Analytic tools for investigating the structure of network reliability measures with regard to observation correlations

A global measure of observation correlations in a network is proposed, together with the auxiliary indices related to non-diagonal elements of the correlation matrix. Based on the above global measure, a specific representation of the correlation matrix is presented, being the result of rigorously proven theorem formulated within the present research. According to the theorem, each positive definite correlation matrix can be expressed by a scale factor and a so-called internal weight matrix. Such a representation made it possible to investigate the structure of the basic reliability measures with regard to observation correlations. Numerical examples carried out for two test networks illustrate the structure of those measures that proved to be dependent on global correlation index. Also, the levels of global correlation are proposed. It is shown that one can readily find an approximate value of the global correlation index, and hence the correlation level, for the expected values of auxiliary indices being the only knowledge about a correlation matrix of interest. The paper is an extended continuation of the previous study of authors that was confined to the elementary case termed uniform correlation. The extension covers arbitrary correlation matrices and a structure of correlation effect.     

导线网可靠性分析和粗差探查

采用相关平差算法计算导线网中每个观测值的多余观测分量和各类观测值的内可靠性指标，按统计假设检验理论构成观测值的粗差检测统计量，经过探查指出可能含有粗差的观测值。最后给出内可靠性分析的结果，并提出导线网设计和施测要点建议     

Criteria for internal reliability of linear least squares models

An approach to analysis of internal reliability of linear least squares models is presented. It is based on the relationship between a single observational disturbance, i.e. a gross error or a blunder, and the model response being a certain pattern of distortions in the least squares residuals. Rigorous formulae describing this relationship in terms of internal reliability characteristics are derived both for the models with uncorrelated and correlated observations. A specific case of decorrelated observations is also taken into consideration. Finally, the criteria for the evaluation of the model internal reliability are proposed for all the above cases. It is worth mentioning that the criteria are obtained without resorting to any particular method of statistical testing. The theory is illustrated with two numerical examples, using simple measuring schemes.     

Measuring the robustness potential of the least-squares estimation: geodetic illustration

For a linear least-squares parametric model analysis is carried out of the structure of the projection operator transforming the vector of standardised observations into the vector of standardised residuals. On this basis the properties of the model responses to observational disturbances (i.e. gross errors or blunders) are derived. A final outcome of the research can be summarised as: (1) proposing the robustness characteristics of a model and linking them with the local measures of internal reliability, being the diagonal elements in the projection operator; (2) determining the internal reliability levels satisfying specified robustness requirements, i.e. the possibility of detecting at least one of the k observational disturbances (k=1,2,…) having most disadvantageous locations in the system. The theory and a numerical example show that for the systems which have been designed to a proper level of internal reliability, the least-squares estimation can demonstrate an accordingly high level of robustness. Received: 11 June 1996 / Accepted: 28 April 1997     

支持向量回归辅助的GPS/INS组合导航抗差自适应算法

卡尔曼滤波残差分量受到观测信息误差和动力学模型误差的双重影响,由于GPS/INS松耦合导航系统中观测值个数少于状态参数个数,导致异常检测时难以正确区分误差来源,提出一种支持向量回归辅助的组合导航抗差自适应算法。该算法克服了组合系统观测信息无冗余情况下异常检测的局限性,基于遗传算法参数寻优构建回归模型,预测次优观测值,结合整体异常检验法自主选择抗差或自适应滤波,进而调整观测值或动力学模型对导航解的贡献,进行导航预报。最后利用车载实测数据进行验证,结果表明：该算法能够对存在的异常故障智能判定,减弱观测值异常和动力学模型误差影响,保证组合导航精度,提高导航解可靠性。     

LiDAR室内检校模型粗差探测可靠性研究

基于机载LiDAR技术的测绘系统必需对其进行标定和校正,优化导航定位、定姿系统的测绘精度。冗余的观测数据不仅可以评估系统监测粗差的能力,还可以分析未检测粗差对导航结果的影响,评价结果的可靠程度。本文基于内、外可靠度理论,进行抗差检校模型的质量控制,实例分析表明该理论能有效衡量抗差模型对粗差的识别效果。     

一种基于可靠性的工程控制网优化设计新方法

在论述工程控制网优化设计方法及网的精度、可靠性、灵敏度以同用等准则的基础上，提出了一种基于观测值内部可靠性指标的工程控制网模拟法优化设计的新思想和算法，指出了该方法的优点和特点；介绍了该优化设计方法所采用的“科傻”软件，并用实例说明了进行工程控制网优化设计的计算步骤、优化效益以及优化设计的必要性。     

高速铁路CPⅢ控制网平面观测粗差探测方法研究

CPⅢ控制网平面测量精度要求高、外业观测数据量大。如何进行CPⅢ控制网外业观测数据的粗差探测并进行精度评定,是CPⅢ控制网测量实践的重要内容之一。本文在充分研究CPⅢ平面控制网网形特点的基础上,引申出CPⅢ网纵横向较差的概念,并提出粗差检测方法。通过验证,该方法可以有效剔除含有粗差的外业观测数据,提高CPⅢ网的可靠性和...     

Problems of accuracies in combined terrestrial and statellite control networks

Summary The combination of terrestrial and satellite aided network observations requires hybrid models of two kinds: a hybrid functional model and a stochastic model being able to process the heterogeneous observations approapriately. An appropriate combination of stochastic information means to adjoin proper weights to the various types of observations on one hand and on the other hand to separate the relelevant internal accuracy from that accuracy which is affected by a number of network external influences. The first task can be overcome by the technique of estimating variance components of the individual observation groups, the second one can be handled by applying S-transformations to covariance matrices. The paper deals with problems of the hybrid stochastic model. Examples are given.     

用信息扩散估计进行水准网平差

信息扩散估计 (ISE)是一维参数估计中的较好方法 ,但不便于直接推广到多维参数估计中去。本文根据水准测量的特点 ,巧妙地将其推广到水准网平差这一多维参数估计中 ,部分地解决了信息扩散估计在测量数据处理中的应用问题。     

基于等价方差-协方差的粗差探测敏感度分析及实现

选权迭代法在面对独立观测量中的粗差时能够表现出良好的探测效果,但由于其只是一种基于独立观测值的稳健估计法,没有考虑到观测值之间的相关性[1]。而现有的等价权函数虽然都满足稳健估计的要求,但由于所构造的等价权阵不对称,使得最后平差结果严重偏离实际情况。本文介绍在传统稳健估计的基础上,在定权时充分考虑相关观测值之间相关性的不变性,构造对称的方差—协方差阵不断扩大,并通过VB进行编程及实例分析,发现该方法对粗差的敏感度非常强,探测精度很高。     

Graph Theory Applications to GPS Networks

This paper aims at presenting a new perspective of GPS networks, based on principles from graph theory, which are used to describe some connectivity properties of GPS networks. This is possible using a directed, connected graph and an incidence matrix. As the incidence matrix maintains information about the GPS graphy, the fundamental set of independent loops in the GPS network can be read from the incidence matrix. A spanning tree serves as a primary tool in locating the independent loops. According to the loop law the coordinate differences around loops sum up to zero. The measured vectors contain random and gross errors. Hence, if the entire independent loops sums are less than a certain threshold in three components, we can guarantee that there are no gross errors in the observations. The fundamental set of independent loops, based on different spanning trees, is used to detect gross errors in the observations without using adjustment computation. We use a small, simulated network containing gross errors to demonstrate the proposed algorithm. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

多种跟踪组合卫星重力场恢复方法初探

将卫星地面跟踪、高低卫星跟踪和低低卫星跟踪恢复重力场的原理进行统一 ,导出了两种能充分综合多种跟踪观测的卫星重力场恢复基本观测方程。在建立基本观测量与重力场参数的函数传输关系的基础上 ,对目前存在的重力场恢复算法给出了直观的解释 ,并以距离二次变率为重力场恢复的基本观测量 ,提出了一种能组合各种卫星跟踪观测量的动态 /动力组合定轨和重力场恢复方法。     

以三维坐标转换为例解算稳健总体最小二乘方法

稳健最小二乘方法能够有效解决平差计算中观测值存在粗差的情况,因此广泛应用于各种实际问题中。在最小二乘方法中,系数矩阵被认为是不含有误差的。然而在实际情况中,系数矩阵中的变量往往也包含观测值,因此不可避免地会被误差污染。为同时考虑系数矩阵和观测向量中的误差,同时对粗差进行探测和定位,本文提出基于选权迭代的稳健总体最小二乘方法,并以三维相似坐标变换为例展示解算过程。通过模拟计算,证明了采用本文提出的稳健总体最小二乘方法,能够较好地达到粗差探测和定位的目的,获得稳健的参数解。     

基于判断矩阵的观测量粗差发现和定位相关性分析

用布尔矩阵分析、研究判断矩阵,得到观测量粗差发现和定位的相关数以及测量系统的最大可发现粗差和定位粗差数的计算公式.试验证明,当粗差发现和定位相互影响的观测量同时含有粗差时,现行的迭代数据探测法和选权迭代法不可能完全正确定位粗差.通过算例验证了使用布尔矩阵和判断矩阵分析多维粗差发现和定位相关性的有效性和优越性.     

提高无定向导线可靠性的新方法

当在孤立点间进行控制点加密时可选择布设成无定向导线。无定向导线的粗差主要来源于孤立点的粗差、观测量的粗差和计算的粗差。孤立点粗差或计算粗差会在全长相对闭合差中表现出来,但若因孤立点本身有粗差而不加检核地被利用则会浪费大量的时间和人力,影响工程进度,即便孤立点和计算没有粗差,且相对闭合差在允许范围内,还是会出现观测量含有粗差的情况。目前,测绘专业对提高孤立点的可靠性都未提出实质性的解决方案,提高无定向导线观测量和计算的可靠性不够全面或工作量较大。本文提出通过增设"通视点"的方法,只需在增加较小工作量的情况下提高无定向导线粗差所有主要来源的可靠性,具有较大的实用价值。     

BDS/GPS组合定位可靠性分析与粗差探测研究

全球导航卫星系统多系统融合定位是未来无人驾驶等智能应用的关键基础设施,无人驾驶等智能应用经常需要面对城市等复杂环境,由于受到建筑物的遮挡与多路径的影响,观测值出现误差的概率也在不断增加,因此分析多系统融合定位可靠性并进行粗差的探测识别,确保定位结果准确可靠具有重要意义。基于可靠性理论与假设检验粗差探测方法,采用MGEX(multi-GNSS experiment)测站数据进行可靠性评估与粗差探测实验。实验结果表明,BDS(BeiDou navigation satellite system)/GPS(global positioning system)组合下,双频IF(ionospheric-free)组合定位解算的最小可探测粗差与最大不可探测粗差对定位的影响值较单BDS解算分别下降了7.105 m、22.368 m,双系统较单系统可靠性提升明显。BDS/GPS组合下,双频IF组合定位解算的最小可探测粗差与最大不可探测粗差对定位的影响向量较单频解算结果下降了4.105 m、1.621 m,双频数据较单频数据的可靠性更优。基于可靠性评估结果开展了模拟粗差探测实验,结果表明,双频观测值包含...     

多余观测分量与可靠性度量指标研究

讨论了相关观测值与非相关观测值的多余观测分量值域问题；论证了相关观测值的多余观测分量与内可靠性指标的不一致性；进一步研究了可靠性指标的应用问题，认为当观测值的复相关系数不同时，应同时考虑内、外可靠性指标；最后，以ＧＰＳ准动态测量为例作了分析