2017年精河MS6.6地震邻区构造应力场特征与发震断层性质的厘定

2017年8月9日新疆精河发生M_S6.6地震,深入了解该地震的构造应力背景及其所破裂断层的活动特性对理解其孕震过程及震后的地震危险性估计十分重要.本研究自GCMT目录收集了2017年8月9日新疆精河M_S6.6地震震中及其邻区的253个震源机制解,应用MSATSI软件反演了该地震及其邻区的应力场.反演结果显示,西北区域应力场的最大主压应力轴的方位从西到东呈现出NNW-NS-NNE的渐变过程,东南区域应力场最大主压应力轴的方位稳定于NNE向,倾角都较小;最大主张应力轴都基本沿东西向,倾角相对较大;西北区域较大的R值显示出区域应力场主要受近NS向水平挤压作用,中部挤压分量相对较大,西部和东部挤压分量相对较小.根据所反演的区域构造应力场,结合发震的库松木契克山前断裂的地质调查参数,估算该断裂的理论滑动角为137.7°,误差为21.3°,验证了地质上得到的库松木契克山前断裂的逆冲兼右旋走滑性质.判断该断裂滑动性质的另一种方法是通过发生在该断裂上地震的震源机制验证.本研究首先计算了发生在库松木契克山前断裂不同机构给出的震源机制节面在所反演的局部应力场作用下的理论滑动角,发现理论滑动角与实际地震震源机制滑动角相差很小,验证了反演的局部应力场的正确性;而后计算了局部应力场作用下的库松木契克山前断裂上的理论震源机制与实际发生地震震源机制的三维空间旋转角,发现两者在给定的误差范围内是一致的.本研究自地球物理角度确证了库松木契克山前断裂的滑动性质,为该地区的地震孕育环境、地震活动性和地球动力学研究提供了基础.     

沂沭断裂带现代构造应力场与地震活动

本文利用小震震源机制解及单台平滑机制解资料,研究了沂沭断裂带及其附近地区的应力场特征,结果表明:沂沭断裂带应力主轴P为72°,T为342°,与苏、鲁、皖、豫地区应力场取向一致;该带应力场存在纵向上的分段差异;不同深度的地震机制结果统计表明,震源较深的地震(h≥17公里)机制更能真实地反映地壳应力场。最后对该带近期地震活动的基本特征及其与活动断裂、受力状态和破裂角大小等因素的关系进行了初步分析。     

滇西南地区现代构造应力场分析

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法，获得滇西南地区20个构造应力张量数据，并通过与由震源机制解资料求解该地区平均应力场结果的对比，获得了研究区现代构造应力场特征:镇源——营盘山断裂以西至龙陵断裂带以南地区，最大主压应力方向为北北东，应力结构以走滑型为主；龙陵断裂带及其以北的局部地区，最大主压应力方向为近南北或北北西，应力结构为走滑型．      

海南东北部地区地壳地震各向异性特征初步研究

基于海南省地震台网2000~2013年的区域地震波形数据,用剪切波分裂系统分析方法(SAM)获得了海南琼东北部地区"九五"数字台网中2个台站的剪切波分裂参数。结果表明,快剪切波偏振优势方向代表了原地最大主压应力方向。七星岭台NE方向的快剪切波偏振优势方向与区域水平主压应力场方向不一致,与NE走向的断裂一致,体现了局部构造和局部应力场的复杂性;青山岭NNE向的快剪切波偏振优势方向揭示了NNE走向断裂的构造意义。同时,本研究证实,位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与对所选用的小地震起控制作用的活动断裂走向一致,而快剪切波偏振优势方向较为离散则反映了该区域复杂的断裂构造和应力分布特征。     

昌马地震应力场及发震机制研究

本文利用前人大量的地质、地球物理资料，建立了昌马盆地的立体地质模型，利用三维有限元法研究了１９３２年昌马７．６级地震前后应力场的变化及其昌马地震成因机制，结果表明：（１）震源断层走向与利用主压应力推测的断裂走向相差６５°，可能是由于地壳浅部旋转的主压应力与深部北东方向的主压应力所产生的力矩使块体发生旋转所致，其枢纽点即为震源所在；同时，该旋转也导致了地震断层和震源断层在力学性质和几何性质上的不同。（２）昌马地震是在闭锁、贯通和块体旋转联合作用下形成的。（３）区域应力场与局部应力场不一致、应力松弛单元的出现可能与地震的孕育、发生有关。（４）断裂活动的不均一性与平面最大剪应力分布不均匀成正相关，且各断裂均以相对左旋走滑兼挤压为特征，但是其走滑量的分布是不均匀的。     

2015年尼泊尔强震序列对中国大陆的应力影响

基于2015年尼泊尔地震序列的破裂模型及均匀弹性半空间模型,计算了该地震序列传递到中国西藏境内发生在定日县地震和聂拉木县地震的应力.2015年尼泊尔地震序列导致定日县地震和聂拉木地震节面和滑动方向的库仑应力增加(2~3)×103 Pa和(2.4~3.1)×105 Pa,表明这两个地震受到尼泊尔地震序列的触发.其次,我们计算了2015年尼泊尔地震序列在中国大陆及其附近主要活动断层上产生的库仑应力变化.喜马拉雅主山前逆冲断裂和青藏高原内部的拉张正断层上的库仑应力有较大的增加,而青藏高原的走滑断裂,如阿尔金断裂、东昆仑断裂、玉树玛曲断裂、班公错断裂西部、嘉黎断裂的库仑应力有较大的降低.天山南北两侧的断裂库仑应力降低.而华北及东北、华南地区的库仑应力变化几乎可以忽略不计.最后,计算了该地震序列造成的水平应力变化.水平面应力在2015年尼泊尔地震序列北向(青藏高原大部和新疆区域)增加(拉张),而在地震序列东侧的西藏南部和川滇地区南部降低(压缩),在华北和东北仅有少许增加,在华南地区有少许降低.在中国西部,主压应力表现为以2015年地震序列为圆心的向外辐射状,而主张应力方向与同心圆切线方向大体一致.水平主压应力方向在东北地区为北东向,在华北地区为北东东向,在华南地区为南东东向.这种模式与现今构造应力场方向相似,表现了2015尼泊尔地震序列所代表的印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞是中国大陆构造变形的主要动力来源.     

世界四大水库诱发震例的发震原因

新丰江、卡里巴、克里马斯塔和柯依纳四大水库都在活动构造区——地槽区和地洼区。震源应力场的特征是T轴的取向稳定且近于水平,P轴则在与T轴正交的垂直面内呈0°～180°的旋转变化。这种震源应力场与引张性构造应力场有联系。 水库诱发地震的能力在引张应力场内达到最大值:(1)在区域性挤压区,岩块沿老断裂滑动,水沿老断裂渗透。被渗透段的岩块比未渗透的岩块滑动较快,这种滑动速度的差异导致转换引张应力场的产生;(2)在区域性引张区,水的侧压作用导致附加张应力的产生且与构造应力场一致,结果大大增强了水库区总的张应力;(3)库水沿两种张应力所产生的共轭剪切裂隙渗透,降低了界面的抗滑强度。 在活动构造区,库水与张应力场结合是四大水库诱发六级地震的主要原因。     

龙门山断裂带中段及邻区构造变形特征及应力场演化的数值模拟研究

根据龙门山断裂带中段及邻区的主要构造特征,同时考虑地壳速度结构和构造运动的深浅部差异,建立该地区的二维接触有限元模型,数值模拟了长期构造过程中断裂带位移和应力的时间演化过程。结果显示:①汶川—茂县断裂、映秀—北川断裂、灌县—安县断裂的逆冲速率与实际观测结果基本一致,映秀—北川断裂逆冲性质最强,巴颜喀拉块体和断裂带区域呈水平缩短与增厚抬升趋势,四川盆地保持相对稳定;②断裂带附近岩体大小主应力比随深度增加而减小,总体上与实际测试结果相符,且主应力轴方向和倾角与利用震源机制解反演得到的构造应力场特征亦较为接近;③龙门山断裂带中段区域构造应力场呈低态稳定—应力累积—临界稳定的阶段式演化过程,与该区所处的应力累积—地震发生—应力再累积的地震活动特征相呼应。此外,仅根据地表调查和震前GPS观测所揭示的断裂活动速率评价活动断裂区的地震危险程度具有一定局限性,需结合其深部动力学过程和区域应力状态进行综合分析。     

台湾地震对华南及华东地区应力场影响的数值模拟研究

利用有限元方法, 研究了台湾地震发生所产生的应力变化对华东南地区应力场调整的影响, 给出了这些地区地震发生后所产生的扰动应力场分布特征, 解释了台湾地震活动与大陆地震活动同步的问题。 研究结果认为, 台湾东部地震带地震发生所产生的应力扰动主要影响福建至广东和广西沿海地区的应力场; 如果地震发生在台湾东南角, 其扰动应力会影响到华东沿海地区; 台湾北部地震带地震发生所产生的扰动应力场除影响福建至广东沿海外, 还会影响到华东沿海地区。     

山西地震带活动趋势的初步研究

本文根据山西地震带的地质构造和地震活动的资料,采用有限单元法对该带的构造应力场进行了数值模似,综合分析了该带地震地质、地震活动和构造应力场的特征,初步估计了该带未来强震活动的趋势。主要的估计结果如下: 从1993年到2015年间,在山西地震带将可能发生一个M_s=6.2±0.4地震,其可能地点有三个,若依发震可能性大小的顺序排列将是:(1)霍县～洪洞一带;(2)大同～怀仁～应县～浑源所围地区;(3)灵丘以东至涞源断裂两端所围地区。     

The stress field in the area from the west of Beijing to the Shanxi-Hebei-Nei Mongol border region

According to conditions of seismogeological structure and the data on seismicity in the area from the west of Beijing to the Shanxi-Hebei-Nei Mongol border region, the tectonic stress field and the seismic stress field in this area are studied by using the finite element method and the dislocation theory. In the light of the distribution features of these stress fields and the characteristics of recent activity of small earthquakes, it is inferred that there are two relative stress concentration zones in the area, they are (1) the zone which is bounded on the south by the Heishansi fault, on the west by the Niuxinchuan-Sihuizhuang fault and on the north by the Liangjiazhuang fault; and (2) the zone with a NW long axis, which is surrounded by the intersection zone of the Tianzhenbei, Jiucaigou-Huangtugudui, and Zhanggao faults. Of these, in the first relative stress concentration zone, a strong earthquake will be more probable to occur in future to the west of Huailai at the place where the Xiahuayuan, Hunjingdong and Sangganhe faults converge together but do not intersect, or in its surrounding area. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 307–318, 1991. The English version of this paper is improved by Dr. Zhixin Zhao.     

小江断裂带中段的北东向断裂与断块结构

小江断裂带中段东西支断裂间存在的ＮＥ向断裂是在第三纪ＮＥ向断裂的基础上，于第四纪中晚期开始新的活动，并具有左旋走滑运动的特征，有些在全新世仍有活动。它们的活动从属于小江断裂带的整体左旋走滑运动，其运动幅度和速率比近ＳＮ向小江东西支断裂小得多，但是由于它们的运动，使主断裂产生弯曲或阶区，形成有利于应力和应变集中的障碍。夹于东西支断裂之间的断块被ＮＥ向断裂切割为多个次级菱形和梭形断块，这些断块之间的相对运动对断裂分段和地震孕育过程具有不可忽视的影响     

根据重力数据研究黄海周边断裂带在海区的延伸

根据黄海及周边地区的布格重力资料,通过解析延拓、目标场提取、任意水平方向导数计算、离散小波变换等处理,得到各种有关断裂的信息.经过与地质资料综合分析,选择123°E经线为典型剖面,以地震资料建立初始模型,对该剖面进行重力正反演迭代拟合,最终得到各模块的密度参数及分布,并在此基础上分析了研究区主要断裂的地质地球物理特征,给出了研究区的断裂带、块体结合带分布图.重点对朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带和五莲-青岛-荣城断裂带进行了讨论,提出五莲-青岛-荣城断裂带并未进入朝鲜半岛与临津江断裂带相连.认为朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带西侧属于扬子块体的部分曾受北向应力作用向北发生了平移.由五莲-青岛-荣城断裂带和南黄海北部断裂带、朝鲜半岛西缘断裂带及济州岛南缘断裂带共同组成的断裂带应该是中朝与扬子块体之间的结合带.     

马边-永善地震带构造形式及地震特征

根据该地褶皱形态、断裂特征、应力场分布等资料研究,指出马边～永善及其两侧的构造形迹自西而东有一个相应强～弱变化过程。推测其力源主要来自西部喜马拉雅构造域的侧向推挤,所形成的马边-永善地震带是处于马边-昭通-曲靖断裂构造带的一部分,从而成为川西经向构造带的东部边界,也是青藏高原东南边缘与四川盆地西南边缘的浅部界线     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECANISMS IN THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND ADJACENT AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Daliangshan sub-block is a boundary region among the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block. It hosts four major fault systems:The southwest to south trending Xianshuihe-Zemuhe Fault zone in the west, the Longmenshan fault zone is the northern boundary, the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault zone in the south, and the NS-trending Mabian-Yanjin fault zone in the east. This study focused on focal mechanisms and the regional stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block to help understand the earthquake preparation process, tectonic deformation and seismic stress interaction in this area. We collected broadband waveform records from the Sichuan Seismic Network and used multiple 1-D velocity models to determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and large earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.5)in the Daliangshan sub-block by using the CAP method. Results for 276 earthquakes from Jan 2010 to Aug 2016 show that the earthquakes are dominated by strike-slip and trust faulting, very few events have normal faulting and the mixed type. We then derived the regional distribution of the stress field through a damp linear inversion(DRSSI)using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study. Inversion results for the spatial pattern of the stress field in the block suggest that the entire region is predominantly under strike-slip and trust faulting regimes, largely consistent with the focal mechanisms. The direction of maximum compression axes is NW-NWW, and part of the area is slightly rotated, which is consistent with the GPS velocity field. Combining geodynamic background, this work suggests that because the Sichuan-Yunnan block is moving to SE and the Tibetan plateau to SE-E along major strike-slip faults, the stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block and its adjacent regions is controlled jointly by the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block.     

新疆精河M_W6.3地震产生的静态应力变化研究

利用精河M_W6.3地震有限断层破裂模型,计算了精河地震产生的位移场、应力场、周围主要断层上的静态库仑应力变化以及主震对余震的触发作用。结果表明:(1)精河地震产生的地表隆升最大值约为6.6cm,沉降最大值约为1.8cm;水平位移方向呈现震中南北侧向震中汇聚、震中东西侧向外"流出"的特点。(2)精河地震产生的水平面应力场展布南北侧物质主要受到指向震中的拉张力作用,东西两侧物质主要受到因震中过剩物质东西向排出而导致的东西向挤压力作用。(3)震中西侧距震中约20km的库松木契克山前断裂中段和震中东北部距震中约50km的四棵树-古尔图南断裂西段的库仑应力加载均大于0.01MPa,即2处为地震危险区。(4)在震源深度为8~12km的余震事件中,约有85.5%处于库仑应力加载区,即受到主震的的触发作用;在深度为4~8km的余震事件中,约有87%受到主震的应力触发作用。     

STUDY ON THE ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ANQIU AND JUXIAN ELECTROMAGNETIC STATIONS IN THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

The Yishu fault zone is one of the branch faults of the Tanlu fault zone in its central part. Moderate and strong earthquakes occurred in the Yishu fault zone repeatedly. Due to its complex structure, the Yishu fault zone attracts much attention from earthquake researches. The Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations in Shandong Province locate near the Anqiu-Juxian Fault and Changyi-Dadian Fault, which are branches of the Yishu fault zone, respectively. Geoelectric field and geomagnetic field observation were carried out in these two stations. The Wudi electromagnetic station is in the west of Tanlu fault zone in the Jidong-Bohai block and 230km from Anqiu electromagnetic station. This paper firstly describes the crustal structure near the electromagnetic stations by using magnetotelluric(MT)method. By processing the data carefully, we obtain the MT data in good quality near the stations. The MT data of each electromagnetic station and its nearby area suggests that the electrical structure and geological structure of the station are comparable. This paper applied 1-D and 2-D inversion for MT data and obtained the crustal electrical structure model beneath the Anqiu and Juxian seismic station. The shallow electrical structure from the MT method was compared with the results of symmetrical quadrupole electrical sounding. The model suggests that the electrical structure beneath the Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations is complex and shows the feature of block boundary. The Wudi electromagnetic station is located inside a basin, the crustal structure shows layered feature typical for the stable blocks. Beneath the Anqiu electromagnetic station, there is a 1km-thick relative low resistivity layer in the shallow crust and a high resistivity body beneath it with a depth of 13km. There is a high resistivity structure in the crust beneath the Juxian electromagnetic station. The crustal structures are divided into two different parts by Anqiu-Juxian Fault and Changyi-Dadian Fault, respectively. More conductive layers appear to the west of the two faults. Plenty of fluid possibly exists within the conductive body to the west of Changyi-Dadian Fault, which plays important role in the earthquake generation. There is a relative low resistivity layer in the crust within 1~2km beneath the Wudi electromagnetic station. Beneath the relatively low resistivity layer, a relatively high resistivity layer extends to a depth of around 15km, and the resistivity value decreases with the increase of depth. The electrical resistivity model suggests the seismic activity of the Yishu fault zone around the Anqiu and Juxian electromagnetic stations should be taken into account seriously, and monitoring and research on it need to be strengthened. The results of this paper provide a certain reference value for the crustal structure research to similar stations.     

THE STATIC STRESS TRIGGERING INFLUENCES OF THE 2015 MW6.4 PISHAN,XINJIANG EARTHQUAKE ON THE NEIGHBORING AREAS

Based on the rupture models of the 2015 Pishan M_W6.4 earthquake and half space homogeneous elastic model, the Coulomb stress changes generated by the earthquake are calculated on the active faults near the earthquake region. The horizontal stress changes and the displacement field are estimated on the area around the epicenter. Results show that:(1)The Coulomb stress is decreased in the west of the western Kunlun frontal thrust fault(9.5×10³Pa), and increased in the east of the western Kunlun frontal thrust fault and the middle of the Kangxiwa faults. More attention should be taken to the seismic rick of the east of the western Kunlun frontal thrust fault; (2)Based on the analysis on the location of the aftershocks, it is found that most of the aftershocks are triggered by the earthquake. In the region of increased Coulomb attraction, the aftershock distribution is more intensive, and in the area of the Coulomb stress reduction, the distribution of aftershocks is relatively sparse; (3)The horizontal area stress increases in the north and south of the earthquake(most part of the Qaidam Basin and the northwest of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau), and decreases in the east and west of the earthquake(northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and eastern part of the Pamir Mountains). In the epicenter area, the principal compressive stress presents nearly NS direction and the principal extensional stress presents nearly EW direction. The principal compressive stress shows an outward radiation pattern centered on the epicenter with the principal extensional stress along the direction of concentric circles. The principal compressive stress presents NW direction to the west of the epicenter, and NE to the east of the epicenter. With the increase of radius, the stress level gradually decays with 10⁷Pa in the epicenter and hundreds Pa in the Maidan Fault which is in the north of the Qaidam Basin.     

滇西北地区的现代构造应力场

通过区内活断层性质、盆地生成和水系分布极向等的研究,进一步从地质上论证了该区北北西—近南北向的现代构造应力场。认为这一局部应力场是川滇菱块作南向滑移引起的地壳上部的构造变形事件。晚新生代以来的断陷盆地是这一滑移过程造成的地壳表层的拉分盆地。在地壳的下部有可能受到大区域板块北(偏东)向推挤作用的影响。中小地震和强震在深度分布、破裂特征及应力方向上的区别有可能是这种不同深度层次上应力差异作用的某些信息     

2021年云南漾濞MS6.4地震序列静态应力触发研究

为深度剖析2021年云南漾濞M_S6.4地震对周围断层的影响以及地震序列间的静态库仑应力影响关系,文章基于主震的破裂模型和Okada给出位移对空间偏导数的解析式,首先计算了主震在周围断层上产生的静态库仑破裂应力,结果表明维西—乔后断裂带中段、澜沧江断裂带北端、红河断裂带北端以及怒江断裂带中段库仑应力均有千帕量级的增加。其次,计算了此次地震对周围地区产生的水平应力场及位移场,发现震中东西两侧物质向外流出,南北两侧向震中汇聚;震中南北两侧沉降,东西两侧隆升;产生的应力场呈EW向挤压,NS向拉张,在一定程度上抵消了该区域背景构造应力场。最后计算了前震-主震-余震序列间的静态库仑应力影响,结果表明前震产生的静态库仑应力促进了主震的发生;在2 km、13 km和18.5 km深度附近,触发的余震(前震和主震产生的库仑应力变化为正)比例很高,但在7 km深度处(同震破裂模型中滑移量最大)大部分余震分布在库仑应力负值区(应力影区),考虑到该深度余震与主震震源机制相差较大,因此通过模拟最易错动的断层面作为余震接受断层面,从而计算出最大静态库仑破裂应力,发现应力影区的余震仍有被触发的...