枣庄岩溶塌陷形成机理与致塌模型的研究

渗压效应是指由于降雨入渗补给岩溶地下水,而对盖层土体产生的综合作用,包括静水增荷效应、垂直渗透效应、吸水软化效应及负压封闭效应。渗压效应致塌机制是多年持续采水区降落漏斗中心部位岩溶塌陷的主要力学机制。本文根据普氏理论及极限平衡理论分别建立了内部塌陷阶段临界土洞的高度表达式及地表塌陷阶段的渗压效应致塌力学模型,并用表达式及模型对枣庄市的岩溶塌陷进行了验证分析与评价,分析结果与实际塌陷情况符合较好,建立的表达式与模型基本上反映了该地区岩溶塌陷的形成机理。     

Comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model and evaluation of the karst collapse susceptibility in Zaozhuang Region, China

Karst collapses in Zaozhuang area are the typical karst collapses induced by groundwater over-pumping in north China, which lead to severe economic loss and negative societal influence. Based on the comprehensive analysis of all natural influencing factors and human influencing factors associated with karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model by means of fuzzy mathematic method, in which the Quantitative theory method was firstly applied in determination of the factor weights. The karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model with 14 evaluation indicators can be effectively used for quantitative evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility. So, an analysis and evaluation on the karst collapse susceptibility of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed by means of karst collapse susceptibility evaluation model. The karst collapse area of Zaozhuang region is divided into very high susceptibility area, high susceptibility area, medium susceptibility area and low susceptibility area, which account for about 6.3, 5.2, 10.4 and 78.1 % of the total karst area and the karst collapse susceptibility evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. The results above will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.     

岩溶塌陷临界土洞的极限平衡高度公式

土洞的产生和发展是岩溶塌陷的基础,临界土洞是土洞发展的最终阶段,以临界土洞为界,岩溶塌陷在时间和空间上划分为内部塌陷阶段和地表塌陷阶段。内部塌陷阶段是土洞在覆盖层土体内部的发育扩展阶段,土洞顶板土体的破坏形式类似于地下洞室洞顶围岩的破坏。根据地下洞室普氏平衡拱理论,建立覆盖层土体的天然平衡拱高度,即临界土洞的极限平衡高度公式,并以唐山市体育场岩溶塌陷为例,对该公式进行验证评价,计算所得塌陷的临界土洞高度与实际情况相符合,误差仅为4.3 %。     

岩溶塌陷临界土洞高度的确定--以唐山市体育场岩溶塌陷为例

土洞的产生和发展是岩溶塌陷的基础和前提,临界土洞是土洞发展的最终阶段,以临界土洞为界,岩溶塌陷在时间和空间上划分为内部塌陷阶段和地表塌陷阶段。内部塌陷阶段是土洞在覆盖层土体内部的发育扩展阶段,土洞顶板土体的破坏形式类似于地下洞室洞顶围岩的破坏。根据地下洞室普氏平衡拱理论,建立覆盖层土体的天然平衡拱高度,即临界土洞高度公式,并以唐山市体育场岩溶塌陷为例,对该公式进行验证评价,计算所得塌陷的临界土洞高度与实际情况相符合,误差仅为4.3%。     

枣庄岩溶塌陷形成条件及主要影响因素

近年来枣庄市岩溶塌陷频繁发生。通过野外地质调查、现场采样和室内试验相结合的综合手段,对该区的岩溶塌陷覆盖层进行系统地取样并进行深入细致的实验及分析,论述了覆盖层特征对该区岩溶塌陷的影响;运用宏观调查、细观测量和微观分析相结合的研究方法详细论述了地质构造对岩溶塌陷的影响;结合历年水文动态资料、地下水开采量等论述了地下水活动对岩溶塌陷影响。综合认为,地层岩性、覆盖层性质、构造因素是枣庄岩溶塌陷频繁发生的内因,而超量开采地下水则是外部诱发因素。     

疏干排水矿区闭坑后岩溶塌陷形成机理探索——以湘中地区恩口煤矿为例

恩口煤矿已关停20年,地下水位已恢复,但地面塌陷灾害时有发生,为了探讨恩口煤矿闭坑后的岩溶塌陷成因机理,总结水位恢复中与恢复后的致塌模型,文章梳理了恩口煤矿区岩溶塌陷的时空分布、土体结构等基本特征,着重于分析煤矿闭矿后岩溶塌陷的发生与地下水位恢复过程的相关性,提出水位恢复中与恢复后2个阶段发生岩溶塌陷的成因机理与致塌模式。第1阶段,主要致塌模式为浮托—软化型,理论模型来源于基坑突涌的产生条件公式,发育地段主要集中在以往塌陷密集分布区,与采矿降水过程中加速土洞的形成相关,塌陷发生的数量明显低于疏干排水过程;第2阶段,致塌模式为潜蚀—失稳型,是指由地下水位在岩土界面自然波动引发的岩溶塌陷,仅零星发生。文章为娄底市进行地质灾害易发性、危险性评价与防治规划,提出科学、经济、可行的防治措施与建议,同时,为湘中类似地区的岩溶塌陷预测与防治区划提供参考。      

Evaluation of karst collapse risks induced by over-pumping and karst groundwater resource protection in Zaozhuang region,China

Based on the comprehensive analysis of factors influencing karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes a karst collapse risk evaluation model by means of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Application of the model led to division of the study area into very high risk area, high risk area, average risk area and low risk area; therefore, the karst collapse risk evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. As preventive measures of karst collapse, the different karst water resource protection areas of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area are established, and the map for karst water resource protection area of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is compiled. The results will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.     

Comprehensive analysis and quantitative evaluation of the influencing factors of karst collapse in groundwater exploitation area of Shiliquan of Zaozhuang, China

Karst collapse is a type of complicated environmental and geological hazard that can be caused by many factors: natural factors, such as rainfall, and human activities, such as overpumping of groundwater. Therefore, it is important to make a comprehensive analysis and evaluation on karst collapse risks and impacts of the influencing factors of karst collapse. However, how these factors affect karst collapse is still a problem, which has not yet been well solved. Taking the karst collapse in groundwater exploitation area of Shiliquan of Zaozhuang, China, as the example, and based on the comprehensive analysis of the formation rule and mechanism of karst collapse in this area, this paper mainly employs Quantification Theory to make a quantitative analysis and evaluation of various influencing factors of karst collapse in the groundwater exploitation area of Shiliquan of Zaozhuang. It thereby determines the impact of different influencing factors on karst collapse strength, and identifies the dominant and minor factors that affect the karst collapse. It also provides some criteria for the prevention of karst collapse and protection of karst water resources and environment.     

The karst collapses induced by environmental changes of the groundwater and their distribution rules in North China

China, whose distribution area of karst region reaches about 3.63 million km², is one of the countries that have the widest karst collapse development. In modern-karst collapses, the karst collapse induced by water environment is an important type in karst collapses of North China. This paper completed a systematic study on the relations between groundwater environmental transformation and karst collapses and their distribution rules in northern China and found out that the karst collapses in northern China are closely related to the change of groundwater environment, which increased along with the declining groundwater levels and increasing hydraulic gradient. Meanwhile, it was also found that in all cases of collapse caused by underground-environmental change of northern China, pumping collapses in urban areas appeared to be the commonest and strongest among modern-karst collapses with 20 regions and 796 mining pits in total, which account for 30.7 and 58% of artificial collapses, respectively, followed by collapses that were induced by mining draining and inrushing water with 33 regions and 282 mining pits, accounting for 20.4%. In addition to the conditions listed above, there were also a few water caving collapse and leakage collapse.     

武汉市工程施工引发岩溶塌陷机理分析

文章对武汉市岩溶塌陷进行了全面梳理,主要对由工程施工引发的岩溶塌陷进行了归纳总结,按施工类型将其分为4大类,对其在不同地质条件下引发岩溶塌陷的成因机理、致塌模型进行举例分析,得出结论:钻探施工诱发的岩溶塌陷以岩层顶板破坏—垂直渗压致塌模式及崩解—土洞顶部破坏—加载致塌模式为主;桩基础施工以岩层顶板破坏—渗流液化致塌模式为主;抽排地下水诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀-吸蚀致塌模式,荷载振动诱发的岩溶塌陷为潜蚀—振动—加载致塌模式。武汉市岩溶塌陷以钻探、桩基施工诱发为主,因其容易破坏岩土体结构、水动力条件,具有猛烈而快速的特点;抽取地下水影响范围较广,隐蔽、不易察觉;振动荷载只能作用于土洞形成后。      

模糊数学评判山东省枣庄地质灾害现状与发展趋势

枣庄市是山东省地质环境脆弱、地质灾害多发地区之一,近十几年来,采空塌陷、岩溶塌陷、崩塌、地裂缝等灾害频繁发生,人们的生存环境进一步恶化,成为经济社会进一步发展的主要制约因素之一。论文根据多年的研究成果,通过选取评判指标建立模糊数学评判模型对枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势进行评判,并以地质灾害发育涉及的区域按照地质灾害类型及主要地质灾害发育程度进行评判分区。评判指标选取基本符合枣庄地质灾害现状实际,所建立的评判模型能够反映枣庄市地质灾害现状及发展趋势。     

Karst collapse in cities and mining areas,China

Karst collapse is a dynamic geological phenomenon, in which the rock mass or deposits overlying the karstified zone subsides down along the karst cavity, resulting in a collapse pit or sinkhole. After discussing the typical examples of collapse emerging in the karst cities and mines in provinces and regions of South China, such as Guangdong. Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Jiangxi, it is considered that human activities of economy and production have become a major effect in causing karst collapse. Man-made collapses make 66.4 percent of the total, whereas natural ones 33.6 percent. Most of the collapses occurred to the area with soil overburden (96.7 percent), only a few in areas of bedrock overburden (3.3 percent). The karst collapses have a close relationship with the extent of karst development, the character and the thickness of overburden, and the dynamic condition of underground water. Collapse usually occurs in those parts of an area that are more intensely karstified, with soil thickness less than 5 m and a high amplitude of water table fluctuation. Many kinds of mechanical effects are caused by pumping or draining on the overburden and destroying its equilibrium, leading to the collapse. These effects included the support loss and loadadded effect, penetrating suffusion, gas explesion, water-hammer, suction pressure erosion, and liquatienal effects. The collapses are the result of varied comprehensive effects, particularly the support loss and load-added, and penetrating suffusion.     

The effects of karst collapse on the environments in north China

In this paper, a systematic study was completed on the distribution features and origins of karst collapses in north China. There are 65 modern karst collapse areas with 1,416 karst collapse pits and 38 paleo–karst collapse areas with 3,654 paleo-collapse pillars. Modern karst collapses are mainly distributed in the plain region of the east Taihang and Yanshan Mountains and are concentrated in three zones from the west to the east in this region. The regional distribution features of karst collapses in north China are controlled by the boundary of the geological tectonics, condition of soluble rock and the extent of human activities. From the results, three-grade indices have been adopted to establish a classification scheme for karst collapse in north China. The effects of karst collapses on the environments in north China are summarized using a karst collapse classification scheme.     

基于模糊综合法的烟台市栖霞中桥岩溶塌陷易发性评价

在分析烟台市栖霞中桥区地质条件及岩溶塌陷产生条件的基础上,选择岩溶发育条件、构造条件、覆盖层条件、水文条件和人类活动条件共5个因子,构建层次型指标体系.同时为增加评价结果的客观性和准确性,选择采用模糊数学法构建各指标的隶属函数,并借助ArcGIS软件,最终实现对研究区岩溶塌陷灾害的易发性评价.分区评价结果表明:已发生岩...     

山东省泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷发育特征及形成机理

泰莱盆地位于山东省中部,截止2013年底,盆地内共发生有记录岩溶塌陷97处,161点次,严重威胁人民生命财产安全。文章在总结前人研究基础上,结合最新调查、监测成果,研究了泰莱盆地岩溶塌陷的分布特征、地质结构模式及其形成机理。结果表明:盆地内岩溶塌陷点多集中分布于岩溶地下水降落漏斗及其影响范围内;塌陷点分布受构造控制明显;塌陷区第四系厚度一般小于30 m,下伏基岩主要为奥陶纪灰岩;80%以上的塌陷集中发生于汛期。根据岩溶塌陷点土层结构、地下水动力条件的不同,建立了3种岩溶塌陷的基本地质模式:单层、双层和多层结构土层岩溶塌陷,其中单层结构土层岩溶塌陷的形成历经“真空吸蚀-崩解剥落-塌陷”3个阶段;双层土层结构岩溶塌陷形成演化过程可概括为“渗透变形-崩解垮塌-塌陷”或“真空吸蚀-渗透变形-塌陷”3个阶段;多层结构土层岩溶塌陷历经“真空吸蚀-渗透变形-崩解垮塌-塌陷”4个阶段。      

枣庄岩溶地面塌陷机理研究

过量开采岩溶水会导致岩溶地面塌陷,枣庄则是全国岩溶地面塌陷比较严重的地区之一,塌陷已对当地的居民生活和经济建设造成了巨大的危害。根据大量的勘察资料和地下水动态监测资料,研究了枣庄地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶发育特征,探讨了岩溶地面塌陷的形成机理,岩溶裂隙和上覆土层的性质和厚度是岩溶地面塌陷的先决条件,地下水位大幅度升降引起的物理地质作用是塌陷的主要动力来源,震动和水位突变是重要的诱发因素。     

GIS-Based Evaluation of Danger in Karst Collapse

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广州花都区赤坭镇岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害现状及防治对策

自20世纪90年代未以来,由于人类工程活动的加剧,广州市花都区赤坭镇一带多次出现严重的岩溶地面塌陷活动。本文依据实地岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害勘查资料,系统分析了赤坭镇岩溶地面塌陷的分布、规模和危害程度;研究结果表明,赤坭镇岩溶地面塌陷的形成原因主要是人工开挖形成负地形采石场和过量抽排地下水造成。在此基础上,针对赤坭镇岩溶地面塌陷的实际情况,提出了岩溶地面塌陷地质灾害的防治对策。     

基于层次分析法的城市岩溶塌陷危险性评价——以武汉市南部为例

文章依据武汉市岩溶塌陷形成机理及影响因素,选取岩溶发育程度、土层厚度、覆盖层结构、岩溶水水位波动幅度、抽水井影响、工程施工强度等6个评价因子,构建研究区岩溶塌陷危险性层次分析评价模型,对武汉市南部可溶岩分布区183个岩溶塌陷危险性评价单元进行岩溶塌陷危险性综合指数计算,绘制出了研究区岩溶塌陷危险性等级分区图。结果表明,高危险区有3个,主要集中在研究区西北侧青菱乡毛坦港、长征村-光霞村一带;中危险区有92个,主要为第四系中更新统黏土覆盖型岩溶区;低危险区有88个,包括部分覆盖型岩溶区以及所有埋藏型岩溶区。      

Regularity and formation mechanism of large-scale abrupt karst collapse in southern China in the first half of 2010

From winter 2009 to spring 2010, southern China suffered from an extensive and lengthy drought. Subsequently, southern China experienced torrential rains a dozen times during the flood season of April–June. The prolonged drought and subsequent intensive rainfall dramatically altered the hydrodynamic conditions of the karst areas, causing hundreds of widely distributed karst collapses, with extensive damage to houses and fields and necessitating the evacuation of many people. Understanding the causes of these collapses will provide a scientific basis for the prediction or prevention of the related risk. Thus, a geologic survey of karst collapses was performed that systematically allowed to analyze the basic geological conditions, groundwater hydrodynamic conditions, overlying strata properties, and environmental and climatic conditions in southern China. The results showed that environmental and climatic changes, especially the drastic changes in rainfall, gave rise to striking changes in karst hydrodynamic conditions that accelerated infiltration, suffosion, dissolution, and transportation rates and also changed the physical and mechanical properties of the strata overlying karst caves. These stressors triggered or facilitated both cave formation and collapse.