Deposition Process of Dust Microparticles from Aerosol to Snow-Firn Pack on Glacier No. 1 in Eastern Tianshan Mountains, China

Samples were continuously collected from aerosol, fresh snow, and snow pits on Glacier No. 1 at Urumqi River source in eastern Tianshan (天山) Mountains. The deposition processes and the characteristics of mineral dust microparticles from aerosol to fresh snow, and then evolution to the snow pit were determined. Total dust microparticle concentration in the surface snow and aerosol showed a similar temporal variation trend, which was strongly associated with regional and local at-mospheric circulation in the ...     

Spatiotemporal distribution of snow cover and its variation in the upper reaches of the Taolai River basin，Qilian Mountains北大核心CSCD

Snow is an important part of the cryosphere and plays an important role in the hydrological cycle and energy balance. Study of the spatiotemporal characteristics of snow cover and its change is the prerequisite for analyzing the formation,distribution and variation of runoff from mountains in inland river basins. In this study,we selected the upper reaches of the Taolai River basin of Qilian Mountains as the study area,used down⁃ scaling methods to obtain high-resolution snow depth data,and adopted methods of spatial statistics,sensitivity analysis and contribution separations to quantify snow cover distribution and variation influenced by terrain and the regional climate during the time period from 2002 to 2018. Results showed that basin early average snow depth ranged from 0 cm to 2. 5 cm,with variation from -0. 19 cm·a-1 to 0. 06 cm·a-1. The area of snow depth re⁃ duction during the study period accounted for 68. 30% of the total area. It was found that the snow depth increase more with altitude and less with the increase of slope. Variation of snow depth increased below 2 500 m a. s. l. and decreased above 2 500 m a. s. l. As the slope increases,it first increases and then decreases;the snow depth of each aspect decreases,especially in the northwest orientation. The sensitivity of snow depth to air tempera⁃ ture and solar radiation were found negative in general,while that of the precipitation was found positive. The precipitation in high-altitude areas has a relatively large contribution to the snow depth variation,while in the val⁃ ley areas,the contribution of temperature to snow cover is more significant. This work provides an example for the study of snow dynamics in the upper reaches of inland river watersheds,and benefits model simulation and prediction of mountain runoff and regional water management. © 2023 The Author(s).     

Ore-forming Fluid and Mineral Source of the Hongshi Copper Deposit in the Kalatage Area, East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China

The Hongshi copper deposit is located in the middle of the Kalatage ore district in the northern segment of the Dananhu-Tousuquan island-arc belt in East Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China. This study analyses the fluid inclusions and H, O, and S stable isotopic compositions of the deposit. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that aqueous fluid inclusions were trapped in chalcopyrite-bearing quartz veins in the gangue minerals. The homogenization temperatures range from 108°C to 299°C, and the salinities range from 0.5% to 11.8%, indicating medium to low temperatures and salinities. The trapping pressures range from 34.5 MPa to 56.8 MPa. The δ18OH2O values and δD values of the fluid range from ?6.94‰ to ?5.33‰ and from ?95.31‰ to ?48.20‰, respectively. The H and O isotopic data indicate that the ore-forming fluid derived from a mix of magmatic water and meteoric water and that meteoric water played a significant role. The S isotopic composition of pyrite ranges from 1.9‰ to 5.2‰, with an average value of 3.1‰, and the S isotopic composition of chalcopyrite ranges from ?0.9‰ to 4‰, with an average value of 1.36‰, implying that the S in the ore-forming materials was derived from the mantle. The introduction of meteoric water decreased the temperature, volatile content, and pressure, resulting in immiscibility. These factors may have been the major causes of the mineralization of the Hongshi copper deposit. Based on all the geologic and fluid characteristics, we conclude that the Hongshi copper deposit is an epithermal deposit.     

Cretaceous-Early Eocene Tectonic Stress Field in China

The Cretaceous-early Eocene tectonic stress field in China was reconstructed using the data of 369 largeand medium-scale flexural folds and 157 joint sets. It was found that the maximum compressive principal stress axis in eastern China dips 32° NE (nearly horizontal), and strikes SW 212°, whereas that in western China dips 15° NE (also nearly horizontal) and trends SW 195°. The estimation of the dip angles of fold limbs and the palaeotectonic stress values indicates that there was a tendency of gradual weakening of tectonism from southwestern to northeastern China in the Cretaceous-early Eocene. At the depth of 2-3 km, the differential stress value changes from 183 MPa in Tibet to 100 MPa in North and East China.The authors consider that the tectonic stress of this period was related to the north-northeastward movement and push of the Indian-Australian plate.     

Anchimetamorphism of the Neoproterozoic and the Lower Paleozoic along the Profile of Yuanguping in Western Hunan Province, China

The Neoproterozoic and Lower Paleozoic along the profile of Yuanguping in western Hunan Province, China underwent anchimetamorphism. The illite crystallinity (IC) of the <2 μm fractions ranges from 0.23-0.34°△2θfor the Neoproterozoic to 0.23-0.35°△A2θ for the Lower Paleozoic (calibrated with the Kisch IC set, Kisch, 1991). This indicates that the metamorphic grade of the Neoproterozoic and Lower Paleozoic is the anchizone. The peak metamorphic temperature is estimated to be 290-210℃. This result does not agree with the greenschist or subgreenschist facies of the Banxi Group, nor with the lower-greenschist facies or sedimentary cover of the Sinian to Lower Paleozoic, as most previous researchers thought. The illite (K-mica) b0 values range from 0.9074 to 0.8963 (nm) for the Neoproterozoic and the Lower Paleozoic. Based on cumulative frequency curves of the illite (K-mica) b0, the peak metamorphic pressure of the Banxi Group was derived to be of a type that is slightly higher than that of the N. Ne     

Effects of urbanization on groundwater level in aquifers of Binh Duong Province,Vietnam

The purpose of this paper was to assess the impact of urbanization on the groundwater level(GWL)in aquifers of Binh Duong(BD)Province.The research method is to analyze the trend of GWL,the recharge capacity of surface over time and the relationship between them.The data of the GWL used in the study are the average values in the dry and rainy seasons of 35 observation wells from 2011 to 2018,which are in Pleistocene and Pliocene aquifers.The ability to recharge groundwater from the surface in this study was represented by the curve number(CN),a parameter used in hydrology for calculating direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall.The land use data to identify the CN was analyzed from the Landsat images.The results show that besides over-exploitation,the change of surface characteristic due to the urbanization development process is also the cause of the GWL decline.The analysis of seasonal GWL data shows that the increase in impervious surface area is the cause of GWL decline in the Pleistocene aquifer,which is more evident in the rainy season than in the dry season.The statistical results also show that in the rainy season and in shallow aquifers,a higher CN change can be found with the wells that had a remarkable GWL decline compared to the remaining wells.     

Comparative Study of Hydrogen and Carbon Isotopic Composition of Gases Generated from the Pyrolysis of a Peat under Saltwater and Freshwater Conditions

To understand the influence of the diagenetic water medium on the isotopic compositions of thermogenic coalbed gas, both hydrous and anhydrous closed-system pyrolyses were performed at temperatures of 250°C to 650°C on an herbaceous marsh peat. Compared to the results of anhydrous pyrolysis, the hydrocarbon gases generated from hydrous pyrolyses have very different hydrogen isotopic compositions. However, the carbon isotopic compositions of the hydrocarbon gases became only slightly heavier in hydrous pyrolysis, compared to that from anhydrous pyrolysis. With the progress of thermal evolution from peat to a more advanced thermal maturity of vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) of 5.5% during the pyrolysis, the difference in the average δD value increased from 52‰ to 64‰ between the hydrous pyrolysis with saltwater and anhydrous pyrolysis and increased from 18‰ to 29‰ between the hydrous pyrolysis with freshwater and anhydrous pyrolysis, respectively. The difference in the average δ13C value was only 1‰–2‰ between the hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis. The relationships between the δD values of the generated hydrocarbon gases and Ro values as well as among δD values of the hydrocarbon gas species are established. The close relationships among these parameters suggest that the water medium had a significant effect on the hydrogen isotopic composition and a minimal effect on the carbon isotopic composition of the hydrocarbon gases. The results of these pyrolyses may provide information for the understanding of the genesis of coalbed gas from herbaceous marsh material with the participation of different diagenetic water media.     

In-situ Moissanite in Dunite: Deep Mantle Origin of Mantle Peridotite in Luobusa Ophiolite, Tibet

We report the discovery of an in-situ natural moissanite as an inclusion in the Cr-spinel from the dunite envelope of a chromitite deposit in Luobusa ophiolite, Tibet. The moissanite occurs as a twin crystal interpenetrated by two quadrilateral signal crystals with sizes of 17 μm× 10 μm and 20 μm× 7 μm, respectively. The moissanite is green with parallel extinction. The absorption peaks in its Raman spectra are at 967-971 cm-1, 787-788 cm-1, and 766 cm-1. The absorption peaks in the infrared spectra are at 696 cm-1, 767 cm-1, 1450 cm-1, and 1551 cm-1, which are distinctly different from the peaks for synthetic silicon carbide. Moissanites have been documented to form in ultra-high pressure, high temperature, and extremely low fO2 environments and their 13C-depleted compositions indicate a lower mantle origin. Combined with previous studies about other ultra-high pressure and highly reduced minerals in Luobusa ophiolite, the in-situ natural moissanite we found indicates a deep mantle origin of some materials in the mantle sequence of Luobusa ophiolite. Further, we proposed a transformation model to explain the transfer process of UHP materials from the deep mantle to ophiolite sequence and then to the supra-subduction zone environment. Interactions between the crown of the mantle plume and mid-ocean ridge are suggested to be the dominant mechanism.     

Accuracy verification of MODIS daily cloud-free snow cover products over the Tibetan Plateau北大核心CSCD

Snow cover is of great hydrological,ecological,and climatic significance in the Tibetan Plateau. MODIS snow products are widely used at present but are seriously affected by clouds. Scholars at home and abroad have developed a variety of cloud removal products for raw MODIS daily snow products,but the accuracy of these products in the Tibetan Plateau has not been evaluated comprehensively. Therefore,this paper uses Landsat-8 data with high resolution as the reference value to conduct systematic verification of three datasets of cloud-free snow products released on a daily basis. The results show that compared with the two sets of products （M*D10A1GL06 and MODIS_Dysno_Cloudfree）,which are produced based on raw MODIS daily snow cover product realized by NSIDC（National Snow and Ice Data Center）,the MODIS CGF SCE product produced based on MODIS surface reflectance data,has a great advantage in snow identification accuracy. The MODIS CGF SCE product optimized the NDSI threshold for different land cover types. Although the accuracy of snow identification was significantly improved,the problem of large snow identification error in forest areas was still not effectively resolved,and there was a high underestimate error. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Climate Reconstruction based on Pollen Analysis in Inner Mongolia, North China from 51.9 to 30.6 kaBP

The palynomorph assemblage of lake sediments younger than 51.9 kaBP from Wulagai Gobi in Inner Mongolia was analyzed to reconstruct the vegetation and climate.From 51.9 to 30.6kaBP,the vegetation was arid to semi-arid grassland with only slight changes.According to the palynomorphs,trees and shrubs were very rare.The large number and diversity of algae indicate the presence of a lake.Quantitative climatic conditions were reconstructed using the Best Analogues Method.The results indicate that the annual mean temperature was higher than that at present.The combination of temperature and annual precipitation suggests a change in the climate from cool dry to warm dry and then cool humid.Our results show that the annual precipitation values were mostly higher than that at present but were lower than 400 mm.It infers that the study area was already within the arid to semi-arid regions but with a stronger influence of the summer monsoon during 51.9to 30.6 kaBP than at present.With slight differences mainly in time scale,the changing trend of the annual temperature curve is consistent with the other climatic records from Antarctica,Greenland,Hulu Cave(East China),and the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial period.From 30.6 kaBP to present,very few palynomorphs were detected in the samples.Hence,no information about the vegetation and climate could be extracted.Combined with other studies during Late Pleistocene,we presume that the reason for the lack of pollen during this period was caused by an abrupt temperature fall after 30.6 kaBP or that the lacustrine conditions were unsuitable for pollen deposition.It was probably incurred by the oxidation on land prior to deposition.But for those samples only with algae,it might be caused by the fact that algae could finish their life history in a very short time in a seasonal lake.     

冰力模型实验

本文首先简述了冰力模型实验的概况,然后介绍了在国内第一座冰池实验中进行的首次冰力模型实验——渤海辽东湾抗冰平台冰力模型实验的设备、模型冰制取技术和实验结果。实验中,冰排的破坏符合一般规律,它预示了现场冰的破坏现象;冰力值稍低于计算值,但更合理,可供设计参考;冰力谱中存在着明显的主频率,它集中于0.8HZ左右。     

东南极洲中山站附近1年生海冰的发育和结构特征及其对生物群落的影响(英)

Sea ice growth, characteristics and ice algal biomass were measured at four sites off Zhongshan Station (66°22, 24" S, 76°22, 40" E), East Antarctica in 1992. The ice formed in late March,grew stablely and reached its highest thickness of 174 cm in November and December. The difference　between measured ice thickness and the calculated values from the classical Stephen formula are small,suggesting that the heat flux from the ocean to the underside of the ice at this area is not obvious.The results of sea ice analysis show that the sea ice consists mainly of congelation ice, and the frazil　ice only occurs at the top of sea ice, no snow or platelet ice is found. When the ice thickness reached its　　highest values in late spring, congelation ice contained average 89. 5 % of the total column crystal 　structure, the remaining 10. 5% consisted of frazil ice, and the ice thicknesses above the congelation ice layers were mostly consistent throughout the year, suggesting that the sea ice developed in a relativelycalm environment after the top layer of ice had formed and grew downwards only.Congelation ice fabrics shows frequent moderate to strong alignments at almost all depths, and thedegree of preferred orientation mostly increased with depths. In the sub--structure of congelation ice,the plate width are in a range of 0. 55 to 1. 05 mm with an average value of 0. 76 mm. No apparent pattern occurs in its vertical profiles.Ice crystal composition is one of the major factors influencing the ice algal biomass, and the effectsof crystal alignments and ice plate width of congelation ice are not apparent.     

冰硬度试验台设计与试验

极地冰层硬度特性对铠装电缆电动机械取心钻具反扭装置设计和使用具有重要意义。针对冰层特殊的物理性质,结合材料硬度测试原理,设计了一套可在模拟极地冰层低温条件下测量冰硬度特性的硬度试验台。该试验台由低温冷柜、硬度测试台和数据采集及控制系统3部分组成,其中,数据采集及控制系统隔离在常温环境中,降低了元器件对环境温度的要求。利用该试验台对硬度压头压入冰层的压力和深度进行数据检测,换算得到相应的硬度值。对设计的试验台进行初步实验表明,该试验台工作状态良好,数据准确,可满足对低温材料硬度特性的检测。     

天然河道冰塞演变发展的数值模拟

应用河流动力学和热力学等原理,建立了冰塞形成及演变发展的冰水耦合的综合动态数学模型,并利用黄河河曲段原型实测资料进行了验证,同时对冰塞体厚度和水位的演变规律进行了研究分析。计算结果表明:提出的数值模型能较好地模拟河道封冻过程中冰塞体的发展演变过程。     

The development of near-surface ground ice during the Holocene at sites near Mayo,Yukon Territory,Canada

An examination of soil thermal and hydrologic regimes at several sites near Mayo, Yukon Territory, and the ground-ice stratigraphy of a thaw-slump headwall close to these sites supports the hypothesis that an ice-rich zone, frequently observed at the base of the active layer, may be due to the annual water balance of permafrost. Observations demonstrate that ice lenses have grown at the top of permafrost in soil tubes installed in 1983. In addition, 90 cm of segregated ice are exposed in the thaw-slump headwall above a thaw unconformity, dated at 8870 ± 200 years BP, but below the base of the present active layer. These data suggest that the rate of water incorporation into permafrost over the last 8000 years in the Mayo area has been at least 0.1 mm yr^?1.     

基于GPS的海冰实时监测系统及其应用研究

海冰是高纬度海区特有的海洋现象。运动的海冰具有巨大的能量,对冰区的石油平台、港口堤坝、船只等构成了巨大的威胁,因此实时获取准确的海冰运动信息对于海冰灾害的防治有重要的现实意义。我国海冰为一年海冰,冰体较薄,用于极地的海冰跟踪设备并不适用于我国北方海域。设计并提出了一种基于GPS的海冰定位跟踪系统,系统包含冰上定位发射和接收两个部分。冰上部分质量较轻且外形增加了防滑设计,接收端接收到数据后自动入库,并与地图匹配显示。监测系统于2015-2016年冬季在辽东湾海域进行了应用测试,应用试验表明,该方法能够较好地进行海冰定位与跟踪,定位误差在5 m以内,运行时间较久,较适用于我国薄冰海域。