Using Sequential Indicator Simulation as a Tool in Reservoir Description: Issues and Uncertainties

Flow simulation studies require an accurate model of the reservoir in terms of its sedimentological architecture. Pixel-based reservoir modeling techniques are often used to model this architecture. There are, however, two problem areas with such techniques. First, several statistical parameters have to be provided whose influence on the resulting model is not readily inferable. Second, conditioning the models to relevant geological data that carry great uncertainty on their own adds to the difficulty of obtaining reliable models and assessing model reliability. The Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS) method has been used to examine the impact of such uncertainties on the final reservoir model. The effects of varying variogram types, frequencies of lithology occurrence, and the gridblock model orientation with respect to the sedimentological trends are illustrated using different reservoir modeling studies. Results indicate, for example, that the choice of variogram type can have a significant impact on the facies model. Also, reproduction of sedimentological trends and large geometries requires careful parameter selection. By choosing the appropriate modeling strategy, sedimentological principles can be translated into the numerical model. Solutions for dealing with such issues and the geological uncertainties are presented. In conclusion, each reservoir modeling study should begin by developing a thorough quantitative sedimentological understanding of the reservoir under study, followed by detailed sensitivity analyses of relevant statistical and geological parameters.     

精细油藏描述中的沉积微相建模进展

从区域沉积学分析和运用高分辨率层序地层学建立地层分层数据库两方面入手,分析了精细油藏描述中沉积微相建模研究的基础.结合建模实践,详细介绍了当前沉积微相建模中广泛使用的利用地质、地球物理、油田开发动态数据等信息基于目标和基于象元的各种随机建模方法和构型分析法、井间地震等建模新技术,并对各种方法和技术的优缺点进行了简评.在此基础上分析了沉积微相研究中应注意的建模方法技术、建模软件的选择、相模型的验证和优选等问题.针对目前的研究现状和存在的问题,指出了精细油藏描述中沉积微相建模研究的发展趋势.     

用随机介质模型方法描述孔洞型油气储层

孔洞型储集层具有强烈的非均质性,在空间分布上变化剧烈,规律性差,其地球物理参数(如速度、密度、弹性参数等)在空间上的变化很难用传统的层状介质模型进行刻画.本文借助随机模型方法,研究孔洞型储层中不同孔洞尺度、分布密度与模型参数的关系,建立反映实际孔洞油气储层介质地球物理参数空间分布统计特征的随机介质模型,以更方便地对孔洞型油气储层进行描述,并为碳酸盐岩孔洞型储层地震反射特征的研究提供有效的方法途径.     

用双正交小波实现有限脉冲信号的滤波

小波分析是一种时间-频率的分析方法，它具有多分辨分析的特点，而且在时频两域都具有表征信号局部特征的功能，因此被称为数学中的“显微镜”。紧支撑正交小波除了Haar小波外不具有线性相位，因此用双正交样条小波和Mallat塔式算法对有限脉冲信号进行了分解与重构。基于小波变换相当于频率域的带通滤波原理，尝试了在时间域对有限脉冲信号利用小波变换进行了滤波，并用一个数学模型做验证，基本上压制了需要消除的波形，并在其中讨论了双正交样条小波的阶次问题。     

油藏描述中的沉积相研究

沉积相和沉积微相研究是油藏描述技术中的基础工作。在油田勘探开发不同阶段，对不同类型的油藏所进行的沉积相研究的内容和方法不同。勘探阶段以沉积学和地震地层学理论为指导，开展沉积盆地地震相、沉积相和构造岩相带分析；滚动勘探阶段综合应用地质、地震、测井和钻井资料，进行沉积亚相、砂体做相与油乞富集关系研究，开发阶段以地质、测井、钻井和油田生产动静态资料为依据，研究油藏内不同开发小层的砂体大小、形态和分布。     

Conditioning Fractal (fBm/fGn) Porosity and Permeability Fields to Multiwell Pressure Data

Stochastic fractal (fGn and fBm) porosity and permeability fields are conditioned to given variogram, static (or hard), and multiwell pressure data within a Bayesian estimation framework. Because fGn distributions are normal/second-order stationary, it is shown that the Bayesian estimation methods based on the assumption of normal/second-order stationary distributions can be directly used to generate fGn porosity/permeability fields conditional to pressure data. However, because fBm is not second-order stationary, it is shown that such Bayesian estimation methods can be used with implementation of a pseudocovariance approach to generate fBm porosity/permeability fields conditional to multiwell pressure data. In addition, we provide methods to generate unconditional realizations of fBm/fGn fields honoring all variogram parameters. These unconditional realizations can then be conditioned to hard and pressure data observed at wells by using the randomized maximum likelihood method. Synthetic examples generated from one-, two-, and three-dimensional single-phase flow simulators are used to show the applicability of our methodology for generating realizations of fBm/fGn porosity and permeability fields conditioned to well-test pressure data and evaluating the uncertainty in reservoir performance predictions appropriately using these history-matched realizations.     

精细油藏描述研究进展

从国内外研究现状人手,详细介绍了目前精细油藏描述研究的现状。国外研究的重点已由常规的野外露头分析、实验分析、数值模拟向地震反演储层预测、微地震方法储层表征、人工智能神经网络等新技术新方法转变,研究对象也由传统的砂岩和碳酸盐岩向致密油致密气储层转变。研究方法中综合性、地震技术以及计算机技术进一步加强。天然裂缝储层表征等专项研究进步很大。国内已经从最初的简单模仿学习国外油藏描述研究方法,发展形成了一整套较为成熟的精细油藏描述程序和方法,研究内容也比较全面完善,几乎涵盖了储层地质研究的各个方面。结合研究自身实践,将精细油藏描述研究总结为高分辨率层系地层学指导下的地层精细划分与对比、沉积成因分析基础上的储层构型分析、储层定量分类评价、储层流动单元研究和储层地质建模研究等5个关键问题。在此基础上分析了精细油藏描述研究存在的问题,认为目前精细油藏描述定量研究还需要加强,各种地震和测井等新技术手段有待加强,实验技术、多点地质统计学建模等方面还需发展完善。储层在开发过程中的变化研究等还未引起足够的重视。最后针对上述问题指出了该项研究8个方面的发展趋势。     

精细油藏描述技术现状及发展趋势

国内大部分油田已进入高含水开发阶段,大量剩余油滞留于地下,开展精细油藏描述意义深远。目前主要的精细油藏描述技术有地层细分对比技术、微构造研究技术、细分沉积微相技术、层次界面和流动单元研究技术以及储集层地质建模技术等。进一步深化和发展四维地震和高分辨率层序地层学、加强储集层物性和流体性质动态变化规律研究、建立储集层地质知识库和原型模型是精细油藏描述技术未来的发展方向。     

Evaluation of the Reduction in Uncertainty Obtained by Conditioning a 3D Stochastic Channel to Multiwell Pressure Data

A stochastic channel embedded in a background facies is conditioned to data observed at wells. The background facies is a fixed rectangular box. The model parameters consist of geometric parameters that describe the shape, size, and location of the channel, and permeability and porosity in the channel and nonchannel facies. We extend methodology previously developed to condition a stochastic channel to well-test pressure data, and well observations of the channel thickness and the depth of the top of the channel. The main objective of this work is to characterize the reduction in uncertainty in channel model parameters and predicted reservoir performance that can be achieved by conditioning to well-test pressure data at one or more wells. Multiple conditional realizations of the geometric parameters and rock properties are generated to evaluate the uncertainty in model parameters. The ensemble of predictions of reservoir performance generated from the suite of realizations provides a Monte Carlo estimate of the uncertainty in future performance predictions. In addition, we provide some insight on how prior variances, data measurement errors, and sensitivity coefficients interact to determine the reduction in model parameters obtained by conditioning to pressure data and examine the value of active and observation well data in resolving model parameters.     

Integrated Two-Dimensional Modeling of Fluid Flow and Compaction in a Sedimentary Basin

In this paper we employ mixed finite elements and numerically study an integrated two-dimensional model of fluid flow and compaction in a sedimentary basin. This model describes a single phase incompressible flow in a two-dimensional section of a sedimentary basin with vertical compaction. At each time step, an iterative algorithm is used to solve this model. The determination of the grid movement is based on the mass conservation and movement of sediments in the basin, while the mixed method is utilized to solve the fluid flow over the moving grid. Numerical experiments are presented to verify this iterative algorithm and show representative solutions for the model under consideration.     

适用于注气储层描述的单砂体解剖技术

国内外实践已经证明二氧化碳驱油是一种成功的提高油藏采收率的技术。由于气体的易流动性,注气过程中往往存在气窜的问题。单砂体精细解剖技术是研究储层非均质性的一种重要方法。在密井网资料基础上,以高分辨率层序地层学原理为指导,采用层次界面分析技术,分析隔夹层分布模式及砂体叠置模式,刻画单砂体在三维空间的展布规模及形态。 依据能量单元研究方法,建立高渗条带划分标准,刻画高渗条带分布范围,预测注气井组气窜方向和规模,为注气调剖提供依据。另外,基于单砂体精细解剖和气窜优势通道评价方法,建立了适用于注 气储层单砂体精细解剖的技术流程,该技术能够科学地解决注气过程中气窜问题,同时为精细表征储层非均质性研究方法提供借鉴。     

地震属性分析在岩性气藏描述中的应用

针对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界二叠系盒8砂岩岩性气藏非均质性强、开发前期井少、井距大、储层预测难的特点,通过地震多种属性分析,并结合井资料,利用地质统计学方法优选出对砂岩厚度、储层物性及含气性较敏感的地震波形、地震波速度变异参数和地震子波吸收系数3种属性,根据这3种地震属性的分类特征对盒8砂岩厚度和储层含气性的平面分布进行了预测和描述,划分的Ⅰ+Ⅱ类含气有利区被确定为下一步的评价区块。地震属性分析应用于非均质岩性气藏的早期描述,为评价部署和开发方案编制提供了依据。     

利用有限单元法模拟二维MT倾子响应

在二维地电模型中,考虑到大地电磁测深(MT)倾子响应依赖于横电(TE)模式的数值模拟问题,笔者采用矩形网格单元和双二次插值对MT的倾子响应进行求解。首先,给出了二维地电条件下的边值问题和变分问题,并通过有限单元法对模型进行单元剖分、插值、积分和整体合成;其次,通过求解复系数方程组得到了每个节点的电场值;最后,采用差分方法求得电场沿横向和垂向的偏导数值,从而计算出二维MT的倾子响应。通过对2个二维地电模型的倾子响应进行数值模拟,获得了倾子响应的实部、虚部和振幅,结果很好地反映了不均匀体的横向分布情况。     

利用井约束反演技术进行油藏描述研究

论述了一种针对薄互储层条件下的油藏描述方法，以井约束反演技术为基础，利用对岩性变化敏感的测井曲线进行井约束条件下的二维地震资料储层反演处理，大大提高了地震资料的分辨率，为砂泥岩薄互层储层预测奠定了基础。     

利用FMI资料分析塔河油田南部中—下奥陶统储层构造应力场

钻探结果表明,塔河油田南部地区上奥陶统覆盖区中—下奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层发育与分布明显地受断裂和裂缝控制。裂缝主要为构造开启缝,其次为钻井诱导缝,裂缝走向具有明显方向性,其形成与古构造应力场关系密切。利用大量中—下奥陶统钻井FMI资料进行裂缝识别、成因分类和走向统计分析,认为钻井诱导缝受现今构造应力场控制,构造开启缝主要受古构造应力场控制,裂缝走向与最大主应力方向一致。塔河油田南部地区诱导缝优势走向为北东向,现今最大主应力方向为北东向;构造开启缝优势走向主要有北北东向和北东东向两组,北北东向裂缝中可见充填缝,反映北北东向裂缝形成时间早于北东东向,其分别与加里东中期和海西早期的古构造应力场最大主应力方向相一致。     

Characterization of the Structure of River-Bed Gravels Using Two-Dimensional Fractal Analysis

This paper is concerned with the application of fractal analysis to understand the structure of water-worked gravel-bed river surfaces. High resolution digital elevation models, acquired using digital photogrammetric methods, allowed the application of two-dimensional fractal methods. Previous gravel-bed river studies have been based upon sampled profiles and hence one-dimensional fractal characterisation. After basic testing that bed elevation increments are Gaussian, the paper uses two-dimensional variogram surfaces to derive directionally dependent estimates of fractal dimension. The results identify mixed fractal behavior with two characteristic fractal bands, one associated with the subgrain scale and one associated with the grain scale. The subgrain scale characteristics were isotropic and sensitive to decisions made during the data collection process. Thus, it was difficult to differentiate whether these characteristics were real facets of the surfaces studied. The second band was anisotropic and not sensitive to data collection issues. Fractal dimensions were greater in the downstream direction than in other directions suggesting that the effects of water working are to alter the level of surface organisation, by increasing surface irregularity and hence roughness. This is an important observation as it means that water-worked surfaces may have a distinct anisotropic signal, revealed when using a fractal type analysis.     

Generation of Aquifer Heterogeneity Maps Using Two-Dimensional Spectral Texture Segmentation Techniques

Numerical models that solve the governing equations for subsurface fluid flow and transport require detailed quantitative maps of spatially variable hydraulic properties. Recently, there has been great interest in methods that can map the spatial variability of hydraulic properties such as porosity and hydraulic conductivity (permeability). Presently, only limited data on natural permeability spatial structure are available. These data are often based on extensive discrete sampling in outcrops or boreholes. Then methods are used to interpolate between data values to map aquifer heterogeneity. Interpolation methods often mask critical local or intermediate scale heterogeneities. As sediment texture is directly correlated with many hydraulic properties we developed two new texture segmentation algorithms based on a space-local two-dimensional wavenumber spectral method known as the S-Transform. Existing texture segmentation algorithms could not delineate the subtle and continuous texture variations that exist in natural sediments. The S-Transform algorithms successfully delineated geologic structures and grain size patterns in photographs of outcrops in a glacial fluvial deposit; thus, no interpolation methods were required to produce continuous two-dimensional maps of texture facies. The S-Transform method is robust and is insensitive to changes in light intensity, and moisture variations. This makes the algorithm particularly applicable to natural sedimentary outcrops. The effectiveness of our methods are tested by correlating measured relative grain sizes in the images with actual grain size measurements taken from the sedimentary outcrops.