从庐山某些堆积物的微观特征讨论其成因与环境

应用偏光显微镜对庐山部分第四纪混杂堆积物原状土薄片进行观察,发现其微观结构、构造组合,与我国西北某些地区的老稀性泥石流沉积相近似,故认为其属稀性泥石流堆积。通过对薄片碎屑风化状况的研究,认为其湿热化作用发生在堆积之前、堆积期间及堆积之后,故其生成于热炎多雨的亚热带环境。     

岷江上游叠溪混杂堆积体的沉积特征及其成因分析

青藏高原东缘岷江上游叠溪河谷段在地质历史时期发生了一次大规模滑坡堵江事件,形成一个特大型堰塞湖。堰塞湖形成后在晚更新世晚期(约27 ka B.P.)发生了溃决,并在坝体下游形成长约5 km的天然混杂堆积体,判断其为叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖溃决后形成的溃坝堆积。该套溃坝堆积体具有叠瓦构造、孔洞构造、块状构造、杂基构造、支撑—叠置构造及韵律互层构造。从上游至下游,溃坝堆积体的出露厚度逐渐变薄,砾石碎屑成分表现出由粗变细的变化趋势。溃坝堆积体是由高流态灾难性洪流及常态流和河流态两种机制形成,相应地具有两大类沉积相:巨砾层相及砾石层相和砂层相,依据溃坝堆积的地貌结构和沉积相特征可以推断叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖至少发生过一次极其罕见的灾难性溃决洪水事件。     

滑坡碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的实验

地震或强降雨诱发滑坡,滑坡体碰撞解体形成碎屑物质堆积在沟道内,在后期降雨作用下形成泥石流,这是泥石流形成的一种方式,可称为滑坡碎屑堆积体泥石流。笔者分析了影响碎屑堆积体泥石流起动的特征参数,通过实验研究了碎屑堆积体泥石流形成的过程,分析了堆积体表面坡度、黏粒质量分数、中值粒径（d₅₀）以及不均匀系数（Cu）对泥石流形成的影响。结果表明：碎屑堆积体表面坡度对形成泥石流所需单宽流量无明显影响;黏粒质量分数在不大于5%时仅影响碎屑堆积体侵蚀,对碎屑堆积体揭底所需单宽流量无明显影响;影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流所需单宽流量的因素主要为中值粒径和不均匀系数--随堆积体中值粒径、不均匀系数的增大而增大。通过实验数据拟合得出了中值粒径和不均匀系数与泥石流形成和揭底所需单宽流量的公式;由于公式中只考虑了影响碎屑堆积体形成泥石流的两个主要因素（d₅₀和Cu）,因此对比水文计算结果偏小,但整体趋势基本一致。在实际应用到这类泥石流沟时,可通过修正进行预测。     

基于离散元的矿渣泥石流运动过程研究

矿渣具有散粒体的基本特征,在降雨作用下可以启动形成泥石流。为了解矿渣堆积物质启动形成泥石流的过程与降雨强度的关系,利用PFC~(2D)颗粒流软件对该矿渣泥石流进行不同雨强工况下的数值仿真,探究矿渣堆积体演化为泥石流的形态变化,揭示矿渣堆积体作为泥石流物源在降雨作用下颗粒位移和速度的变化规律,总结该矿渣型泥石流启动到暴发过程中颗粒内部力学特征。研究成果对进一步认识矿渣泥石流的启动机制、运移规律以及泥石流防治具有理论及实际意义。     

不同岩性区泥石流堆积物颗粒组成特征——以新疆塔什库尔干河中上游为例

泥石流是南疆重要地质灾害之一。基于高分卫星影像对新疆塔什库尔干河中上游泥石流沟进行遥感解译分析,结合现场调查验证,取样分析不同岩性区泥石流堆积物颗粒组成特征。结果表明:(1)研究区泥石流堆积扇明显,呈多期性,半坚硬-软岩区泥石流比坚硬岩区堆积扇面积、扩散角大,堆积体粒径、堆积坡度较小;(2)随着泥石流堆积物岩性强度变弱,粗粒含量相对减少,泥石流堆积体整体级配较差,泥石流重度大;(3)坚硬岩石区(花岗岩、闪长岩),泥石流堆积物砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量较低,堆积体不均匀系数大,泥石流冲击力大;半坚硬岩-软岩区(砂岩、泥岩、砾岩、片麻岩),泥石流堆积物砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量较高。     

多期次泥石流堆积体上的公路地质灾害——以川藏公路二郎山隧道西引道公路别托段为例

我国西部交通干线多处于山岭地带,此类地区历史上产生的多期次泥石流堆积体在天然状态下具有较好的稳定性和结构强度,如何合理利用并避免产生工程地质灾害具有实际意义。本文通过分析二郎山隧道西引道别托段多期次泥石流堆积体的发育分布特征和演化趋势,对该路段内产生的滑坡、路基不均匀沉降以及桥基变形等公路工程地质灾害进行分析与评价,并指出在多期次泥石流堆积体上修筑公路时应注意的一些问题。      

大渡河猴子岩水电站库尾段藏碉群斜坡巨型堆积体的成因分析

丹巴梭坡堆积体是一巨型第四纪堆积体,分布在大渡河的左右两岸,其上有114座珍贵藏碉。对堆积体的成因有冰川成因、冰水成因和泥石流成因等各种观点。在对堆积体现场进行详细勘察的基础上,对藏碉群斜坡巨型堆积体的成因进行了深入分析,得出左岸堆积体的成因主要以崩滑作用为主;右岸堆积体是冰源泥石流和崩塌、滑坡等作用的混杂堆积。并在后来的钻孔揭示中得以验证。这对于川西地区深厚覆盖层成因的揭示以及藏碉群文物的保护均具有重要的意义。     

崩塌堆积体启动坡面泥石流判别与防治 ——以北川县开坪乡平石板泥石流为例

强震区地震后大量的崩塌堆积体堆积于高陡斜坡中上部,堆积体远离居民点,一旦诱发为坡面泥石流,形成新的次生地质灾害,将严重威胁下方居民的生命财产安全。本文以北川县开坪乡平石板坡面泥石流为例,平石板沟“5.12”地震崩塌堆积体在2010、2013年强降雨作用下失稳转变为坡面泥石流淤积场镇。在平石板泥石流暴发特征介绍基础上,通过粒径不均匀系数、堆积体启动判别指标、后缘汇水面积等来分析崩塌堆积体启动条件及影响因素,并针对此类灾害发育特征,提出了通过上游稳拦固源方法进行治理的防治思路。以期为研究高陡斜坡堆积体的启动机制及防治提供一定的借鉴意义。     

老泥石流堆积体上地质灾害的成灾机理及防治对策

在人类工程活动诱发下,老泥石流堆积体上的地质灾害尚未引起人们的充分注意。以川藏线二郎山隧道西引道公路别托段穿越的老泥石流堆积体为例,介绍其形成演化过程和物质结构特征,分析沿线各地质灾害点的成因,总结在这类流堆积体上进行人类工程活动时地质灾害的成灾机理及防治对策。     

隧道穿越泥石流堆积体的数值模拟及优化处治

根据泥石流堆积体的地质特征, 结合都汶高速公路福堂隧道工程背景, 建立三维数值模型, 分别进行隧道穿越泥石流堆积体时无支护状态、设计支护状态和优化支护状态下以及泥石流堆积与侵蚀条件下的模拟分析。结果表明:在泥石流堆积体内开挖隧道时, 拱顶沉降是隧道变形的主体部分, 并直接导致了地表的沉陷及隧道边墙的收敛变形; 在采用超前注浆并加长锚杆长度的措施进行针对性的优化处治后, 隧道衬砌的变形及地表沉陷明显降低, 表明处治优化是有效的; 隧道拱顶上方泥石流覆盖层的厚度小于14m时, 隧道处于明显不安全状态, 泥石流覆盖层厚度大于42m时, 围岩形成自稳体系。     

Types of sedimentary environment in alluvial sediments distinguished on the basis of its chemical constitution: the example of the lower course of the Obra river (Western Poland)

Research concerning chemical constitution of alluvial sediments was done in the lower course of the Obra river (Western Poland). The fragment of vertical profile, which consisted of various alluvial sediments (fine sands, peats, and sandy silts) was chosen for detailed analysis. The main research problem was to determine if lithology and chemical constitution of alluvial deposits are interconnected in a distinct way within studied section of the Obra river valley, and, if changes of chemical elements’ concentration could be used to illustrate depositional processes, which take place in riverbed and floodplain. Concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, and K were determined in collected sediment samples. Next, geochemical groups of alluvial sediments were distinguished using cluster analysis. Investigated changes of chemical elements’ concentration show that there is a distinct border between the environment of organic sediments, which marks the place of former functioning of the Obra riverbed, and sandy silts, which were deposited within floodplain during floods. Besides, floodplain sediments, riverbed sediments, and reductive environment within peat deposits were singled out on the basis of the analysis.     

Discussion and Reply: Shaping the Australian crust over the last 300 million years: Insights from fission track thermotectonic imaging and denudation studies of key terranes

Ellis Fjord is a small, fjord‐like marine embayment in the Vestfold Hills, eastern Antarctica. Modern sediment input is dominated by a biogenic diatom rain, although aeolian, fluvial, ice‐rafted, slumped and tidal sediments also make a minor contribution. In areas where bioturbation is significant relict glaciogenic sediments are reworked into the fine‐grained diatomaceous sediments to produce poorly sorted fine sands and silts. Where the bottom waters are anoxic, sediments remain unbioturbated and have a high biogenic silica component. Three depositional and non‐depositional facies can be recognised in the fjord: an area of non‐deposition around the shoreline; a relict morainal facies in areas of low sedimentation and high bioturbation; and a basinal facies in the deeper areas of the fjord.     

Sedimentology and origin of deposits from a small ice-dammed lake, Leirbreen, Norway

This paper describes recent proglacial lacustrine sediments exposed by the drainage of a small (probably never more than 0·03 km²) ice-dammed lake basin at Leirbreen, central Jotunheimen, Norway. The dominant facies include ripple-laminated, massive and horizontally-stratified sands, massive and horizontally-laminated silts, and irregularly-laminated fine sands and silts. The major control on lake circulation and the nature and distribution of these facies was an underflow driven by a subglacial meltwater stream which formed the major lake input. Although much of the sedimentary sequence indicates a pulsatory input, the proximal character of this small lake prevented the development of classic varved silts. Compressional deformation of shoreline sediments was due to winter lake ice push. Other deformational processes included the grounding of icebergs, water escape and syn-sedimentary downslope collapse. Observations from an adjacent small ice-marginal lake at Leirbreen provide support for several of the inferences drawn from the sediments of the former ice-dammed lake.     

The hydrodynamic and sedimentary setting of nearshore coral reefs, central Great Barrier Reef shelf, Australia: Paluma Shoals, a case study

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) shelf contains a range of coral reefs on the highly turbid shallow inner shelf, where interaction occurs with terrigenous sediments. The modern hydrodynamic and sedimentation regimes at Paluma Shoals, a shore‐attached ‘turbid‐zone’ coral reef, and at Phillips Reef, a fringing reef located 20 km offshore, have been studied to document the mechanisms controlling turbidity. At each reef, waves, currents and near‐bed turbidity were measured for a period of ≈1 month. Bed sediments were sampled at 135 sites. On the inner shelf, muddy sands are widespread, with admixed terrigenous and carbonate gravel components close to the reefs and islands, except on their relatively sheltered SW side, where sandy silty clays occur. At Paluma Shoals, the coral assemblage is characteristic of inner‐shelf or sheltered habitats on the GBR shelf (dominated by Galaxea fascicularis, up to >50% coral cover) and is broadly similar to that at Phillips Reef, further offshore and in deeper water. The sediments of the Paluma Shoals reef flats consist of mixed terrigenous and calcareous gravels and sands, with intermixed silts and clays, whereas the reef slope is dominated by gravelly quartz sands. The main turbidity‐generating process is wave‐driven resuspension, and turbidity ranges up to 175 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). In contrast, at Phillips Reef, turbidity is <15 NTU and varies little. At Paluma Shoals, turbidity of >40 NTU probably occurs for a total of >40 days each year, and relatively little time is spent at intermediate turbidities (15–50 NTU). The extended time spent at either low or high turbidities is consistent with the biological response of some species of corals to adopt two alternative mechanisms of functioning (autotrophy and heterotrophy) in response to different levels of turbidity. Sedimentation rates over periods of hours may reach the equivalent of 10 000 times the mean global background terrigenous flux (BTF) of sediment to the sea floor, i.e. 10 000 BTF, over three orders of magnitude greater than the Holocene average for Halifax Bay of <3 BTF. As elsewhere along the nearshore zone of the central GBR, dry‐season hydrodynamic conditions form a primary control upon turbidity and the distribution of bed sediments. The location of modern nearshore coral reefs is controlled by the presence of suitable substrates, which in Halifax Bay are Pleistocene and early Holocene coarse‐grained (and relatively stable) alluvial deposits.     

Coarse-grained sediment gravity flow facies in a large supraglacial lake

Near Williams Lake, in the central interior of British Columbia, the Fraser River exposes long sections of late Pleistocene glaciolacustrine sediments selectively preserved within a bedrock trough. The dominant facies types are thick, normally graded gravels and sands that occupy steeply dipping multistorey channels up to 300 m wide and several tens of metres deep. Channels appear to have been simultaneously cut and filled by high density turbidity currents in a glacial lake floored by stagnant ice. Fining upward sediment gravity flow sequences up to 50 m thick may be the product of quasi-continuous ‘surging’ turbidity flows triggered by catastrophic meltwater discharges into the trough or retrogressive failure of ice-cored sediments. Large-scale post-depositional deformation structures, such as synclinal folds, normal faults, sedimentary dyke swarms and dewatering structures, record gravitational foundering of sediment and pore-water expulsion caused by the melt of underlying glacier ice. Melting of buried ice masses along the floor of the trough appears to have controlled the flow paths of turbidity currents by producing sub-basins within the overlying sediment pile. An idealized model of ‘supraglacial’ lacustrine sedimentation is developed that may be applicable to other glaciated areas with similar bedrock topography.     

山西应县护驾岗冲沟阶地地层粒度特征与沉积环境

山西应县护驾岗冲沟阶地地层形成于66.46～33.62 ka,根据该剖面地层的粒度分布特征对该地区冲沟阶地的沉积环境进行了探讨。护驾岗冲沟阶地剖面的粒度分布特征显示:(1)剖面地层总体表现为自下而上由粗到细的正韵律沉积特征,结合野外观察将其分为4段(A—D段);(2)A段粒度分布特征变化不大,均以细砂为主,频率曲线为不对称单峰,概率累积曲线为2段式,以跃移搬运为主,分选相对较好,水动力较强,沉积环境稳定;(3)B—C段粒度分布特征变化较大,以粉砂和细砂为主,频率曲线为不对称双峰,概率累积曲线为2段式,以跃移搬运为主,分选较差,水动力较强,沉积环境不稳定;(4)D段粒度分布特征变化不大,以粉砂为主,频率曲线为不对称单峰,概率累积曲线为2段式,以悬移搬运为主,分选相对较好,水动力较弱,沉积环境稳定。总体来说,冲沟阶地形成于河流沉积环境,顶部为河漫滩沉积环境。粒度分布特征与古里雅冰芯氧同位素变化基本一致,因此护驾岗冲沟阶地粒度特征与沉积环境的变化归因于气候变化。     

海相泥页岩沉积过程研究进展

随着全球页岩油气勘探开发的不断深入,海相泥页岩作为非常规油气沉积学的重要研究对象之一,其沉积特征及沉积过程日益引起学者们的关注,并在岩相分类、沉积过程解释及层序地层划分方面取得了显著进展.海相泥页岩的岩相划分已达到厘米—毫米尺度,其命名原则主要考虑结构(粒度)、层理及矿物成分等特征,结构方面着重参考砂级、粗泥级和细泥级...     

Deposits of depletive high-density turbidity currents: a flume analogue of bed geometry, structure and texture

Flume experiments were performed to study the flow properties and depositional characteristics of high‐density turbidity currents that were depletive and quasi‐steady to waning for periods of several tens of seconds. Such currents may serve as an analogue for rapidly expanding flows at the mouth of submarine channels. The turbidity currents carried up to 35 vol.% of fine‐grained natural sand, very fine sand‐sized glass beads or coarse silt‐sized glass beads. Data analysis focused on: (1) depositional processes related to flow expansion; (2) geometry of sediment bodies generated by the depletive flows; (3) vertical and horizontal sequences of sedimentary structures within the sediment bodies; and (4) spatial trends in grain‐size distribution within the deposits. The experimental turbidity currents formed distinct fan‐shaped sediment bodies within a wide basin. Most fans consisted of a proximal channel‐levee system connected in the downstream direction to a lobe. This basic geometry was independent of flow density, flow velocity, flow volume and sediment type, in spite of the fact that the turbidity currents of relatively high density were different from those of relatively low density in that they exhibited two‐layer flow, with a low‐density turbulent layer moving on top of a dense layer with visibly suppressed large‐scale turbulence. Yet, the geometry of individual morphological elements appeared to relate closely to initial flow conditions and grain size of suspended sediment. Notably, the fans changed from circular to elongate, and lobe and levee thickness increased with increasing grain size and flow velocity. Erosion was confined to the proximal part of the leveed channel. Erosive capacity increased with increasing flow velocity, but appeared to be constant for turbidity currents of different grain size and similar density. Structureless sediment filled the channel during the waning stages of the turbidity currents laden with fine sand. The adjacent levee sands were laminated. The massive character of the channel fills is attributed to rapid settling of suspension load and associated suppression of tractional transport. Sediment bypassing prevailed in fan channels composed of very fine sand and coarse silt, because channel floors remained fully exposed until the end of the experiments. Lobe deposits, formed by the fine sand‐laden, high‐density turbidity currents, contained massive sand in the central part grading to plane parallel‐laminated sand towards the fringes. The depletive flows produced a radial decrease in mean grain size in the lobe deposits of all fans. Vertical trends in grain size comprised inverse‐to‐normal grading in the levees and in the thickest part of the lobes, and normal grading in the channel and fringes of the fine sandy fans. The inverse grading is attributed to a process involving headward‐directed transport of relatively fine‐grained and low‐concentrated fluid at the level of the velocity maximum of the turbidity current. The normal grading is inferred to denote the waning stage of turbidity‐current transport.     

浑善达克沙地近50年来风沙活动的湖泊记录

干旱、半干旱地区湖泊沉积物能否有效地记录大气粉尘源区的风沙活动历史对理解沙尘暴发生的气候和环境背景具有重要的意义。对于位于内蒙古浑善达克沙地南缘的夏日淖(湖)近代沉积物进行 137Cs/210Pb定年和沉积学分析显示,碎屑沉积物具有两个明显的粒度组分,其一是与当地沙丘砂粒度分布相同的中细砂组分; 另一为与大气降尘粒度相似的粉砂组分,自1957年以来反映这两个粒度组分相对变化的中值粒径和>63μm砂的含量都具有显著的变化。与浑善达克地区和中国北方气象记录对比发现,沉积物中值粒径和>63μm砂的含量分别与沙尘暴和6m/s风速(或大风)发生频次呈正相关,与温度呈负相关; 最近50年来这些沉积和气候参数具有总体一致的变化。这样的事实说明,夏日淖沉积物主要由风力搬运沉积的,其粒度与风沙活动存在内在联系,粗粒沉积物增加是风沙活动加强的结果。因此,干旱、半干旱地区湖泊中风力搬运的沉积物粒度受风沙活动强度控制,可以成为重建过去风沙活动历史的重要标志。     

A modification of freeze-core technology for collecting granular fluvial sediment samples

The presence of coarse-grained sediment can potentially reduce the effectiveness of conventional sampling methods in recovering fluvial sediments. A modification to freeze-core technology was used to collect fine to coarse sands, silts, and clays in fluvial deposits that contain significant amounts of gravels, cobbles, and boulders for the purpose of characterizing the extent of heavy metal contamination. This modification uses either a 2.5 or 2.9 cm diameter by 30-cm- long finned mechanical or hand-driven samplers. The sediment is frozen to the outside of the sampler by injecting liquid CO₂ into the sampler. The fins protect the sample from coarse material upon removal. Field testing and laboratory testing of the method were completed to establish a methodology and assess possible cross contamination of the sediment layers during the driving of the sampler. The results indicated that this method is effective for recovering non-cohesive sediment samples at depths up to 6 m for the purpose of characterizing the extent of heavy metal contamination.