全球新元古超大陆拼合和裂解及中国大陆所处位置古地磁研究进展

新元古超大陆Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ的拼合和裂解是目前国际地学研究的热点。古地磁研究的成果对全球各大陆在Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超大陆中的定位发挥着不可替代的作用。劳仓和澳大利亚新元古－－寒武纪古地磁极的拟合,证明了劳仓和澳大利亚（东冈瓦纳）大陆的汇聚。西伯利亚、波罗的以及中国华北、华南古陆块上最新获得的古地磁成果,得以进一步讨论新元古超大陆Ｆｏｄｉｎｉａ的重建。有的否定Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａｎ的存在,如Ｊ．Ｄ．Ａ．Ｐｉｐｅ     

试论中国古大陆中—新元古代汇聚与裂解的地质记录

自１９９０年新元古Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超大陆提出后,现已发展地学研究热点之一。在全球新元古代超大陆旋回的汇聚与裂解机制影响下,中国古大陆也随之变化。中元古代末－新元古代初的汇聚和新元古代晚期的裂解是最重要的两次地质事件。塔里木、华北、华南古陆都有它地地质记录。     

扬子古大陆与澳大利亚古大陆新元古代层序对比和古大陆再造

扬子古大陆与澳大利亚古大陆的新元古界均由３～５个向上变浅的层序组成，层序与构造地层结构转换面的特征对比和古陆拼合表明，新元古代时期扬子古大陆位于澳大利亚古大陆北侧，其东南边缘与澳大利亚古大陆东缘可能处于同一被动大陆边缘构造环境，它们所经历的挤压、拉张、沉降过程与晚元古代Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ超级古大陆的形成、分裂、移离有密切关系。     

新元古时期中国古大陆与罗迪尼亚超大陆的关系

在概略介绍罗迪尼亚和冈瓦纳超大陆最新研究成果的基础上 ,重点介绍了中国华北、塔里木和扬子等三个克拉通前新元古代大陆地壳演化的主要特征 ,以及塔里木和扬子克拉通新元古代重大热构造事件序列和年代格架。提出塔里木和扬子克拉通新元古代地质历史具有较大的相似性 ,而与华北克拉通有明显差异。华北克拉通未出现与罗迪尼亚超大陆汇聚和裂解作用有关的、强烈的新元古代热构造事件群。根据现有的古地磁和地质资料 ,探讨了中国大陆块体与罗迪尼亚超大陆的关系和空间位置     

中、新元古代全球古大陆再造的古地磁研究

１１１００～８００Ｍａ：主要大陆极移曲线的建立、对比及其意义东冈瓦纳和Ｌａｕｒｅｎｔｉａ的连接（ＳＷＥＡＴＣｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ）是Ｈｏｆｍａｎ等提出的Ｒｏｄｉｎｉａ的再造中至关重要的环节。Ｐｏｗｅｌ等最早提出了极移曲线拟合的证据,在１０５４～７２０Ｍ...     

塔里木古大陆东缘的微大陆块体群

塔里木古大陆东缘至少存在4个微大陆，自北而南分别是阿拉善、祁连、欧龙布鲁克和柴达木微大陆，它们有相近但又有一定差异的早前寒武纪变质基底和中元古代变质沉积地层。每一个微大陆边缘均有复杂的生成历史，特别是新元古代早期的热-构造事件十分发育，并在柴达木微大陆北缘形成一条长700km的花岗片麻岩带，而在多数微大陆边缘则叠加了寒武纪至奥陶纪火山弧或蛇绿混杂岩。在微大陆之间自北而南分别发育了北祁蛇绿岩混杂岩带、南祁连蛇绿岩混杂岩带、沙柳河-鱼卡河高压-超高压变质带和昆仑中部清水泉蛇绿混杂岩，它们代表了微大陆这间的结合带，其形成时代集中在寒武纪至奥陶纪。这几个微大陆总体表现出亲塔里木古大陆的特征，特别是自新元古代以来具有相似的地质演化特征。     

中国新元古代大陆拼合与Rodinia超大陆

在对前人研究成果分析的基础上,结合对中祁连块块前寒武纪基底的研究,认为新元古代（1000－9000Ma）中国各主要克拉通地块（包括华夏地块、扬子地块、华北地块、阿拉善－祁连－柴达木地块、塔里木地块）曾经通过晋宁期碰撞拼合带发生过一次全面的多块体复杂拼贴。这次拼贴过程是全球性新元古代格林威尔碰撞造山作用和Rodinia超大陆形成过程的一个组成部分。新元古代拼合的古中国地块在当时位于Rodinia超大陆中北部澳大利亚、劳伦提亚和西伯利亚克拉通地块之同。中国的各主要克拉通地块只不过是巨型格林威尔碰撞带之中夹裹的一些小型地块,且都处于新元古代晚期Rodinia超大陆破裂的中心部位,这些正是中国大陆上克拉通地块活动性大的早期地质背景。     

从罗迪尼亚到冈瓦纳超大陆——对新元古代超大陆研究几个问题的思考

概略介绍了中—新元古代罗迪尼亚和冈瓦纳超大陆研究工作取得的主要进展 ,简要总结了中国中部年轻造山带和相邻克拉通区新元古代早期陆块汇聚和嗣后所发生的裂解地质记录的特征和时代 ,指出中国新元古代重大热构造事件所发生的时间滞后于北美格林威尔造山运动 ,二者不是同一时代。同时根据中国西部已获得的不少 60 0～ 5 0 0Ma之间的同位素年代学信息 ,强调不应忽视泛非期超大陆事件对我国西部地区的影响。在研究中国大陆新元古代地质时 ,应通过比较大地构造地质学的研究 ,立足于中国的实际 ,重视全球构造研究 ,推进超大陆研究工作     

全球新元古超大陆拼合和裂解及中国大陆所处位置古地磁研究进展

新元古超大陆Rodinia的拼合和裂解是目前国际地学研究的热点。古地磁研究的成果对全球各大陆在Rodinia超大陆中的定位发挥着不可替代的作用。劳仑和澳大利亚新元古—寒武纪古地磁极的拟合 ,证明了劳仑和澳大利亚 (东冈瓦纳 )大陆的汇聚。西伯利亚、波罗的以及中国华北、华南古陆块上最新获得的古地磁成果 ,得以进一步讨论新元古超大陆Rodinia的重建。有的否定Rodinian的存在 ,如J.D .A .Piper ;有的对先前从地质证据重建的Rodinia进行修正 ,如T .H .Torsvik。而对中国华北、华南、塔里木古陆块在Rodinia超大陆的位置提出的新意见 ,还存有争议。本文将对上述内容做出详细的评述。     

华南新元古代宏体化石特征及生物地层序列

华南的新元古代地层(780~542 Ma)保存有许多经典的地层剖面和丰富的宏体化石记录, 一直是我国新元古代, 特别是南华系和震旦(伊迪卡拉)系地层对比的标准区域。本项研究重新考察了部分重要的标准剖面和化石点, 重点采集了近年来开始研究的云南“江川生物群”, 贵州江口“翁会生物群”的宏体化石, 在总结了前人研究成果的基础上, 集成了最新的研究进展, 综合记录了华南晚新元古代地层中的宏体化石特征, 组合面貌, 据此提出了华南晚新元古代生物地层序列。宏体化石的记录表明在这一时期伴随着显著的气候和环境变化, 发生了一系列重要的生物演化事件, 多细胞的宏观后生动、植物普遍出现了组织分化, 器官形成和发育创新, 以及生物结构和功能的进一步复杂多样化。这种多样化的发展大体可以划分为三个阶段, 分别以震旦(伊迪卡拉)纪的三个宏体化石组合为代表: (1) Anhuiphyton—Thallophyca—Paramecia 宏体藻类化石组合, (2) Enteromorphites—Doushantuophyton—Eoandromeda—Sinospongia 宏体化石组合, (3) Paracharnia—Gaojiashania—Cloudina—Longfengshania 宏体化石组合。由于华南震旦纪宏体化石具有较为独特的组合面貌, 与国外末次冰期后大量出现的伊迪卡拉型生物群(阿瓦隆生物群, 庞德/白海生物群和纳马生物群)如何对比, 还有待深入的研究。本文还重点讨论了华南地区新元古代宏体化石的南、北方对比问题。     

湖相碳酸盐岩研究现状及意义

目前湖相碳酸盐岩是国内外沉积学研究的薄弱环节。本文在众多专家学者历年研究成果的基础上,综述了湖相碳酸盐岩的研究现状,其主要体现在岩石类型、分布及发育特点、相模式、储集层和生油岩几个方面;并阐明了湖相碳酸盐岩的研究具有重要的理论和经济意义。     

An evaporitic facies in Neoproterozoic post-glacial carbonates: The Gifberg Group, South Africa

A geological study of the hitherto poorly described Neoproterozoic Gifberg Group, with emphasis on lithogeochemistry and O, C and Sr isotopic composition of the carbonate-dominated Widouw Formation (Vredendal Outlier, westernmost South Africa) revealed that the entire group is an equivalent of the relatively well constrained Port Nolloth Group in the external, paraautochthonous part of the Pan-African Gariep Belt further north. Thus, the Vredendal Outlier can be regarded as the southern extension of the Port Nolloth Zone. Two diamictite units are recognised in the Vredendal Outlier, which can be correlated respectively with the c. 750 Ma Kaigas Formation diamictite and the 583 Ma, syn-Gaskiers Numees Formation diamictite in the Gariep Belt proper. The dominating carbonate unit in the studied area is post-glacial with respect to the older of the two diamictite units. The combined textural, structural and geochemical evidence suggests that parts of the variably dolomitised limestone succession represent former evaporite beds. Sedimentation in a restricted, very shallow and proximal basin led to a wide range in C isotope ratios (δ¹³C_PDB from − 4.2 to + 4.8‰), very high Sr concentrations (derived from original anhydrite) and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that are significantly higher (0.70785) than those of coeval seawater. As C and Sr isotopes are commonly used for chemostratigraphic correlation, and high Sr concentrations in Neoproterozic carbonates are often interpreted as evidence of former aragonite, the findings of this study should be used as warning against uncritical use of geochemical and isotopic parameters for describing ancient seawater composition. Thus C and Sr isotope ratios alone in Neoproterozoic carbonates may be less powerful proxies of ancient seawater composition, and high Sr contents are not necessarily indicative of an “aragonite sea”, as previously inferred.     

Initiation and evolution of the South China Sea: an overview

Different models have been proposed for the formation and tectonic evolution of the South China Sea (SCS), including extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, backarc extension, two-stage opening, proto-SCS dragging, extension induced by a mantle plume, and integrated models that combine diverse factors. Among these, the extrusion model has gained the most attention. Based on simplified physical experiments, this model proposes that collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates resulted in extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, which in turn led to opening of the SCS. The extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, however, should have led to preferential opening in the west side of the SCS, which is contrary to observations. Extensional models propose that the SCS was a backarc basin, rifted off the South China Block. Most of the backarc extension models, however, are not compatible with observations in terms of either age or subduction direction. The two-stage extension model is based on extensional basins surrounding the SCS. Recent dating results indeed show two-stage opening in the SCS, but the Southwest Subbasin of the SCS is much younger, which contradicts the two-stage extension model. Here we propose a refined backarc extension model. There was a wide Neotethys Ocean between the Australian and Eurasian Plates before the Indian-Eurasian collision. The ocean floor started to subduct northward at ~125 Ma, causing backarc extension along the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate and the formation of the proto-SCS. The Neotethys subduction regime changed due to ridge subduction in the Late Cretaceous, resulting in fold-belts, uplifting, erosion, and widespread unconformities. It may also have led to the subduction of the proto-SCS. Flat subduction of the ridge may have reached further north and resulted in another backarc extension that formed the SCS. The rollback of the flat subducting slab might have occurred ~90 Ma ago; the second backarc extension may have initiated between 50 and 45 Ma. The opening of the Southwest Subbasin is roughly simultaneous with a ridge jump in the East Subbasin, which implies major tectonic changes in the surrounding regions, likely related to major changes in the extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula.     

华北克拉通东部新元古代宏体化石生物地层序列

华北克拉通东部是中国晚前寒武纪地层出露最为完整、连续的地区,特别是华北克拉通东缘连续出露了新元古代自老至新的全部地层,是对比和衔接中国南、北方晚前寒武纪地层的关键地区。在该地区所发现和建立的宏体化石群——“龙凤山生物群”、“辽南生物群”和“淮南生物群”可能是新元古代“南华大冰期”前后较为独特的生物群落,其中相当部分可能归属于多细胞后生动物和多细胞藻类,是地球早期生命景观的重要代表。因此,对这些新元古代早期生物群的研究将可能揭示比陡山沱期更早的多细胞后生动植物的演化面貌,在演化生物学上意义重大。近年来,在地调项目的资助下,开展了华北克拉通东部地区的新元古代年代地层及生物地层的研究。本文综合现有资料,详细记述了华北克拉通东部（燕山地区和辽南、徐淮地区）含宏体化石的新元古代地层及其宏体化石特征、组合面貌和生物地层序列。同时,依据宏体化石记录,探讨了中国新元古代地层的对比问题。     

Organic Carbon Isotope Geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, South China

The Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation on the Yangtze Platform, South China, documents a sedimentary succession with different sedimentary facies from carbonate platform to slope and to deep sea basin, and hosts one of the world-class phosphorite deposits. In these strata, exquisitely preserved fossils have been discovered： the Weng＇an biota. This study presents carbon isotope geochemistry which is associated paired carbonate and organic matter from the Weng＇an section of a carbonate platform （shelf of the Yangtze Platform, Guizhou Province） from the Songtao section and Nanming section of a transition belt （slope of the Yangtze Platform, Guizhou Province） and from the Yanwutan section （basin area of the Yangtze Platform, Hunan Province）. Environmental variations and bio-events on the Yangtze Platform during the Late Neoproterozoic and their causal relationship are discussed. Negative carbon isotope values for carbonate and organic carbon （mean δ^13Corg = -35.0‰） from the uppermost Nantuo Formation are followed by an overall increase in δ^13C up-section. Carbon isotope values vary between -9.9‰ and 3.6‰ for carbonate and between -35.6‰ and -21.5‰ for organic carbon, respectively. Heavier δ^13Ccarb values suggest an increase in organic carbon burial, possibly related to increasing productivity （such as the Weng＇an biota）. The δ^13C values of the sediments from the Doushantuo Formation decreased from the platform via the slope to basin, reflecting a reduced environment with minor dissolved inorganic carbon possibly due to a lower primary productivity. It is deduced that the classical upwelling process, the stratification structure and the hydrothermal eruption are principally important mechanisms to interpret the carbon isotopic compositions of the sediments from the Doushantuo Formation.     

华北—江南地区中、新元古代地层格架的再认识

近年来,在华北古陆中、新元古代地层中不断获得新的锆石U-Pb年龄,为华北中、新元古代高精度年代地层框架的建立提供了重要的数据.当前国际前寒武纪地层精确对比的依据主要是高精度的同位素测年数据,因此,系统的锆石定年研究仍然是目前国际前寒武纪地层学研究的热点问题之一.本文报道蓟县剖面中元古代地层的基底迁西杂岩(群)锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄2534±9 Ma和串岭沟组中的辉绿岩(床)1638±14 Ma新的数据,结合大红峪组火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄1625.9±8.9 Ma和侵入到太古代地层中密云环斑花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄1685±15 Ma,认为华北中、新元古代年代地层框架的优化和长城系盖层沉积的起始时间在1.75~1.70 Ga.在中国地层格架中,扬子板块和华夏板块之间有一明显呈带状分布的元古代轻微变质的沉积地层和一系列岩浆岩单元,被称之为江南造山带,这套地层的定位对于确定中国古大陆晚寒武纪地层构造格局极为重要,本文结合双桥山群的最新年龄和邻区的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄数据探讨其构造地层意义.     

华南地区新元古代年代地层标定及地层对比

华南地区新元古代地层区域上涉及中国上、下扬子地区,包括中国地层表中的青白口系、南华系和震旦系,时代上分别对应国际地层年代表中拉伸系、成冰系和埃迪卡拉系。传统划分是以晋宁运动(四堡运动)为标志划分为中元古界和新元古界,近年来,通过地层中凝灰岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb的测定,华南地区新元古代年代表已进行了有效年代学标定,突出了地层对比的可靠性和新的构造观点解译。华南古陆构造演化研究需要以构造为纲,明确了古陆周缘地层发育了中元古代晚期相关沉积记录,而华南古陆内部,特别是江南造山带为武陵运动的构造运动产物。本文将报道桂西地区青白口系拱洞组底部SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学测定数据(799.8±5.5)Ma,江西与湖南交界长安组底部获得凝灰岩锆石年龄(770±10)Ma,湘西北长安组底部获得凝灰岩锆石年龄(758.6±5.4)Ma和湾溪口村长安组冰碛岩距底部十多米处获得凝灰岩锆石年龄(743.8±4.1)Ma。上述年龄进一步提供华南地区冰碛岩地层的年代学依据。