MAIN HEATING MODES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN JULY AND THE CORRELATION PATTERNS OF CIRCULATION AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST ASIA*

Based on the 1958-1999 monthly averaged NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the REOF analysis is applied to obtain the main spatial modes of normalized atmospheric heating source over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) in July.Results show that the four leading modes are located over the northeast TP,southwest TP.Kashmir and southeast TP respectively,and the cumulative variances are no more than one third of the total.It indicates that the heating source distribution is very complicated over the TP in July.In other words.it is difficult to depict the heating spatial distribution with a few modes.By using wavelet analysis,a 2-4-year variation period is identified in these modes.Moreover,correlation coefficients between each RPC and zonal wind U, meridional wind V.zonal moisture flux Q_v,meridional moisture flux Q_v,and precipitation rate over East Asia are calculated to construct correlation fields,Results show that different heating modes over the TP correspond to different circulation,moisture flux as well as precipitation patterns,Precipitation over North China(or Kashmir) is negatively(or positively) correlated with REOF1.Similarly.notable negative(or positive) correlation can be found between the rainfall over south part of Southwest China.South China,and the Philippines(or Japan) and the REOF3. Due to high localization of diabatic heating over the TP.it is not enough to study the influence of TP thermal forcing on the climate with an area averaged heating index.     

1998年青藏高原降水特征及大气LFO对长江流域低频降水的影响

本文使用美国NCAR—NCEP再分析的逐日资料，研究了1998年夏季青藏高原降水特征及大气准45d低频振荡(LFO)对长江流域低频降水的影响。研究表明，6月19日左右青藏高原雨季开始，青藏高原是水汽输送的汇区，青藏高原影响了我国东部的降水天气过程，使长江流域降水不均匀;青藏高原的大气低频振荡对东部地区低频降水也产生了影响，使低频降水带在青藏高原的东坡出现不连续现象。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF RAINFALL OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU DURING SUMMER 1998 AND ITS IMPACT ON EAST ASIAN WEATHER*

The seasonal variation of rainy season over the Tibetan Plateau in summer 1998 is analyzed by using daily observational rainfall data for Lhasa from 1955 to 1996,and rainfall data at 70 stations from January to August of 1998 over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and adjacent regions,as well as TBB data from May to August of 1998.The onset date of rainy season for Lhasa is climatologically 6 June.Among the analyzed years,the earliest onset date is 6 May,while the latest may delay to 2 July.The obvious inter-decadal variation can be found in the series of onset date.The onset date of summer 1998 over middle TP (onset date of Lhasa) is 24 June,which is relatively later than the normal case.The onset for rainy season of 1998 started over southeast and northeast parts of TP and then propagated westward and northward.The convection over east and west parts of TP shows that there is a quasi 12-15 day oscillation.In June,the convection over middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River is formed by the westward propagation of convection over subtropical western Pacific.while in July.it is formed by the eastward propagation of convection over TP.Besides,it is also found that there exists good negative and obvious advance and lag correlation between the convection over the middle and western TP and that over the subtropical western Pacific and southern China.Therefore it can be inferred that a feedback zonal circulation with a quasi two-three week oscillation exists between the ascending region of TP and descending region of subtropical western Pacific,i.e.the convection over TP may affect the subtropical high over western Pacific and vice versa.     

PRELIMINARY NUMERICAL STUDY OF TOPOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON SURFACE DIRECT RADIATION*

To improve the simulating ability of a model,this paper presents a scheme of calculating direct radiation at land surface with topography in the model.A numerical study is conducted for the topographic effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the direct radiation using NCEP terrain data.Results show that,after taking account into the topographic radiation effect,the regional average of the radiation over the Plateau obviously increases in the local early morning and late afternoon,but changes less around noon.The effect is stronger in winter than that in summer.And heterogeneous topography has also affected the distribution of the radiation in this area.A simple numerical experiment shows that considering the effect will lead ground temperature to increase on the slope having more sunshine,and vice versa.     

1998年夏季青藏高原多时间尺度低频降水的活动和传播特征

研究表明,准４５ｄ、准２３ｄ和准１４ｄ等３类低和水的频率愈低,低和水愈趋向于从高原东侧和南侧向高原传播,反之,频率愈高,低频降水愈趋向于由高原向高原东侧和南侧传播。低频降水的传播路径倾向于与其上空１５０ｈＰａ低辐散带的传播中径相一致,但强度则不完全一致。高原中南就低频降水强度远大于高原北部,且与其周围平原和海洋地区的低频降水具有相对独立性。     

在ENSO不同位相下青藏高原春季感热对华南盛夏降水的影响

根据青藏高原(简称高原)春季感热(Sensible Heat,SH)异常和ENSO不同位相,划分出12种类型,研究了高原春季(5月)SH异常和前冬ENSO对华南盛夏(7—8月)降水的影响及相对影响程度。结果表明:高原春季SH和前冬ENSO均对华南盛夏降水有较显著的影响,即当两者分别处于各自正(负)位相时,华南盛夏降水普遍偏少(多);通过对两者的单独作用和协同作用的分析表明,高原春季SH对华南盛夏降水贡献要更大。影响机制分析发现华南盛夏降水受西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)和南亚高压共同影响,ENSO直接影响西太副高,而高原春季SH异常则对南亚高压作用显著,因此在两者共同影响下,两个高压的变化共同导致华南盛夏降水出现异常。     

CLIMATIC FEATURES OF SEA TEMPERATURE OF WARM POOL AND RELATIONSHIP WITH SST OF ITS ADJACENT REGIONS*

In this paper,climatic features of sea temperature of western Pacific warm pool and the relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) of its adjacent regions are analyzed based on the observed sea temperature on vertical cross section along 137°E in western Pacific,the monthly mean SST of Xisha Station in South China Sea and the global monthly mean SST with resolution of 1°×1° (U.K./GISST2.2).The results indicate that (1) in a sense of correlation.SST of western Pacific warm pool can represent its sea subsurface temperature from surface to 200 m-depth level in winter,and it can only represent sea temperature from surface to 70 m depth in summer.The sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may be more suitable for representing thermal regime of western Pacific warm pool.The sea subsurface temperature of warm pool has a characteristic of quasi-biennial oscillation.(2)Warm pool and Kuroshio current are subject to different ocean current systems (3)Furthermore,the relationship between SST of Xisha Station and SST of warm pool has a characteristic of negative correlation in winter and positive correlation in summer,and a better lag negative correlation of SST of Xisha Station with sea subsurface temperature of warm pool exists.(4)Additionally,oscillation structure of sea temperature like "a seesaw" exists in between warm pool and Regions Nino3 and Nino4.January (June) maximum (minimum) sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may serve as a strong signal that indicates maturity phase (development phase) of La Nina (El Nino) event,it also acts as a strong signal which reveals variations of SST of Regions Nino3 and Nino4.     

DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ANOMALOUS SURFACE SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX IN THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS VICINITY ON THE EAST ASIAN WINTER MONSOON*

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis monthly data,the relation between the surface sensible heat flux,(SHTFL) in the Tibetan Plateau and its vicinity and the East Asian winter monsoon is revealed as follows:on the inter-annual and longer time scales,the difference between SHTFL anomalies in the east and southern slope of the Tibetan Plateau last spring has influence on the East Asian winter monsoon,that is,SHTFL anomaly in the east of the Tibetan Plateau was positive and that in the southern slope was negative last spring,then the East Asian winter monsoon would become more vigorous,and vice versa.Both the most significant period of the difference between SHTFL anomalies in the east and southern slope of the Tibetan Plateau and that of the East Asian winter monsoon index are 2 to 4-year time scales.On the 2 to 4-year time scales,the heterogeneous spatial distribution of SHTFL anomalies in the east and southern slope of the Tibetan Plateau last spring has effect on the East Asian winter monsoon,after SHTFL anomaly in the east of the Tibetan Plateau was positive and that in the southern slope was negative last spring,then the East Asian winter monsoon would be more powerful,and vice versa.The lag influence of the difference of SHTFL anomalies in the east and southern slope of the Tibetan Plateau on the East Asian winter monsoon brings into effect mainly on 2 to 4-year time scales.In the end an reasonable explanation for their relationship has been discussed.     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC*

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over the Tibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discuss the mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationship between middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it is favourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over the Plateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flow patterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on 500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon south to high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bring about the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoon recurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact of synoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport of disturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over the Plateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over the Plateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over the Plateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of low latitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affects typhoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude and low latitude on synoptic system.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way tounderstand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annualvariation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snowcover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcingand sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide thedigital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrievedsurface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking thesatellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographicaldistribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence ofthe underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.     

青海南部高原冬半年气温、降水异常的时空分布及其与雪灾的关系

利用１９５９—１９９３年冬半年（１０月—次年３月）青南高原１５个台站的月平均降水量和月平均气温距平资料，采用时空综合的经验正交函数分析方法，对青南高原地区冬半年降水、气温异常的时空分布特征进行了诊断研究，得到了降水与气温异常的典型配置及其反映这些典型场的年际演变规律的时间系数，并在此基础上进一步分析了降水、气温异常的时变特征与青南高原不同区域出现较严重雪灾年份之间的关系。结果表明，青南高原地区发生较严重雪灾的年份与时间系数出现极大（小）值的年份存在较好的对应关系     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIATION IN SURFACE ALBEDO AND SNOW FORCING OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU*

The combination of field experiments and satellite observations is the fundamental way to understand the characteristics of spatial-temporal variation in surface albedo over the Tibetan(Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau. Under the condition without snow cover, the relatively regular annual variation cycle of the surface albedo can be expressed by an empirical formula. The effect of snow cover on the surface albedo in winter can be expressed by introducing two variables of snow forcing and sensitivity parameter. The existing satellite retrieved results of surface albedo may provide the digital grid data for describing the geographical distribution. However, some satellite retrieved surface albedos available over the Tibetan Plateau are obviously too low in winter. Taking the satellite derived results in summer as the background field representative of geographical distribution and combining the empirical formula of annual cycle based on the surface observations,a dynamic model of surface albedo is developed for the need of modeling the climatic influence of the underlying surface forcing of the Tibetan Plateau.     

7月青藏高原大气热源空间型及其与东亚大气环流和降水的相关研究

对1958～1999年的7月份NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中青藏高原区域大气热源强度(整层气柱的总非绝热加热率)做旋转经验正交函数分析,结果表明该区域内大气热源强度的空间分布特征复杂,各地差异显著。前4个REOF型的加热中心位于高原东北部、高原西南部、克什米尔地区以及高原东南部地区上空。小波分析还表明各空间型都有2～4a的变化周期。文中计算了前4个RPC与东亚中、低空纬向风(U)、经向风(V)、纬向水汽通量(Q_u)、经向水汽通量(Q_v)的相关系数,并用这些相关系数构造矢量,进而分析其流场和水汽通量散度场,发现高原不同区域的大气加热异常所对应的东亚大气环流形势及降水也大不相同,由此表明,在研究高原加热对中国气候的影响时,应注意加热的空间分布特征。     

APPLICATION OF THE VARIATIONAL METHOD OF TOVS DATA OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE INITIAL FIELD OF NUMERICAL MODELS*

In this paper,TOVS satellite data are used through variational method on the data-sparse plateau area.Diagnoses are carried out to find a way to solve the large error problem of model initial field.It is put forward that TOVS retrieval data can be used to improve the initial field of numerical prediction model on Tibetan Plateau area.Through variational method,TOVS data are processed and the liability of the initial information on the plateau is improved.Diagnostic results confirm further that the application of TOVS retrieval data can improve our capability to describe the dynamic system features on the plateau and the objectivity of related initial information such as the distribution of water vapor channel and stratification stability.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF UT/LS CARBON MONOXIDE INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT FACTORS OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS IN SUMMER

The study presented herein investigated the main characteristics of carbon monoxideintraseasonal variability and evaluated its possible impact factors using the upper troposphere and lowerstratosphere (UT/LS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations over Tibetan Plateau and itsadjacent areas in summer (June to August) of 2005 and 2006. Observations show a persistent constituentextreme extending up into the UT/LS throughout summer, as well as a temporally reversed phase variationbetween the carbon monoxide and ozone in UT/LS. The intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) of carbonmonoxide during summer are investigated by using methods of wavelet and band pass filter analysis. It isfound that ISOs over the Tibetan Plateau have periods of 10 to 20 days and 30 to 60 days. The formermainly appeared in upper troposphere while the latter in lower stratosphere. Further analysis shows thatthese two periods of ISOs in UT/LS are mainly in phase to the activities of convection over the south of theplateau and the variation of South Asia High, respectively. The above two factors and their dynamicalcoupling may be responsible for the tracer ISOs at different levels.     

青藏高原UT/LS夏季CO的季节内变化特征及可能影响因子分析

基于2005、2006年夏季大气微波临边探测仪(MLS)探测的青藏高原上对流层-下平流层(UT/LS)一氧化碳(CO)和臭氧浓度数据,分析了其浓度的季节内变化特征并对可能机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明,青藏高原及其周边区域UT/LS是大气痕量成分的异常区,具有对流层特性的一氧化碳和具有平流层特性的臭氧在时间变化呈现出反位相变化特征;UT/LS大气成分的变化存在两个主要季节内振荡(ISO)周期,即10～20天和30～60天,但不同的高度上具有不同的表现特征,UT主要表现为10～20天的季节内振荡,而LS主要表现为30～60天的季节内振荡;这两个振荡周期分别和夏季对流活动以及南亚高压的季节内变化具有同位相特征,说明上述两个因子可能是影响该区域不同高度的大气痕量成分季节内振荡的两个主要动力过程。      

INFLUENCE OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON AIR-SEA INTERACTION OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC IN OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC COUPLED SYSTEM*

A hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model is designed,which consists of a global atmospheric general circulation model(L9R15 AGCM)and a simple ocean model(ZC ocean model over tropical Pacific).Using the model,experimental predictions are performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event with and without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).It is found as follows:(1)The coupled system can successfully predict the El Nino or La Nina event even if the Tibetan Plateau orography is not included in the model.The patterns of SSTA and wind anomalies in the model without the Tibetan Plateau are similar to those with the Tibetan Plateau,which further verifies the fact that ENSO process is mainly caused by the air-sea interaction in tropical Pacific.(2)However.the existence of the Tibetan Plateau exerts its influences on the intensity and duration of El Nino(or La Nina).It is unfavorable to the development and maintenance of westerly anomalies,so to some extent,restrains the development of El Nino,but favors the development of La Nina.(3)Effects of the Tibetan Plateau orography on the wind anomalies in the coupled system are different from those inuncoupled AGCM simulation.     

THE EFFECTS OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE ANOMALOUS VARIATION OF ASIAN MONSOON IN A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM

Experimental predictions with a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model(L9R15 AGCM-ZCocean model)were performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event withand without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).Comparison shows that,to some extent,the existence of the Tibetan Plateau orography weakensor restrains(strengthens or facilitates)the formation of the anomalous circulation of Asianmonsoon during El Nino(La Nina)period.Opposite results are found in the uncoupled AGCMsimulation.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING ACTIVE PERIOD OF 500 hPa HIGH OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU IN SUMMER*

In correspondence with the establishment of the "upper high and lower high" pressure pattern due to the activities of 500 hPa high over the Tibetan Plateau in summer,a series of changes of the East Asia atmospheric circulation will take place.In this paper,the distributions of divergence and vertical velocity of 500 hPa high,the evolutions of atmospheric heat source,the variations of vorticity and zonal wind at 100 hPa level and vertical meridional cell over the Tibetan Plateau etc.are statistically analyzed.Thus,we can see that the ascending motion and the convective heating over the Tibetan Plateau,the South Asia high and the westerly jet on the north of the Plateau at 100 hPa level are weakned.The northern branch and the southern branch of the easterly jet on the south of the Plateau merge into a single whole and situate on the south of the former northern branch.In the meantime,thermodynamic land-sea discrepancy in South Asia and the convective heating over the Bay of Bengal is enhanced.It will play an important role in the maintenance of the easterly jet and the South Asia monsoon.     

青藏高原及其附近地区资料的统计同化方案与试验

本文借助于Cressman逐步订正法和自然正交函数(EOF)的展开截断原理,对高原500hPa高度场和风场建立了一个初步的统计同化方案,并将该方法推广运用到对FGGEⅢ_b资料的修正和尺度分离上,在此基础上做了24小时的数值试验。初步证明此方法有一定的应用价值。