为我国首次记录(有*者系我国首次记录)。     

北印度洋—南海表层水体中浮游动物胶体虫(放射虫)的物种多样性、生物地理及其季节变化

具有共生体的浮游动物胶体虫在寡营养海域的有机碳循环和硅循环过程中发挥着重要的作用,但对于胶体虫的研究较为薄弱。文章利用走航式采样和虎红染色方法,首次揭示了北印度洋—马六甲海峡—南海跨多个海域表层水中胶体虫的物种多样性、生物地理及其季节变化。研究海区胶体虫的物种数非常丰富,春季17种、冬季高达27种;北印度洋—马六甲海峡的多样性在春季普遍低于南海、但在冬季则高于南海,表明北印度洋—南海生物多样性的区域地理分布受东亚季风影响显著。胶体虫群落结构的变化也存在生物地理上的差异、且受东亚季风影响显著,如胶球虫科(Collosphaeridae)在春冬季均具绝对优势、球虫科(Sphaerozoidae)只在冬季显著增加;春季和冬季的优势种组成也有不同,表明表层水体中胶体虫的群落组成受季节变化影响显著,东亚季风影响下表层水混合增强,导致属种组成发生显著变化,进而表现出季节变化是控制研究海区胶体虫群落结构的主因。胶体虫的丰度则与区域环境密切相关,如马六甲海峡至巽他陆架春、冬季均较低,南海次之,北印度洋春、冬季都相对较高,反映出其对特定海洋环境的适应性,推测大尺度下区域的影响要高于季风变化的控制。可见,...     

南海北部近海污损苔藓虫的分布

报道了南海北部近海海区污损性苔藓虫的组成及其分布.采集的苔藓虫共有34种,隶属于23属22科,浮标上24种苔藓虫,大多数附着于深水层的水泥沉块上.平台上13种苔藓虫,主要种类是误名裂孔苔虫、萨氏膜孔苔虫.文中讨论了污损性苔藓虫的水深分布、幼虫的附着行为和幼虫类型.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.