跨流域调水对区域自然生态环境影响评价

介绍了跨流域调水对区域自然生态环境的影响,并以引黄济津、引黄济衡、引黄补淀为例,从气候气象、土壤底质、水文水质三方面对跨流域调水的自然生态环境影响进行了定性、定量讨论,提出在充分论证水资源的流域性时空分布不均的前提下,要综合考虑对自然环境、生物多样性和人类社会的影响,采取最科学、有效的调水方案,使生态环境的负面影响最小化,生态效益最大化。     

西线调水在地质条件上是可行的—南水北调西线区域超前期工作及认识简介

依据大量实地测试调查资料和专题研究成果而完成的《南水北调西线工程超前期工作区域工程地质及区域稳定性评价报告》，在全全面详细分析论证了调水工程部署区区域工程地质及区域稳定性条件以及现拟调水方案地质条件的适宜性之后，又从西线调水的佤出发，明确提出：（１）西线调水在地质条件上是可行的；（２）西线通雅大的多河一线联合调水开发方案好；（３）西线还可调引澜沧江源区河水；（４）西线调水的优越性与艰难性共存；（５     

中线调水对汉江中下游区水文情势影响研究

2014年南水北调中线工程正式通水,汉江中下游区水文情势发生显著变化。定量评估汉江中下游区水文情势变化特征,可为此区域水资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据。以黄家港、皇庄、仙桃站1987—2019年流量和水位数据,采用距平分析法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验法以及Yamamoto突变检验法对年、月尺度流量和水位序列进行分析,并采用水文变化指标法分析中线调水前后水文特征值变化。结果显示：调水后汉江中下游区典型站年径流量和年水位均较调水前呈下降趋势;各水文特征值均发生较为显著变化,各站点月平均流量和水位、年极端流量和水位总体低于调水前;调水后径流年内分配趋于均匀化。表明南水北调中线调水工程对汉江中下游流量和水位产生了显著影响。     

石羊河流域水资源开发利用与补给之间的协调性评判

在甘肃省石羊河流域历史水资源开发利用情况简述基础上,结合城镇化进程,提出目前武威市的农业用水来源于祁连山山前水库拦蓄地表水,景电二期延伸工程向民勤所调黄河水及部分地方开采地下水;工业、生活用水均取自地下水,水量供给与天然补给上已处于严重失调状态。就城市地下水源地保护区划分而言,以传统的地下水开采影响半径为基本依据所进行的现代地下水源地保护区划分是不合理、不够科学的,应当在地下水补给、径流、排泄条件分析基础上,将水源地上游整个流域划定为保护区,以永久性解决城市地下水供水中存在的水源地安全问题。另外,针对石羊河流域重点治理规划中的调水方案,比较科学、合理的做法是：应从石羊河流域地下水文地质条件出发,遵循第四世地质历史时期形成的地下水补给、径流、排泄通道,在全流域实施压减灌溉面积、减少地下水开采量的同时,将景电二期延伸工程所调黄河水与祁连山山前部分水库地表水部分地或全部地从石羊河上游———武威盆地上游区域通过灌溉或其它方式下渗,补给进入地下水系统中,最终达到六河水系及下游地下水位停止下降,石羊河下游民勤盆地地下水位持续回升的综合治理规划目标,而不是将水直接调入下游民勤盆地。     

南水北调西线雅砻江调水工程温波引水枢纽坝址径流计算的研究

南水北调西线雅砻江调水工程（简称西线调水）是从长江的一级支流雅砻江上游区引水至黄河源头地区的跨流域调水工程，是补充黄河水资源不足与解决我国西北和华北部分地区干旱缺水的重大战略措施，由于引水枢纽坝址缺乏实测水文资料，我们依据附近孜水文站实测资料，采用一些非确定性的数理统计模型来计算温波引水坝址的设计年径流量，并对计算成果进行了合理性分析，结果表明，上述计算成果基本反映了温波引水坝址径流变化的客观情况，从而为南水北调西线雅砻江调水工程缺乏实测水文资料地区的水文计算提供了科学依据。     

淮河流域水资源问题与建议

淮河流域社会经济进入快速发展期,水安全将面临更大的压力与挑战。调查总结了淮河流域水资源工程体系建设成就,分析了水资源现状和存在的问题;围绕全流域水资源配置和管理,提出增加洪水资源和再生水利用,新建和扩建水资源拦蓄工程及跨流域跨区域调水工程,建立水资源及水环境实时调度管理系统,实行区域用水总量控制制度,进一步加强水资源及水环境重大问题的关键技术研究等,为淮河流域经济社会又好又快发展提供支撑与保障。     

黄河冲淤积平原地区地下水资源综合利用战略研究

通过分析广饶县水资源开发利用现状、特性及存在的若干问题,提出推进节水型社会建设,实施跨流域调水,加强水资源优化配置和加快水生态环境治理等八个措施来缓解黄河冲淤积平原地区地下水超采、促进合理开发利用地下水资源加强地下水保护。     

高氟孔隙地下水地球化学成因:以山西东山调水工程区为例

分析了山西东山调水工程调入区高氟地下水的区域分布规律,并对高氟水形成机制进行了深入研究,发现研究区高氟水的主要水化学特征为HCO-3和Na+浓度高、pH值高,且多为HCO3-Na型水。认为该区高氟水形成的主导性地球化学过程包括含氟矿物溶解、地下水中OH-与氟代羟基云母矿物的离子交换等。另外,排泄区的蒸发浓缩过程和含氟工业废水排放也是研究区部分地区出现高氟水的重要因素。     

中国全球变化趋势与南水北调西线工程的全球变化风险

从全球变化演化历史、发展趋势及其对地球多圈层的影响出发,总结、分析了中国白垩纪以来全球变化的演化过程,认为青藏高原是全球变化的发动机、东亚水循环的心脏,气候带快速漂变是当前全球变化的特点,南旱北湿是中国全球变化的发展趋势。分析了南水北调西线工程的全球变化风险,认为在青藏高原腹地兴建调水工程不是跨流域调水而是跨源区调水,可能导致人类难以应对的全球变化,建议放弃南水北调西线工程实施计划,规避由此带来的潜在风险。     

基于黄河流域水资源均衡调配的南水北调西线一期工程水量配置

南水北调西线一期工程生效后黄河流域水量分配模式决定了黄河流域水资源配置格局重塑和南水北调西线工程供水效益评价,为国家水网构建提供重要技术支撑。考虑西线供水范围可覆盖黄河主要供水区的特点,西线调入水量应与黄河流域水资源统一配置,考虑生态优先、公平为主兼顾效率的原则,构建了流域用水分级配置方法,建立了基于流域水资源均衡调配的西线调入水量配置模式,开展了不同情景优化配置方案研究。结果表明：南水北调西线一期工程调水80亿m³,配置给黄河河流生态用水33.70亿m³,配置给流域河道外经济社会用水46.30亿m³,其中95%以上配置给黄河上中游地区,流域缺水率降低至7.0%～8.3%。优化配置方案体现了生态优先原则,保障了黄河河道内基本生态环境用水,均衡了河道外经济社会用水的公平和效率,有效缓解了流域缺水。     

Institutional instruments for water pollution control

This paper focuses on the articulation of policies in the interface between economic production and water quality. One problem is the introduction, at this production-ecologic interface, of unwanted water-borne residuals by firms and municipalities. The policy objective is to absorb the social cost of environmental degradation into the production function within the two constraints of efficiency in the allocation of resources and the protection of property rights. The efficient allocation of environmental resources (in such a way as to maximize human welfare) has long been recognized as a basic objective in resource management. Equally important is the consideration of environmental rights and responsibilities in a society where property power and the institution of property is a dominant characteristic. Since the manner in which the property owner acts may affect the environment of his neighbours, it is important that policy instruments inform the holder of the property rights of the ill-effects of his actions upon others and induce him to take action to remedy the situation. The question of water quality management options requires urgent consideration for two reasons. Firstly, the cost of water pollution control is already considerable and is likely to increase even more sharply as the growing number of urban centres put greater pressure on the water resource for waste dilution and assimilation and other competing uses such as municipal demands, heat dissipation, recreation and wildlife protection. Secondly, the institutional mechanisms for dealing with this problem seem to be inadequate and ineffective. It is true that subsidies and grants have encouraged the building of more municipal waste treatment plants while regulation and court action have reduced some of the worst abuses. Subsidies and grants may be inefficient policy choices because they encourage hardware solutions even when other less expensive solutions are possible. In addition, they fail to inform the polluters of the ill-effects of their action; and the general public has to shoulder the burden in the form of increased taxation. Regulation and court action are cumbersome, sporadic and time-consuming. Effluent standards could be made flexible as a policy instrument if they afforded the polluter the opportunity to choose either to install in-plant controls or to pay the “fine” or to combine both these choices in any way that minimized his costs. This would combine the policy instrument of the effluent standard with the policy instrument of an effluent (or user) charge. The charges could be set either to reflect marginal pollution damages or the marginal cost of maintaining a given ambient standard. In other words the inferred marginal damage of pollution is equal to the marginal cost of treatment up to some desired level thus ensuring that the desired amount of waste load be reduced at least cost. Pricing and transferable effluent permits serve the same purpose.     

运用频率计算河川基流量方法研究

河川基流量是水文水利分析计算、水资源评价、洪水分析、地下水径流特性分析中的重要内容。国内外河川基流量分割方法很多,不同方法的分割结果也不尽相同。通过对甘肃黄河流域洮河水系4个水文站,长江流域白龙江水系2个水文站、内陆河流域黑河水系3个水文站共计9站的1980～2000年20a的实测资料运用滤波算法对基流进行切割,根据年径流量运用PⅢ型曲线查出频率,再根据频率与基流建立模型,得到河川基流量计算的简便实用方法,提高山丘区地下水资源量评价的效率,细化水资源评价结果,便于推广使用。     

虚拟水贸易在我国粮食安全问题中的应用

借助虚拟水的概念,分析以粮食为载体的虚拟水国际、区际流量关系,以勾勒我国虚拟水贸易的基本格局。通过对未来我国在不同粮食发展战略下的粮食供需情况,确定我国粮食进口基本规模,对未来我国虚拟水贸易格局进行展望。分析结果表明,1999年我国北方通过粮食贸易向南方地区输出的虚拟水量达到184亿m3。我国北方地区以有限的水资源在支持其他区域发展、确保国家粮食安全方面发挥了不可替代的作用。未来30年中国将面临新增粮食需求1.4亿~2.0亿t的巨大压力,在保持较高自给水平的前提下,我国虚拟水贸易的格局不会发生重大变化。外流域调水工程是保障国家粮食安全,维护社会稳定,促进可持续发展和造福中国人民的重大举措。虚拟水战略可作为跨流域调水的补充,在保障缺水地区水安全方面发挥重要作用。     

Vulnerability of water resources in northern Cameroon in the context of climate change

Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices, unsustainable use of water resources, increased demand of water, deforestation, land-use change, etc., (2) human-induced climate change. Northern Cameroon in this study includes: the Adamawa, North and Far North regions located closer to the Sahel regions of Africa. These regions are already water stressed because of their location and any further change in climate with rising temperature would impact water resource either positively or negatively. Time series analysis and a 12-month standardized precipitation index (SPI12) with digital data between 1957 and 2006 were used to investigate the variation of water resources in northern Cameroon. Results obtained varies between the different regions with an increased annual trend in temperature and precipitation for Ngaoundere (Adamawa region) and Garoua (north region), whereas Maroua (far north region) had a decreased annual trend in both precipitation and temperature. Further variability results obtained from a SPI12 show that wetter period out number drought period in all three regions. The study concluded that water resources vary with the changing climatic condition and the severity of the impact varies from region to region. Furthermore, water deficiency in northern Cameroon might not be due to climate change. The reasons might be a combination of poor water management and other factors such population growth, the environmental condition, etc.     

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.     

International Development Trend Analysis of Water Governance Based on Bibliometrics

Water resources issue is affecting regional stability and national relationship, which has become a vital issue. Based on SCIE papers from database of Web of Science, we analyze the international development trend of water governance research using the bibliometric analysis method. The results show that the number of publications in this field has been increasing rapidly since the 1990s. Most of the research subjects are interdisciplinary and mainly focus on the field of water resources and environmental science. Base on publications and its cited, the United States has the absolute advantage in total numbers of papers, but the articles has a low average influence in terms of citations; The total number of papers in China on water governance research ranks 10th among major countries in the world, but all papers in this field are cited, ranking second only to Germany. International water governance research focuses on water resource acquisition and water quality assessment, water vulnerability, adaptation and water demanding related to climate change; decision-making, water governance policies and water rights; water resource management, such as groundwater management, watershed management and comprehensive water resources management; global water governance and urban water crisis.     

水资源问题的可计算一般均衡模型研究综述

简要介绍了可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,并综述了水资源问题CGE模型的几个研究方面:水资源价格、水资源优化配置、水市场和水权交易,以及可持续性和水患等其他问题。其研究小到一个县级流域,大到全球。水资源问题是社会经济系统的一个重要组成部分,其产生的影响会波及到社会经济系统中的其他部门,CGE模型适合于水资源问题研究。在综述的基础上总结了水资源问题CGE模型的基本研究思路。     

Evaluation of karst collapse risks induced by over-pumping and karst groundwater resource protection in Zaozhuang region,China

Based on the comprehensive analysis of factors influencing karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes a karst collapse risk evaluation model by means of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Application of the model led to division of the study area into very high risk area, high risk area, average risk area and low risk area; therefore, the karst collapse risk evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. As preventive measures of karst collapse, the different karst water resource protection areas of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area are established, and the map for karst water resource protection area of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is compiled. The results will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.     

Seawater intrusion and coastal aquifer management in China: a review

Seawater intrusion has been an important topic in hydrogeology in China in recent decades. The rapid growth of the population and economy in the coastal regions has been consuming a tremendous amount of groundwater resources and has increased the extent of seawater intrusion. The spatial discrepancy of water resource distribution has caused the studies of seawater intrusion into China to mainly be concentrated on the area around the Bohai Sea in the northern part of China. The total area of seawater-intruded land due to excessive groundwater utilization in the area was estimated to be approximately 2,457 km² in 2003. Great efforts have been made to mitigate the extent of seawater intrusion and to secure more freshwater resources, including building monitoring networks, subsurface barrier and groundwater reservoirs, and artificial infiltration facilities. Management projects over the years were evaluated to satisfy the objectives and to provide valuable experiences for future research and planning. It is expected that the coastal groundwater conditions of the northern region will improve through the development of a national water resource plan, such as the ongoing south-to-north water diversion project.     

水利工程建设对地下水影响的数值模拟分析

工程开挖及建成后对含水层结构的改造,无疑会对开挖区周围地下水造成影响。利用数值模拟方法分析预测某水利工程尾水渠开挖及建成后周围地下水水位的变化。预测结果,大开挖后周边地下水位将快速降低,且不同地段水位降幅不同,右岸阶地内水位降低约0.26~7.26 m,工程建成后,阶地内水位将逐渐恢复,但相比施工前水位仍降低0.09~0.38 m。分析水文地质结构,合理概化,建立数值模型,对于分析工程开挖对地下水的影响,是种有效方法。