Soft-sediment deformation structures from an ice-marginal storm–tide interactive system,Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation,Talchir Coalbasin,India

Permo-Carboniferous Talchir Formation, Talchir Coalbasin, India, records sedimentation during a phase of climatic amelioration in an ice-marginal storm-affected shelf. Evidences of subtidal processes are preserved only under thick mud drapes deposited during waning storm phases. Various soft-sediment deformation structures in some sandstone/siltstone–mudstone interbeds, like syn-sedimentary faults, deformed laminations, sand–silt flows, convolute laminations and various flame structures, suggest liquefaction and fluidization of the beds due to passage of syn-depositional seismic shocks. In the Late Paleozoic ice-marginal shelf, such earthquake tremors could be generated by crustal movements in response to glacioisostatic adjustments of the basin floor.     

Significance of transition between Talchir Formation and Karharbari Formation in Lower Gondwana basin evolution — A study in West Bokaro Coal basin, Jharkhand, India

Basal part of the Gondwana Supergroup represented by Talchir and Karharbari Formations (Permo-Carboniferous) records an abrupt change-over from glacio-marine to terrestrial fluviolacustrine depositional environment. The contact between the two is an unconformity. Facies analysis of the glacio-marine Talchir Formation reveals that basal glaciogenic and reworked glaciogenic sediments are buried under storm influenced inner and outer shelf sediments. Facies associations of the Karharbari Formation suggest deposition as fluvio-lacustrine deposits in fault-controlled troughs. An attempt has been made in this paper to explain the sedimentation pattern in Talchir and Karharbari basins, and the abrupt change-over from glacio-marine to terrestrial fluviolacustrine depositional environment in terms of glacio-isostacy.     

Trace fossils from Talchir carbonate concretions,Giridih basin,Jharkhand

The carbonate concretions occurring at the bottom of Talchir fissile shale facies preserved signatures of various trace fossils along with a cast of doubtful organisms and cyanobacterial mat structures. The host shale deposited under glacial melt water fed lacustrine condition. The concretions, formed in poorly oxygenated conditions, are either of syndepositional origin and/or deposited a little below the sediment water interface and were later exhumed to the depositional surface due to erosion of soft mud overlying them. The trace fossils are both megascopic and microscopic in nature. The megascopic trace fossils are identified on the basis of their morphology as Monocraterion and Rhizocorallium. Some of the megascopic structures described remain problematic at present. The microscopic trace fossils are formed due to the activity of marine meiofauna (possibly by nematodes), which, although produced morphologically show similar traces of known larger ichnogeneras but much smaller than them. The discovery of these trace fossils apparently indicate the influx of saline water into a lacustrine domain during the Talchir sedimentation at Giridih basin. Moreover, presence of the above two megascopic trace fossils in the marine lacustrine carbonate concretions may lead researchers to consider their much wider environmental significance than hitherto believed.     

海相遗迹化石对显生宙生物大辐射事件的响应*

通过系统梳理前寒武纪和显生宙海相遗迹化石记录及笔者自己的研究,发现在寒武纪生命大爆发、奥陶纪生物大辐射、中生代海洋革命共3次里程碑式的生物大辐射过程中,海相遗迹化石的属级多样性变化和歧异度增减均与生物多样性呈正相关,生物扰动强度和深度明显增加,造迹生物的觅食策略和行为习性多样化明显增多。寒武纪生命大爆发时期,最有代表性的生物行为变化是出现了具有垂向分量的潜穴; 奥陶纪生物大辐射期间,海相遗迹化石的分布逐渐从滨、浅海扩展至半深海和深海,表现为造迹生物群落栖息地的扩张; 中生代海洋革命时期,海相和陆相遗迹化石同步增加,生物对生态空间利用的深度、广度和集约性同步增强,遗迹化石面貌表现为深海雕画迹的多样性和歧异度大幅增加、形态类型多样、多种觅食策略共存。地史时期的海相遗迹化石面貌受环境外因和生物内因控制,表现出形态由简到繁、分布范围由小到大的变化趋势,对生态空间的利用表现为由沉积物表层至浅层再到深层、由二维到三维、由局域(浅水)到广域(浅水和深水以及陆地)的发展,印证了生物获取生态机会的过程。     

Paleo-environments and tectonic setting of the Mesozoic Thung Yai Group in Peninsular Thailand,with a new record of Parvamussium donaiense Mansuy, 1914

The Thung Yai Group extends over a large area of peninsular Thailand, along the eastern margin of the Shan Thai block. Bound by angular unconformities 300 m thick dominantly detritic brackish to non-marine deposits with few intercalated limestone beds between Triassic marine and Tertiary non-marine sediments, represent the Thung Yai Group that comprises four formations: Khlong Min, Lam Thap, Sam Chom, and Phun Phin Formations. In the Ao Luk–Plai Phraya (ALPP) area, the Khlong Min and Lam Thap formations yield marine, brackish-water and non-marine fossil assemblages. These include trace fossils and for the first time in peninsular southern Thailand, the bivalve Parvamussium donaiense Mansuy, 1914. Based on fossil determinations, the Thung Yai Group has a late Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age.Our new observations help unravel the tectonic history of Mesozoic Peninsular Thailand. After the complete closure of the Paleotethys in the Late Triassic, renewed inundation, from the late Early Jurassic to the early Middle Jurassic, brought a regime of shallow to open marine and lagoon sedimentation over northwestern, western and southern peninsular Thailand, in the eastern part of Sundaland bordering the Mesotethys to the west.     

Fazies-Analyse im Paläozoikum des Oslo-Gebietes

All available bathymetric criteria (lithology, sedimentary structures, fossil orientation, current features benthos, and trace fossils) are used to reconstruct the sedimentary history and the crustal movements of the Oslo district during Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian times. Two phases of basin development and crustal subsidence are recognized, separated by an episode of crustal rest or uplift that resulted in the deposition of shallow marine and conglomeratic sediments at the close of Ordovician times.     

Fluvial deposits within the Pleistocene Crag at Thorpe St Andrew,Norwich, England

This paper records the findings at a temporary exposure at Thorpe St Andrew near Norwich, Norfolk, UK in Early and early Middle Pleistocene Crag deposits. The British Geological Survey (BGS) describes the particular formation exposed as Norwich Crag consisting of Early Pleistocene shallow marine sediments. The section shows a succession of sorted sands and gravels overlain by a sandy diamicton. Based on field evidence and clast analysis, the sands and gravels are interpreted as the product of point bar and overbank sedimentation and represent the product of a river cutting into and aggrading within the more widespread shallow marine deposits. Composition of the sediments indicates derivation, primarily from Wroxham Crag Formation, with a contribution from Norwich Crag. The sandy diamicton is interpreted as late Middle Pleistocene Corton Till that is recorded in the area. A distinct pattern of colour changes at the top of the sands and gravels is interpreted as a soil that developed on the fluvial sediments before being overridden by the glacier that deposited the Corton Till. The existence of the fluvial sediments within the regional shallow marine deposits suggests that a fall of sea-level, possibly due to climate cooling, while the elevation of the sediments and the adjacent Crag implies that the site has been uplifted since sedimentation. This is the first observation of terrestrial sediments within the shallow marine Crag. The paper also makes a contribution to understanding the diagenetic processes that give deposits within this region some distinctive colour and sediment patterns.     

柴达木盆地东北缘中新统遗迹化石组合及其沉积环境

研究遗迹化石对于恢复古生物活动方式、习性和古环境具有重要意义。在柴达木盆地东北缘双湖地区中新统发现了遗迹化石。经鉴定,研究区的遗迹化石主要包括2大类4属4种:居住迹Palaeopycus heberti（赫伯特古藻迹）,Skolithos verticalis（垂直石针迹）;进食迹Scoyenia gracilis（纤细斯柯茵迹）和Taenidium satanassi（箱形条带迹）。根据研究区的遗迹化石分布及沉积环境分析,该地可划分出一个遗迹组合:Scoyenia-Taenidium-Skolithos遗迹组合, 代表了潮湿气候条件下的浅湖环境。当前化石的发现填补了柴达木盆地东北缘双湖地区中新世遗迹化石研究的空白。     

Permian marine sedimentation in northern Chile: new paleontological evidence from the Juan de Morales Formation,and regional paleogeographic implications

Permian marine sedimentary rocks that crop out in northern Chile are closely related to the development of a Late Paleozoic magmatic arc. A study of Upper Paleozoic units east of Iquique (20°S) identified three members within the Juan de Morales Formation, each of which were deposited in a different sedimentary environment. A coarse-grained terrigenous basal member represents alluvial sedimentation from a local volcanic source. A mixed carbonate-terrigenous middle member represents coastal and proximal shallow marine sedimentation during a relative sea-level rise related with a global transgression. Preliminary foraminifer biostratigraphy of this middle member identified a late Early Permian (late Artinskian–Kungurian) highly impoverished nodosarid–geinitzinid assemblage lacking fusulines and algae, which is characteristic of temperate cold waters and/or disphotic zone. The upper fine-grained terrigenous member represents shallow marine siliciclastic sedimentation under storm influence. The Juan de Morales Formation consists of continental, coastal and shallow marine sediments deposited at the active western margin of Gondwana at mid to low latitudes. A revised late Early Permian age and similar paleogeography and sedimentary environments are also proposed for the Huentelauquén Formation and related units of northern and central Chile, Arizaro Formation of northwestern Argentina, and equivalent units of southernmost Peru.     

Early Permian Palaeoenvironment in Damodar Valley Coalfields, India: an Overview

In the Damodar Valley Basin, coalfields containing coal bearing Barakar Formation are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Ramgarh, and Karanpura. The Barakar Formation is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, fireclay, and coal. The lower part of Barakar Formation represents a braided channel deposit, and also in few places glacio-fluvial deposit which changes to meandering channel system with the formation of some ox-bow lake, and cut-off channel in the middle part. In a few places deltaic/brackish water condition possibly existed along with this meandering channel system. In the upper part of Barakar Formation, marine signatures are more prominant. Marine signatures/influences have been reported from Barakar Formation of Ramgarh, South Karanpura, and West Bokaro coalfields on the basis of trace fossil assemblage, sedimentation character, and trace element content. Although, definite marine signatures have not been observed from Jharia, and Raniganj coalfields, high concentration of boron, vanadium, and chromium, and presence of skolithos, and thalassinoides burrows possibly suggest a brackish water condition. The upper part clearly suggest that the sediments were deposited in a geographic setting very close to the sea or at the edge of the sea possibly in a peritidal setting where storm activity played a vital role during sedimentation which in turn suggests the presence of a broad shallow sea (epeiric/epicontinental sea) that develop during times of high sea level. The sea water possibly entered from the northeastern side as vast seaways or as embayment through the Damodar Valley which acted as a channel.     

Cesi,an early Middle Pleistocene site in the Colfiorito Basin (Umbro-Marchean Apennine), central Italy

Near the village of Cesi, at the head of the Chienti River, in the Colfiorito Basin (Umbro-Marchean Apennines, central Italy), fluvio-lacustrine deposits have yielded mammal fossil remains. The results of a multidisciplinary investigation indicate that the vertebrate-bearing sediments date about 700 ka and accordingly provide a fossil assemblage for the Middle–Late Galerian. Palynological investigations carried out from sediments underlying the fossiliferous level suggest predominantly cold and dry conditions, whereas the fauna suggests a slight climatic amelioration towards cool and moist conditions in the uppermost part of the sequence. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

四川龙门山地区早-中泥盆世混积相遗迹化石及其环境分析

龙门山地区早—中泥盆世碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩组成的混合沉积相富含大量海相遗迹化石,可识别居住迹、进食迹、觅食迹、爬行迹和停息迹5大类14属,包括居住迹:Skolithos;进食迹:Chondrites、Phycodes、Planolites、Rhizocorallium、Thalassinoides和Zoophycos;觅食迹:Cylindrichnus以及Palaeophycus;爬行迹:Cruziana和Monomorphichnus;停息迹:Asterichnus、Lockeia和Rusophycus等,这些遗迹化石分属于4个遗迹化石组合,反映了不同沉积环境,分别为:(1)Skolithos—Thalassinoides遗迹组合,沉积于高能砂质环境中,为水动力较强的无障壁滨岸前滨;(2)Rusophycus—Phycodes遗迹化石组合反映了水动力较弱的近滨环境;(3)Chondrites—Palaeophycus遗迹化石组合反映了贫氧、水动力条件较弱的近滨下部环境;(4)Zoophycos—Palaeophycus遗迹化石组合反映的环境为正常浪基面以下,风暴浪基面以上的风暴沉积环境,据此建立了龙门山地区早—中泥盆世混积相遗迹化石生活环境分布模式。龙门山地区早—中泥盆世发现的3种类型Zoophycos遗迹化石,与腕足介壳富集层、波痕、丘状和洼状交错层理等反映浅水环境的沉积特征共存,表明泥盆纪Zoophycos形成于浅水环境。     

黄河中下游焦作区段现代边滩沉积中的生物遗迹*

沉积物中的生物遗迹记录是生物与环境相互作用的结果,是沉积环境、气候及生态环境的良好指示标志。文中主要研究了黄河中下游焦作区段现代边滩沉积物中的生物遗迹及其造迹者的组成与分布特点,即：（1）近岸边滩：几乎无植被,以层面上的生物觅食迹为主,其造迹生物主要有鸟类、长泥甲虫（鞘翅目长泥甲科）和隐翅虫（鞘翅目隐翅虫科）等;（2）远岸边滩：有大量植物根出现,大多数生物遗迹是层内U形、Y形和W形潜穴以及层面上的F形、Y形爬行迹和觅食迹,其主要造迹生物为蝼蛄（直翅目蝼蛄科）、蟋蟀、狼蛛和蠕虫类等;（3）泛滥平原：出现大量植物根,以层内J形、漏斗形等的生物居住迹和进食迹为主,主要造迹生物为蝼蛄、蟋蟀、田鼠、蚁狮和狼蛛等。基于沉积物粒度分析、总有机碳测定、菌落平板计数法等手段分析得知,研究区现代生物遗迹的深度随沉积物中微生物群落数量的增加及植物根长度的增长而增加,而丰度和分异度随沉积物粒度的递减及总有机碳含量的增加而增大。该成果一方面能为研究区黄河边滩上生物成因的沉积构造提供新资料,另一方面也能为地史时期河流沉积环境的研究乃至古地理、古生态环境重建提供生物遗迹学方面的科学依据。     

青海果洛、玉树地区二叠纪和三叠纪复理石相遗迹化石

本文系统描述了产自我国青海南部巴彦喀拉山脉玛沁、甘德、玛多等地二叠-三叠纪(主要是三叠纪)复理石相的遗迹化石。主要遗迹属如:Paleodictyon,(古网迹),Protopaleodictyon(原始古网迹),Megagrapton(巨画迹),Helminthoida(蠕形迹),Helminthopsis(拟蠕形迹),Helicolithus(螺旋迹)Lophoctenium(冠梳迹)清楚地证明为深海Nereits遗迹相典型代表,也是迄今为止该遗迹相在我国发现最丰富的地区。遗迹化石产地玛沁、玛多深海相位于我国两个板块之间的对接带附近,说明遗迹化石同古构造的关系。     

一个识别古代风暴作用的新标志——特征异地煤

一、前言风暴既具有强烈的破坏作用,又赋有极大的建设性。古代风暴作用的产物——风暴岩为油气运移和聚集提供了良好通道与空间。因此风暴岩的研究与识别,对油气勘探与开发具有实际意义。现业已提出了有关识别风暴岩的大量标志。但研究工作表明,并非各处风暴岩均具有特征的识别标志(组合),尤其是那些遭受了其它地质营力改造的风暴沉积更是难以留下风暴作用痕迹。那些特征的识别标志,在大面积野外露头上可能是可行的,但在煤或石油钻探所取得的细小且有     

Early Permian xiphosurid trackways from india

Present work is the first report of Early Permian xiphosurid trackways from India. Surface trackways and undertracks, preserved within ice-marginal storm-affected, shoreface sediments of the Talchir Formation, Jayanti coalbasin closely resemble Kouphichnium Nopsca 1923. Trackways reveal distinct heteropody with foliate pusher impressions, paired series of semi-circular, oval, V- or Y-shaped chilate (walking) leg impressions. Varied ventral impressions also include telson drag marks and telson dents; spine drag marks, book -gills impression, genal gouges as well as symmetric, paired lateral genal furrows, partial cubichnial impressions of prosoma and spinose opisthosoma. A tentative early Permian age (Asselian/Sakmarian) and marginal marine facies association points towards a paleolimuloidae affinity for the trace makers, which is in conformity with their inferred widths of exoskeleton, sub-rounded prosoma and subtriangular spinose opisthosoma with predictable movable spines. Flexed pusher impressions and co-dominant pincer impressions as well as, other ventral impressions in abundance, confirm crawling as their dominant mode of locomotion. Inferred presence of juvenile crawlers in the community suggests a probable shoreline or marginal marine ecospace.     

黔南泥盆系的风暴遗迹相

风暴沉积岩在黔南泥盆系地层中比较常见，其中的遗迹化石也较为丰富，为研究风暴遗迹相提供了良好的场所。风暴作用的强度和持续时间影响了沉积环境的水能量、含氧量等物化条件，遗迹化石群也随之有所变化。本文研究了发生在Ｇｌｏｓｓｉｆｕｎｇｉｔｅｓ，Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ，Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ和Ｚｏｏｐｈｙｃｏｓ等不同遗迹相环境中的风暴沉积遗迹化石组合，把它们划分为三种类型：（１）单调型风暴遗迹相，风暴作用较弱，风暴沉积过程中的遗迹化石属种和数量较少，但仍与风暴前后的遗迹化石组合属于Ｓｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ（１９６７）的相同遗迹相；（２）混合型风暴遗迹相，风暴沉积形成新的遗迹相附加于较低能的遗迹相中；（３）多元混合型风暴遗迹相，随着强烈风暴作用强度的变化，在风暴沉积期出现两种以上遗迹相的沉积环境     

柯克亚凝析气田中新统西河甫组季节性河流沉积特征研究

柯克亚凝析气田中新统西河甫组在沉积特征上与正常的曲流河相比较为相似，如具有较典型的二元结构、中等砂岩成熟度、两段式的概率累积曲线、以单向水流为主的牵引流占主导地位的沉积构造等，同时也具有一些特殊性：①未发现有植物根迹，也没有含煤地层出现，在河漫滩亚相中缺少沼泽微相。②存在异常水流活动以及指示洪水重力流作用存在的沉积构造；③存在能反映氧化、河流季节性活动以及干旱气候环境的丰富而独特的遗迹化石组合，如Scoyenia组合和Skolithos组合等，上述特征反映其为干旱气候下的季节性河流沉积。     

内蒙古东乌旗地区中下泥盆统泥鳅河组沉积相研究

发育于内蒙古东乌旗地区的泥鳅河组,属于早中泥盆世沉积,厚度约1000m,主要发育泥岩、粉砂岩和灰岩沉积,粉砂岩中常常发育大量腕足类和珊瑚生物化石。首次在本区发现风暴沉积和Beaconites遗迹化石:风暴沉积由下至上包括粒序层理段、平行层理段、丘状交错层理段和浪成波纹层理段4个层段;Beaconites遗迹化石具管壁和内部水平“V”字型的回填纹构造。通过对岩相、生物化石、风暴沉积和Beaconites遗迹化石的研究显示,东乌旗地区泥鳅河组为浅海相沉积。     

Age and depositional conditions of the marine vertebrate concentration Lagerstätte at Gomez Farías,southern Coahuila,Mexico

A 1.5 m thick coquinite discovered in the Upper Jurassic La Casita Formation of the Sierra El Jabalà near Gomez Farías, Coahuila, northeastern Mexico qualifies as a concentration Lagerstâtte owing to its richness in marine vertebrates. Ichthyosaurs, pliosaurs and crocodilians were described to some detail, but other taxa remained unstudied and the precise biostratigraphical age, as well as paleoecological conditions that led to the formation of the fossil deposit, are not known in detail. Here we describe ammonites, aptychi, bivalves and radiolarians, which allow for a stratigraphic assignation of the deposit to the uppermost Kimmeridgian Beckeri Zone. The unit under consideration accumulated in a hemipelagic mud bottom environment during a period of time characterized by low oxygen conditions, while a short term benthic colonization phase near the top of the coquinite corresponds to increased oxygen availability. A combination of upwelling, bottom currents, winnowing, offshore winds, storm events, circulatory nutrient traps, low oxygenated bottom waters, and a transgressional regime with reduced net sedimentation was crucial factors for the subsequent concentration of fossils, as well as for marine phosphate generation and phosphorus migration.