Real-Time Synchronous Integration of Radar and Raingauge Measurements Based on the Quasi Same-Rain-Volume Sampling

A technique for real-time synchronous integration of radar and raingauge measurements based on the concept of the quasi same-rain-volume sampling(QSVS)is presented.Because of the temporal and spatial discrepancies and resolution differences,the integration of radar measurements with raingauge observations has long been a difficult task.Observations indicate that there exists a correlation that conforms to the power law between hourly accumulated raingauge measurement(QG)and detected radar echo(ZOH)over the raingauge.On the basis of this,a concept of the QSVS and five direct correspondent formulas of radar and raingauge samples are built up,aiming to eliminate the temporal and spatial discrepancies.A convenient and practical sampling method-the time integral vertical synchronous sampling(TIVS)is proposed and the ZOH-QG relationship is studied.It is significant that under the fixed exponent,the coefficient AB or AM varies flexibly in accordance with the temporal and spatial variability of natural precipitation,having the function of synchronously integrating the Z-R conversion and the gauge adjustment into a single equation,and thus the precipitation estimation errors caused by detecting resolution differences between radar and raingauge can be obviously mitigated.The real-time synchronous integration technique using the ZOH-QG relationship to estimate the ground hourly rainfall accumulation is called the radar-gauge synchronous integration method(RASIM).The experiments of two cases show that the accuracy of estimated surface hourly rainfall accumulation within 230 km is about 90%,and the average relative error for the point estimation over the whole process is about 20%.Through the detailed analysis of the applicability of TIVS in three environmental fields with various wind drifts,the physical essence of TIVS is explored: it is an approximate QSVS.By analyzing the data pairs of radar and raingauge,an effective quality-control procedure is established,which can greatly improve the stability and rationarity of the ZOH-QG relationship.The forecasting product of hourly rainfall accumulation derived from the RASIM has been put into operation.It is demonstrated that the RASIM plays an important role in the quantitative monitoring and forecasting of short-term torrential rainfall.     

Analysis of heavy rainfall events in North Rhine–Westphalia with radar and raingauge data

Five heavy rainfall events were investigated with radar and raingauge data. Special attention was paid to quality check and adjustment of radar data. Attenuation effects could be observed on both, C-Band and on X-Band radar. Adjustment of radar data to raingauge values turned out to be difficult in the vicinity of heavy local rain cells. Four adjustment methods were analysed and radar data from different radar stations were compared. As a further result of this project, the spatial extent of the precipitation fields was identified by adjusted radar data and compared to raingauge data. For each rainfall event, radar derived accumulated rainfall images and catchment time series were produced.     

雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估算降水量

为了提高区域降水量观测的空间分辨率, 提出了雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法。首先, 利用粒子激光探测仪观测到的滴谱资料建立实时的Z-I关系, 然后, 利用变分法对同时有雷达回波和雨量计资料的点的实测校准因子进行校准, 获得最优校准因子分析场, 最后, 对有雨量计的点取雨量计实际观测值, 没有雨量计的点利用最优校准因子分析场估算降水。利用此方法对辽宁省2007年5月15日一次天气过程进行降水量估算, 结果表明: 雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法结合了雨量站观测资料单点精度高和雷达资料时空分辨率高的优点, 提高了降水量的估算精度, 更好地反映了降水的空间分布。     

天气雷达-雨量计网联合探测区域降水量的精度

本文分析5次降水天气过程的数字化天气雷达资料和16个雨量计资料表明:用天气雷达-雨量计网联合探测区域降水量的精度比单独使用雷达或常规雨量计网的探测精度高。文中还讨论了联合探测方案其它一些优点。     

Rain rates based on SSM/I,OLR and raingauge data sets

Summary In this paper we present a methodology for evaluating rain rates from a mix of satellite and surface based observations. The component data sets include the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), microwave radiometric data from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) and surface raingauge data from the World Weather Watch. We have noted some deficiencies in the SSM/I algorithm-based rain rate over land areas; the OLR-based rain rates exhibit a larger lateral spread and lower intensities than the observed rainfall structures. The proposed combined method assimilates these three data sets to provide improved fields of global tropical rainfall.With 3 Figures     

A CONVECTIVE RAINFALL ESTIMATE TECHNIQUE DEVELOPED BY NSMC OF CHINA*

In order to reveal the relation between strong convective cloud characteristics and rainfall rate,over 20000 hourly raingauge data from 333 weather stations and the corresponding 4000 convective cloud infrared images of GMS-4 during the period of 1992-1994 in Henan,Hubei and Sichuan Provinces were studied.The results show that cloud top temperature,temperature gradient,the growth of cloud,overshooting top and the normalized distance between a cloud covering pixels and the cluster center have certain relations to cloud precipitation.These relations can vary with different geographical regions.Based on the study above,a convective rainfall estimation technique was developed by the scientists in National Satellite Meteorological Center of China.Its average error is 30% for daily precipitation with a correlation coefficient of 0.69.     

使用遗传算法优化雷达测量降水Z-R关系

将遗传算法应用到雷达测量降水的Z-R关系参数优化问题中,通过引入改进的误差函数加入总降水量误差控制,对1998年6月28日~7月2日阜阳地区的两次降水过程进行了参数优化试验,并和常规的最小二乘法、最优化方法及M-P参数法进行了对比,试验结果表明:新方法在总降水量估测方面具有更高的准确性和更好的动态适应性。     

分组Z—I关系及其在淮河流域雷达测雨中应用

本文使用713雷达及其数字化终端,对淮河正阳关以上流域进行了定量测量降雨的试验。用最优化处理方法,按DBZ值大小分组统计,得到了这一地区Z-I关系的序列。然后,用这组关系得到降雨的雷达估算值。试验结果表明,距雷达50－100km之间的区域雷达定量测雨的精度较好。和雨量计测值比较,雷达估算的单站一小时雨量的平均相对误差为46％,单站过程雨量的平均相对误差为30％。雷达定量测雨可以作为常规雨量站网的补充,准实时地提供多种雨情信息。     

台风“桑美”（0608）登陆前后降水结构的时空演变特征

利用雷达－雨量计联合测量降水技术得到的1小时雨量分布资料, 分析了台风“桑美”登陆前后距台风中心111 km以内的降水结构及其时空演变特征, 尤其是登陆前双眼墙循环过程中, 降水结构的变化特征。研究发现: 在登陆前“桑美”经历了双眼墙循环过程, 在此期间, 其内、外眼墙和雨带降水均以强降水为主, 内、外眼墙平均降水率均随时间增强, 而外眼墙增长幅度更大, 且平均降水率始终大于内眼墙, 但并没有伴随外眼半径减小的过程。而雨带平均降水率随时间变化很小, 略有下降。在登陆后,“桑美”内核和外围区仍是以强降水为主, 登陆前三小时左右内核区平均降水率有一个迅速增长的趋势, 登陆后随着台风强度的减弱, 其平均降水率迅速下降。“桑美”降水的空间分布特征显示, 其登陆前后降水结构有明显的非对称性, 在登陆前内、外眼墙和雨带最大降水均出现在台风移动路径的右侧, 且雨带的最大降水率始终位于内、外眼墙的右方; 登陆后, 内核区和外围降水更多地出现在移动路径的后方, 而不是登陆前的右侧。     

Impact of precipitating ice on the simulation of a heavy rainfall event with advanced research WRF using two bulk microphysical schemes

In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.2 is used to examine the impact of precipitating ice and especially snow-graupel partitioning in the simulation of a heavy rainfall event over Chalkidiki peninsula in Northern Greece. This major precipitation event, associated with a case of cyclogenesis over the Aegean Sea, occurred on the 8th of October 2006 causing severe flooding and damage. Two widely used microphysical parameterizations, the Purdue Lin (PLIN) and WRF Single-Moment 6-class scheme (WSM6) are compared with available raingauge measurements over the complex topography of Chalkidiki. To further investigate the importance of snow and graupel relative mass content and the treatment of precipitating ice sedimentation velocity, two older versions of the WSM6 scheme were compiled and run with the current model. The verification results indicate that all simulations were found to match raingauge data more closely over the eastern mountainous Chalkidiki peninsula where maximum accumulations were observed. In other stations all schemes overestimate 24h accumulated rainfall except a station situated at the western part of the peninsula, where none of the simulations was able to reproduce observed rainfall. Graupel dominance in PLIN generates rapid precipitation fallout at the point of maximum predicted 24h accumulation. Similar behavior is shown in WSM6 from WRF version 2, but with significant less rainfall. Increasing snow amounts aloft, due to the unified treatment of precipitating ice in WSM6 from WRF version 3, modifies rain dynamics which decrease rainfall rates, but increases 24h accumulations. A sensitivity experiment where PLIN is used with snow accretion by graupel turned off, indicated that this process seems to be the most important factor controlling the differences in surface precipitation between PLIN and WSM6 from WRF version 3, determining the spatial and temporal distribution of this heavy precipitation event. The results also revealed that snow overestimation can lead to high rainfall accumulations, even though rain is more evenly distributed over the 24h period, deteriorating precipitation forecast.     

流域面雨量估算技术综述

面雨量是水文气象中一个重要参量。面雨量的估算直接关系到洪水预报精度和洪水调度决策的科学性。由于降水空间分布的复杂性,如何准确估算流域面雨量一直是个科学难题。传统方法根据常规降水观测,应用空间分析技术来估算面雨量。随着非常规观测技术的发展,以雷达、卫星估测降水资料为主并结合自动气象站降水观测资料,通过资料融合来进行估算已成为流域面雨量估算技术的发展趋势。而以GIS为平台,实现数据分析和显示一体化管理则代表了面雨量业务系统的发展方向。通过水文模拟与水文观测的比较,可以对面雨量估算结果进行间接检验。     

Rainfall regionalization on the basis of the precipitation convective features using a raingauge network and weather radar observations

The main objective of the present paper is to show a methodology for undertaking rainfall regionalization of a region taking into account the convective features of the precipitation, and useful for establishing homogeneous zones for improving the alert system. This methodology has been applied to a hydrographic region located in northeast Spain, with an area of 16000 km² and characterized by a highly contrasted topography. Information provided by meteorological radar and 5-min precipitation data for 126 automatic raingauges has been used for the period 1996–2002. The previous analysis done on the basis of the 1927–1981 rainfall rate series for the Jardí raingauge, located in Barcelona, has also been considered. To that end, the first step was to draw up a proposal for classification of the pluviometric episodes. Recourse was had for this purpose to definition of the β parameter, related with the greater or lesser convective character of the event and calculated on the basis of the rainfall intensity at the surface (Llasat, 2001) and, when data are available, on the basis of radar reflectivity. Results show that the threshold of 35 mm/h to characterize convective episodes from raingauge data can be corroborated from the radar point of view when convective precipitation is identified using 2-D algorithms with a reflectivity threshold of 43 dBZ. Once the soundness of the β parameter had been corroborated, it was applied to more than 2900 precipitation episodes recorded in the region, in order to discriminate the features of the different subregions and their time and space distribution throughout the entire series of the samples. Using this definition, 92% of the precipitation events recorded in this region, with accumulated rainfall above 35 mm, are classified as convective ones, representing 95% of the precipitation amount. Application of the β parameter combined with monthly rainfall data allows differentiation of 8 regions with different convective precipitation features.     

稳定性层状云降雨量的估算研究

利用2000-2004年711雷达观测的稳定性层状云降雨回波资料，结合雨滴谱和地面雨量自记资料，使用统计方法，分析了引起稳定性层状云降雨量大小改变的因子，得出稳定性层状云降雨量大小除与雷达回波强度关系最为密切外，还和云顶高度、暖云厚度等因素有关，分析了产生误差的原因，建立了多元回归方程，为使用雷达回波对降雨量的估算提供了一种方法。     

采用单片机技术制作雨量记录仪

采用单片机制作的翻斗式雨量计与传统的雨量计比较，由于它在数据记录方式上采用单片机技术的电可擦除存储器，因此具有具能实时记录降水、降水量测量精度度、人为因素少、野外观测免维护等优点。这一系统在气象、水文、海洋、农业等领域的野外观测实验中有着很广泛的应用潜力。     

All-India monthly and seasonal rainfall series: 1871–1993

Summary The Indian rainfall has often been used as a proxy data for the Asian monsoon as a whole for understanding the energy budget of the major circulation features and also used as an input parameter in estimating the other regional parameters. In view of this, a long homogeneous rainfall series of All-India (India taken as one unit) has been prepared based on a fixed and well distributed network of 306 raingauge stations over India by giving proper area-weightage. This paper contains a listing of All-India monthly, seasonal and annual homogeneous data series for the period 1871–1993. Some statistical details and long-term changes of the All-India monsoon rainfall have been discussed.With 4 Figures     

稳定性层状云降雨量的估算研究

利用5 a 711雷达观测的稳定性层状云降雨回波,结合雨滴谱和地面雨量自计资料,使用统计方法,分析了引起稳定性层状云降雨量大小改变的因子,得出稳定性层状云降雨量大小除与雷达回波强度关系最为密切外,还和云顶高度、暖云厚度等因素有关。分析了产生误差的原因,建立了多元回归方程,为利用雷达回波对降雨量的估算提供了一种方法。     

Preservation of rainfall properties in stochastic disaggregation by a simple random cascade model

We analyse properties of a simple discrete multiplicative random cascade model for rainfall disaggregation in urban hydrology. Two types of cascade models (canonical and microcanonical) are applied to the stochastic fine graining of rainfall observations into high resolution data. In particular, we analyse the disaggregation of 1280-min into 10-min data for a 20-year record period (Zurich raingauge, 1979–1998). Differences between the models and parameter estimation techniques are explored on simulated data with a special focus on three important properties of observed rainfall: distribution, intermittency, and extremes. The canonical models are overall better at preserving the distribution of rainfall at the 10-min scale. It is demonstrated that the growth of intermittency across scales is preserved well with all studied models. The ability of the models to reproduce rainfall extremes is a fundamental requirement in disaggregation. The studied models preserved annual rainfall maxima satisfactorily for short durations; however, the performance deteriorated for longer durations. The canonical models performed substantially better in capturing the variability in rainfall. The results are encouraging considering the parsimonious nature of the models and simple parameter estimation.     

基于分步校准的区域降水量估测方法研究

在对国内外雷达定量估测区域降水量一些方法进行回顾的基础上, 介绍了卡尔曼滤波校准和最优插值校准的基本原理, 提出了综合利用两种校准方法优点的分步校准法进行区域降水量估测, 并用2003年淮河流域暴雨过程的雷达和雨量计资料对以上的三种方法进行评估。评估结果表明: 分步校准法无论在估测的精度还是稳定度上都优于其它两种方法。     

双线偏振雷达在水文预报领域的应用——实时水文预报系统的研制

根据１９８０—１９８７年巴家咀水库流域各水文站及雨量站的流量和降雨强度资料，建立了一个利用中国科学院兰州高原大气物理研究所平凉雷达站的双线偏振雷达实时遥测降雨的雷达回波资料进行实时水文预报的模式。当接收到以无线电方式传输来的雷达资料后，该模式可进行包括各子流域的降雨总量、径流、汇流及到达水库的流量、洪峰流量和时间等水文参量的预报，并在计算机监视器上显示，在打印机上打印并存盘。这一方法与普通水文预报方法相比具有及时并能了解云发展趋势等优点。这一模式的建立及应用为防汛指挥、水库的调度提供了可靠、直观的依据，它将气象部门的高科技成果用于水文领域，开拓了气象雷达的应用范围，使雷达在暴洪监测中更好地发挥作用