广西北海半岛夏季营养盐及水质状况分析

近年北部湾藻华灾害频发,为了解与藻华暴发密切相关的营养盐及水质状况,2020年8月作者对北部湾北海半岛铁山港、营盘、涠洲岛、斜阳岛及涠洲岛西部远岸海域共21个站位采集表层海水,分析营养盐含量和结构特征,并利用富营养化指数和有机污染指数对该海域水质进行等级划分与评价。结果表明：北海半岛海域DIN、PO₄-P和SiO₃-Si均值分别为0.210、0.021和0.270 mg/L。其中,铁山港营养盐由港内至港外呈递减趋势,营盘海域由近岸至远岸,DIN和SiO₃-Si含量先递减再增加,PO₄-P则表现为递增,涠洲岛海域及远岸各站位营养盐分布无明显特征。北海半岛海域N/P、Si/N和Si/P均值分别为11.8、1.7和14.6,显示47.6%海域为潜在N限制,而潜在P限制和Si限制海域均为9.5%;叶绿素a仅与COD显著相关,相关系数为0.475。调查海域富营养化指数均值1.82,以铁山港港内富营养化程度最高,由港内严重富营养至港外贫营养递减,营盘近岸7号站位中度富营养,其余76.2%调查站位仍处于贫营养水平;有机污染指数均值1.85,良好和较好水质共占38.1%,其余61.9%水质受到不同程度有机污染,亦以铁山港水质污染最为严重,重度污染仅在该海域发现。可见,北海半岛夏季表层海水以潜在N限制为主,铁山港和营盘近岸富营养化和有机污染较严重,其余站位基本良好,影响表层水体叶绿素a含量的主要因素是有机质,可能与海域微生物强烈降解作用相关。本研究可为北部湾海洋环境保护和赤潮研究提供基础环境数据。     

Box model analysis of hydrography and behaviour of nitrogen and phosphorus in a eutrophic estuary

In order to investigate the mechanism of eutrophication in Atsumi Bay which is a shallow and partially mixed estuary, distributions of temperature, salinity and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in all their chemical forms were observed once a month throughout a year. Supplies of freshwater and nutrients are estimated and balances of salt and nutrients are examined using a modified box model. The deduced estuarine hydrography and calculated values of photosynthesis, decomposition, deposition and sedimentation are compared with those obtained byin situ observations and laboratory experiments. It is found that the factors responsible for the appearance of heavy eutrophication include not only the general increase of nutrient supply from land but also nutrient accumulation in the rainy season just before summer, the N/P ratio of the supply from land being favourable for uptake by phytoplankton, formation of semi-closed circulations of the nutrients associated with stratification and vertical circulation of estuarine water, and possibly the inorganic turnover of phosphorus (PO₄-P) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The usefulness of the modified box model for obtaining a synoptic understanding of the estuarine system is also demonstrated.     

福建省近岸海域环境因子分布特征及富营养化评价

本研究于2019年春、夏、秋季对福建省闽西南近岸海域海水营养盐和叶绿素a等环境因子进行调查采样,分析其时空分布特征,同时应用有机污染指数法和富营养化指数法2种评价方法对该海域海水富营养化水平进行评价对比,采用主成分分析法探讨环境因子对该海域富营养化状态的影响.结果显示,有机污染指数和富营养化指数的时空分布特征基本一致,季节上表现为春季>秋季>夏季;空间上呈各河入海口向远岸海域逐渐降低的趋势,内湾附近海域污染最严重;调查海域海水富营养化的主要影响因子是总氮和无机氮,且与盐度、pH和溶解氧呈显著的负相关,说明陆源径流对该海域海水的富营养化水平起着重要的调控作用.     

钦州湾海域COD 时空分布及对富营养化贡献分析

根据2010年4月(春季)和9月(秋季)钦州湾海域现场调查资料,对表层海水中化学需氧量(COD)的时空分布特征进行研究,评价其污染水平,分析COD对该海域富营养化的贡献,并探讨了COD的主要来源及与环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明,钦州湾海域表层COD的平均浓度为(1.21±0.55)mg/L,浓度范围为0.57~2.38 mg/L,水平分布呈现由湾内向湾外逐渐递减的趋势;秋季研究海域COD污染水平高于春季;COD对富营养化的贡献范围为42.1%~64.7%,平均贡献为(50.3±6.7)%,贡献随着富营养化指数的增加而减小;COD与盐度、pH存在显著负相关,而与DIN、SiO-23Si存在显著正相关。COD时空分布主要受陆地径流、陆源输入和水动力过程的影响,COD是影响钦州湾海域富营养化的重要因素,但并非决定性因子,富营养化程度加重时来自营养盐的贡献表现更为突出。     

Tide- and rainfall-induced variations of physical and chemical parameters in a mangrove-depleted estuary of East Hainan (South China Sea)

The estuarine dynamics favoring the coexistence of mangroves, seagrass and corals at small river mouths are often poorly understood. We characterize the tidal, day/night and rainfall-induced short-term dynamics in salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll a (chl a), total suspended matter (TSM), water transparency, surface currents and dissolved nutrients (NO_x⁻, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, Si(OH)₄) of the Wenchang/Wenjiao Estuary (East Hainan, tropical China). Samples were taken at three fixed sites along the estuary during 24 h spring tide cycles in different seasons. Salinity, DO, water transparency and pH generally increased seawards while nutrients decreased. All parameters varied with the tidal cycle, partially in interaction with the diel cycle. Nutrients, chl a and TSM usually fluctuated inversely with water level. Stratification was strong. Inflowing bottom water was of higher salinity, DO and pH and lower temperature and nutrient concentrations than the surface water. Tidal mixing provided regular ventilation of the estuary and limited eutrophication effects of nutrients from aquaculture, agriculture and urban effluents. Under dry weather conditions, the brackish-water lagoon functioned as a sink of nutrients due to efficient uptake by phytoplankton. Presently, the runoff from common intense rains in the watershed affects the estuary with little time delay due to terrestrial deforestation, channelization and loss of mangrove area. The frequency, strength and duration of intermittent estuarization of the back-reef areas have likely increased in the past and deteriorate present seagrass and coral health.     

近海生态系统的人为营养盐输入及其控制对策浅析

人为活动每年新增大量的活性氮、磷,导致全球氮、磷循环失衡,新增活性氮、磷主要来源于合成氮肥的生产和施用、畜肥的施用、具固氮能力的农作物如豆科植物等的大规模种植,以及化石燃料燃烧产生的氮氧化物等,而农作物生产与畜禽养殖是改变全球氮、磷循环的主要原因。随着生活污水排放量和化肥施用量的激增,大量氮、磷进入近海,导致营养盐污染和富营养化,这已成为全球性的海洋生态环境问题,通过河流径流和大气沉降进入近海生态环境中的新增氮和磷一半以上与人为活动有关。本文以波罗的海和东海为例,分析了发达国家和发展中国家近海的富营养化问题,研究表明从源头缓解富营养化的对策应同时聚焦氮与磷负荷的削减,具体措施包括降低农业生产活动中化肥的土壤渗漏、合理施肥、种植多年生植物和种植休耕季覆被作物等。     

Resistance of Hong Kong waters to nutrient enrichment: assessment of the role of physical processes in reducing eutrophication

Hong Kong waters receive high nutrient loading from year-round sewage effluent and Pearl River discharge during the summer wet season. We assessed the role of physical processes in reducing eutrophication by calculating a eutrophication reduction index for four different hydrographical areas and four seasons. We used outdoor incubation experiments to assess the response of phytoplankton when physical (mixing and dilution) processes and mesozooplankton grazing were reduced. The primary regulator of phytoplankton growth in low nutrient eastern waters (reference site) shifted from nutrients in the wet season to increased vertical mixing in the dry season. In the highly flushed western waters and Victoria Harbour, the majority (>86?%) of the eutrophication impacts were reduced by strong hydrodynamic mixing (turbulence, vertical mixing, and flushing effects) all year. In southern waters, eutrophication effects were severe (chlorophyll a of up to ~73?μg?L^?1) and was regulated by the ambient phosphate (PO₄) concentration (~0.1?μM) during summer. In contrast, 62–96?% of the potential eutrophication impacts were reduced by physical processes during other seasons. Bioassays also revealed that the yield of chlorophyll from dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) that was taken up by phytoplankton [1.1–3.3?g?Chl (mol?N)^?1] was not significantly different in both N- and P-limited cases. In contrast, the uptake ratios of DIN:PO₄ (26:1–105:1) and Chl:P ratios [42–150?g?Chl (mol?P)^?1] in the P-limited cases were significantly (p?<?0.05, t test) higher than the N-limited cases [~16DIN:1P and 22–48?g?Chl (mol?P)^?1]. The C:Chl ratios ranged from 32 to 87?g?g^?1. These potential ranges in ratios need to be considered in future nutrient models.     

春、夏季长江口邻近海域COD分布特征、影响因素及对富营养化的贡献

根据2009年春季(5月)和夏季(8月)对长江口海域的调查监测资料,研究了海水中COD的时空分布特征,并对其污染水平进行了评价,同时分析了COD对海域富营养化的贡献,探讨了化学耗氧有机物的主要来源及与环境因子的关系。结果表明,长江口海域春夏季表层、春夏季底层之间COD均存在显著的差异,春季表层与底层、夏季表层与底层之间COD则无显著差异,春季表、底层COD的平均浓度、最高浓度均小于夏季,平面分布呈由近岸向远海逐渐递减的趋势;夏季研究海域COD污染高于春季;COD对富营养化的贡献范围为39.69%~63.58%,平均贡献为(46.53±4.49)%,贡献随着富营养化指数的增加而减小;陆地径流输入以及陆源排放是COD的主要来源;COD与环境因子均存在一定的相关关系;COD时空分布主要受制于长江冲淡水,对富营养化的贡献主要受营养盐影响,与海底沉积物再悬浮也有一定的联系。     

Utility of an automatic water sampler to observe seasonal variability in nutrients and DIC in the Northwestern North Pacific

Concentrations of nutrients (NO₃, NO₂, Si(OH)₄, PO₄ and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured in a series of seawater samples collected over approximately 15 months in 2005 and 2006 by an automatic water sampler (Remote Access Sampler, RAS) in the Northwestern North Pacific. Seasonal variability and concentrations of NO₃ + NO₂ (NO_x and Si(OH)₄ were comparable to previous shipboard observations, although there were small errors associated with measurements of PO₄ and DIC. Concentrations of these nutrients began to decrease in late April. After the end of June, NO_x and Si(OH)₄ decreased rapidly, with large fluctuations. After October, these nutrients increased again until late spring 2006. The ratio of the decrease of Si(OH)₄ to that of NO_x suggests that numbers of biogenic opal-producing creatures, such as diatoms, increased after the end of June. This conclusion was supported by a rapid increase in biogenic opal flux recorded in a sediment trap at 150 m. The relationship between NO_x concentrations at the RAS depth of 35 m and NO_x integrated over the upper 100 m was determined using previous shipboard hydrocast data. This relationship was used to estimate integrated mixed layer NO_x concentration from RAS data. Estimated new production based on seasonal drawdown of integrated NO_x averaged approximately 156 mg-C m⁻²day⁻¹ annually, which agrees with previous estimates. Thus, an automatic seawater sampler that documents annual maximum and minimum nutrient concentrations and episodic events such as storms and spring blooms, which might be missed by an ordinary research vessel, will contribute to time-series observations of nutrients and, by extension, biological pump activity.     

Ecosystem shift resulting from loss of eelgrass and other submerged aquatic vegetation in two estuarine lagoons, Lake Nakaumi and Lake Shinji, Japan

Zostera marina L. was intensively harvested until the early 1950s in Lake Nakaumi, a eutrophic estuarine lagoon. We have estimated the amount of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removed from the lagoon through Z. marina harvesting. Lake Nakaumi lies in Tottori and Shimane prefectures, and the annual harvest of Z. marina in the late 1940s in Tottori was recorded as at least 56,250 t wet weight. The nutrient content of 56,250 t of Z. marina was calculated to be 61.9 t of N and 12.9 t of P, which is equivalent to 5.3% and 11%, respectively, of present annual nutrient loads to the lake. The nutrients formerly used by Z. marina were likely used by phytoplankton after the Z. marina started to decline in the mid-1950s at Lake Nakaumi. This shift in the chief primary producer, from benthic macrophytes to phytoplankton, caused a subsequent shift in secondary producers. Benthic fish and crustacean populations decreased and the non-commercial filter-feeding bivalve, Musculus senhausia, increased in Lake Nakaumi after the decline of seagrass beds. This affected the local economy, inducing not only eutrophication but also the collapse of local fisheries. On the other hand, at adjacent Lake Shinji, loss of submerged aquatic vegetation induced an increase of the commercial filter-feeding bivalve, Corbicula japonica, which doubled the fishery yield in the lake.