六盘山一带下白垩统沉积体系分析及层序地层研究

六盘山一带下白垩统属陆相断陷盆地沉积 ,发育有冲积扇、辫状三角洲及湖泊等三大类沉积体系 ,对应的亚、微相沉积体相互叠置 ,横向上具可追索性。通过陆相层序地层学分析 ,认为六盘山地区早白垩世地层构成一列完整的内陆盆地充填三级层序。根据沉积体系发育特征及空间配置样式 ,在层序内部划分出低水位体系域、湖盆边缘体系域、扩张体系域、收缩体系域等 4种体系域类型 ,记录了盆地从初始充填—湖盆扩张—萎缩消亡的全过程。     

断陷湖盆层序地层研究和计算机模拟──以二连盆地乌里雅斯太断陷为例

断陷湖盆高级别的层序单元可依据不整合面及其对应的整合面来划分。高级别的不整合面主要是古构造运动面。应用二维回剥法恢复盆地构造沉降的速率曲线与层序界面比较分析表明，高级别的层序界面的形成与构造沉降速率的幕式变化和断块掀斜运动有关。湖泛面可作为副层序和副层序组划分的依据，湖平面变化受到气候、沉积物供给和盆地构造沉降相互作用的控制。各级层序界面的确定需要综合地质、地球物理及地球化学资料等系统分析。二连盆地乌里雅斯太断陷内充填了３０００多米厚的陆相湖盆沉积，可划分为５个层序组，识别出９～１１个三级层序，以湖泛面和碎屑体系的废弃为标志划分了副层序组和副层序，建立了湖盆地层格架。系统的沉积学研究概括出三种层序的体系域模式，即深湖盆型层序体系域、浅湖－深湖盆型层序体系域及浅湖－河流型层序体系域模式。不同体系域模式中的沉积体系作有序的分布，并受控于湖平面相对的高低变化和构造格架样式。层序地层模拟是近年来发展起来的一门新兴技术。通过模拟可分析层序的发育和形成机制，揭示构造沉降、海平面或湖平面变化及沉积物供给对层序发育和盆地充填演化的控制作用。以乌里雅斯太断陷为例的模拟验证了构造沉降速率的幕式变化和横向上的差异沉降是高级别层序?     

滇中晚新生代陆相小型湖盆层序地层学研究

运用层序地层学的理论和方法，进行小型陆相湖盆地层研究时，发现昆明盆地存在三个超层序（二级旋回）：盆地断陷沉积超层序，盆地扩张超层序及盆地萎缩超层序。各超层序内部还可以划分2－3个层序（三级旋回）。实践证明：层序地层理论不仅可以在小型陆相湖盆中得到很好 的运用，还可以根据层序内部的体系域组成的不同区分构造层和气候层序。而且，小型湖盆的层序地层研究取得的成果，可以广泛运用于天然气勘探，构造研究等领域。     

陆相断陷湖盆强制湖退及沉积响应:以莱州湾凹陷沙三段为例*

强制湖退体系域(FSST)是由相对湖平面下降驱动、发育于相同层序高位体系域之上及新层序低位体系域之下、在相对湖平面下降时期形成的、与油气勘探关系密切的一种退覆地层,与沉积物供给的变化无关。基于三维地震、钻井岩心和测录井资料,在层序地层学和沉积学理论指导下,发现莱州湾凹陷古近系沙河街组三段发育一套强制湖退体系域地层,垂向上可划分为3期,自下而上命名为P1、P2和P3,P1向湖盆中央终止于FSST底界面,P3顶部为显著不整合的层序界面。顺物源方向地震响应特征为缺失顶积层的低角度斜交前积反射,该反射自西向东推进到湖盆中央;在垂直物源方向的地震剖面上,可见下切谷地震响应。测井响应GR曲线呈漏斗状的复合体,表明沉积响应为上粗下细的反旋回。岩心及测井相分析结果表明,该FSST为一套河流—三角洲沉积体系,三角洲前缘伴生滑塌湖底扇沉积体。综合盆地区域构造演化、沉积物供给和气候变化等因素,认为该套沉积体系是气候相对干旱和绝对湖平面下降的共同产物。莱州湾凹陷沙三段FSST的发现对其沉积解释具有重要地质意义,对研究区进一步的油气勘探开发具有指导意义,也对研究陆相断陷湖盆FSST的形成与发现具有借鉴意义。     

陆相断陷湖盆强制湖退及沉积响应:以莱州湾凹陷沙三段为例

强制湖退体系域(FSST)是由相对湖平面下降驱动、发育于相同层序高位体系域之上及新层序低位体系域之下、在相对湖平面下降时期形成的、与油气勘探关系密切的一种退覆地层,与沉积物供给的变化无关。基于三维地震、钻井岩心和测录井资料,在层序地层学和沉积学理论指导下,发现莱州湾凹陷古近系沙河街组三段发育一套强制湖退体系域地层,垂向上可划分为3期,自下而上命名为P1、P2和P3,P1向湖盆中央终止于FSST底界面,P3顶部为显著不整合的层序界面。顺物源方向地震响应特征为缺失顶积层的低角度斜交前积反射,该反射自西向东推进到湖盆中央;在垂直物源方向的地震剖面上,可见下切谷地震响应。测井响应GR曲线呈漏斗状的复合体,表明沉积响应为上粗下细的反旋回。岩心及测井相分析结果表明,该FSST为一套河流—三角洲沉积体系,三角洲前缘伴生滑塌湖底扇沉积体。综合盆地区域构造演化、沉积物供给和气候变化等因素,认为该套沉积体系是气候相对干旱和绝对湖平面下降的共同产物。莱州湾凹陷沙三段FSST的发现对其沉积解释具有重要地质意义,对研究区进一步的油气勘探开发具有指导意义,也对研究陆相断陷湖盆FSST的形成与发现具有借鉴意义。     

准噶尔盆地侏罗系露头层序地层及沉积学特征

在经典层序地层学理论以及成因地层学和河流沉积体系构成单元等级界面分析方法指导下，通过准噶尔侏罗系陆相盆地露头层序地层和沉积学的实际调查和综合研究，依据研究区沉积地层特征、层序和界面识别与划分、凝缩沉积、体系域和层序格架发育特点等，提出了陆相环境中层序地层研究以及层序界面、层序及凝缩层、体系域和层序格架识别与划分的若干标志及实际操作的指导原则和具体方法。     

陆相断陷盆地可容空间转换特征

陆相断陷盆地具有构造活动影响大、沉积物供给不均衡、湖盆范围小、物源多等特点。由于自身的局限性,这些因素对层序发育的控制作用更加明显,而直接影响湖盆可容空间的因素为构造沉降、沉积物供给和湖盆水体,三者的相互关系不仅使湖盆在演化过程中可容空间、水深和相对湖平面具有一致的变化,同时其变化又存在非统一性。构造沉降和水体为主控因素时,往往形成欠补偿沉积,相对湖平面和可容空间统一增加;构造沉降和沉积物供给为主控因素时,相对湖平面增加,可容空间在盆地的不同部位其变化不一致,在盆地中心可容空间增加,边缘可容空间减小,而在其间存在一个稳定区,即可容空间转换带。东营凹陷古近系沙河街组三段中亚段层序由湖进体系域和湖退体系域组成,湖进体系域为构造主控,相对湖平面和可容空间在盆地统一增加;湖退体系域沉积物供给的影响比较明显,可容空间在盆地缓坡中部和陡坡中部不变,形成可容空间转换带,该带外侧可容空间减小,内侧可容空间增加。     

影响沉积盆地相对海平面变化的多重因素和旋回层序响应

沉积盆地内相对海平面变化及沉积层序形成不仅受全球海平面变化旋回控制，而且沉积盆地所处的构造背景和相关因素，如：沉积物供给、盆底沉降和自然地理条件也对沉积层序及其内部组成——体系域具有极大的影响。对应于海平面变化发育的容纳空间旋回层序，沉积供给也可以形成特征的、可以鉴别的供给旋回层序。具有过渡性界线的三级或高频旋回层序受相对海平面变化和沉积供给双重因素控制。不同构造背景沉积盆地边缘发育不同的盆底沉降速率，相对海平面变化响应于盆缘沉降具有明显的构造－海平面分带，岸线在构造－海平面带中的地理位置决定了层序界面和层序堆叠样式，也同样影响着低位体系域的构成。深水盆地环境古地形特点及沉积物供给制约着深水沉积序列。构造运动显著地影响着沉积层序发育。碳酸盐缓坡和平顶镶边陆架的层序格架及体系域发育受其坡度、盆地深度及下降幅度的因素的作用。台地边缘和大陆边缘盆地浊积岩层序的发育和体系域组成受控于差异的沉积物源（平顶碳酸盐台地、镶边台地和陆源碎屑岩陆架）、古地理及构造活动性     

非补偿陆相断陷盆地层序地层学研究——以廊固凹陷古近系为例

非补偿沉积表现为无明显的沉积间断面,单层暗色泥岩厚度大,分布范围广,沉积剖面以退积为特点。通过对廊固凹陷古近系基底地层、物源体系的研究,结合沉积物组合特点、沉积剖面序列和构造发育阶段特征,分析了非补偿沉积盆地的层序发育样式,总结了非补偿盆地层序边界发育特征,建立了层序地层格架,共划分了1个一级层序、3个二级层序、11个三级层序。研究了不同沉积、构造背景下各层序组内体系域的样式,将一个完整的层序划分为湖泊充填体系域、湖泊扩张体系域、湖泊稳定体系域及湖泊萎缩体系域(下降体系域)等4个阶段,使体系域的叠加与层序的演化相关联。建立了非补偿型陆相盆地有利体系域沉积模式,认为物源的演替是其主控因素,复杂的断裂系统仅是一种控制沉积作用的一种表象。     

陆相坳陷湖盆斜坡带层序格架下沉积模式及隐蔽圈闭勘探:以准噶尔盆地车排子凸起春光油田白垩系为例

以准噶尔盆地车排子凸起春光油田白垩系为例,讨论了陆相坳陷湖盆斜坡带层序格架下典型沉积模式及隐蔽圈闭的勘探经验。运用经典层序地层学理论开展了白垩系层序地层学及沉积体系研究,建立了层序充填样式,对春光油田白垩系成藏规律及有利区带展开了分析。结合层序格架提出了低位体系域冲积扇-下切谷-斜坡扇、湖扩-高位体系域辫状河三角洲退积-进积2种坳陷湖盆斜坡带沉积模式,与典型断陷湖盆的沉积模式进行了比较,并认为等时地层格架内的砂体展布与油气成藏条件密切相关。低位体系域下切谷及湖扩体系域退积型三角洲为有利的成藏区带。因此,对陆相坳陷湖盆斜坡带进行勘探时,在等时地层格架内可以寻找到较好的隐蔽圈闭。研究区的勘探重点应该集中在对不整合面及断裂面分析,以等时地层格架下有利砂体的展布为重点,同时还要结合油气的时空匹配性进一步对成藏可能性展开分析。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861