亚洲夏季风建立格局和南海季风爆发特征及其成因初探

使用１９８０￣１９８６年欧洲中期预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）格点资料和１９８０￣１９９２年日本地球静止气象卫星（ＧＭＳ）观测到的黑体辐射（ＴＢＢ）资料，分析了南海季风爆发和亚洲夏季风建立格局及其可能机制。发现亚洲夏季风建立征兆最早出现在中南半岛－南海地区，随后自该地区分别向西、向东扩展；中南半岛地区是东亚季风和印度季风的天然分界线，其两侧夏季风的建立特征和形成机制迥然不同。亚洲夏季风自东向西逐渐建立的格     

露点与温度露点差对降雹的指示意义

通过对永登防雹试验基地１９７１￣１９７８年６￣８月０９时６３４次无线电探空资料与地面实况、天气现象进行分类研究,发现露点零度的高度具有指示雹日的意义;３００￣６００ｈＰａ层间的Σ（Ｔ－Ｔｄ）ｉ和３００￣５００ｈＰａ间的Σ（Ｔ－Ｔｄ）ｉ具有指示降雹强弱的意义,为冰雹预报提供依据,具有实用意义。     

1993年7月2—6日皖南赣北致洪暴雨过程分析

用ＴＢＢ资料及物理量诊断分析１９９３年７月２￣６日皖南赣北致洪暴雨成因，揭示一种致洪暴雨常见天气系统的若干结构特点和ＴＢＢ场特征。     

非静力模式预报热带气旋路径个例试验

利用非静力模式（ＭＭ５Ｖ２）对９６１１号、９９０４号等北上热带气旋路径预报进行民试验。用松驰（Ｎｕｄｇｉｎｇ）四维同化方案和人造热带气旋（Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）技术,使独ｔ－１２时刻的模式场（包括第一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ）通过预积分逐步逼近ｔｏ时刻的Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ和同时刻的观测资料场庆１９９９年能够得到相隔６ｈ一次的ＡＴ１０６Ｌ１９预报场后,分别在ｔ－１２、ｔ－ａ６和ｔｏ时刻各制做一个Ｂｏｇｕｓ ＴＣ     

1998年盛夏嫩江、松花江流域暴雨过程中尺度雨团特征

采用地面逐时降水、静止卫星红外云图和云顶黑体温度（ＴＢＢ）等资料,分析了１９９８年８月上旬嫩江、松花江流域的两类不同中尺度雨团的云型和ＴＢＢ特征,揭示出中尺度雨团对应的中尺度云团发生、发展、移动及消亡的特征。     

南海夏季风爆发与海温和大气对流的低频变化

根据云顶黑体温度（ＴＢＢ）相位变化并参考西沙站海面温度（ＳＳＴ）状况确定了南海夏季风爆发时间,分析研究了与夏季风爆发时间和强度有关的ＴＢＢ和ＳＳＴ变化过程,结果表明：南海夏季风爆发平均时间是５月第４候,爆发的时间和强度有显著的年际变化,爆发期间的海气状况与大气的低频振荡密切相关。夏季风爆发早年（５月第２候）,大气对流活动较强,西南风较强,海温下降我年（６月第１候）情况则相反;它爆发的强度还与爆发期     

华北地区水资源多时间尺度分析

利用华北地区２６个站的１９５１￣１９９７年月降水量（Ｐ）和月平均气温（Ｔ）资料,用高浩一郎的蒸发计算公式计算了地面蒸发量（Ｅ）,并通过Ｍｏｒｌｅｔ小波变换法分析了华北地区的水资源各分量（Ｐ,Ｅ及可利用降水Ｐ－Ｅ）的时间－频率的多层次结构物突变特征。     

我国南方持续性暴雨成因的TBB场分析

运用ＧＭＳ红外云顶亮温（ＴＢＢ）,分析了１９９８年６月我国南方地区大范围持续性暴雨的成因。结果指出：它是由北方较强冷空气经华北一带源源不断南下,与较弱的西南季风在江南至华南一带汇合而形成,其中冷空气频繁南下是最主要原因;ＴＢＢ旬平均和距平场,定量而又直接地展示了产生强降水云系的强度、分布特征及其成因。     

华北地区水资源各分量的时空变化特征

地面实际蒸散发量及降水（Ｐ）是估算水资源各分量的两个重要物理量。本文利用１９５１￣１９９５年各年、月华北地区共２６个气象站的月降水（Ｐ）和月气温（Ｔ）观测资料,依据高浩一郎的陆央实际蒸散发经验公式,计算了华北地区地面蒸发（Ｅ）Ｔ 可利用的降水,即降水减蒸发（Ｐ－Ｅ）等水资源有关的主要物理量,从大气可提供的水部分初步分析了华北地区水的时间和区域变化特征。文中还用其它方法对地面实际蒸发量的估算结果,讨     

CHINA GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH BASELINE OBSERVATORY AND ITS MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

ＣＨＩＮＡＧＬＯＢＡＬＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＥＷＡＴＣＨＢＡＳＥＬＩＮＥＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＯＲＹＡＮＤＩＴＳＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＭＥＮＴＰＲＯＧＲＡＭＴａｎｇＪｉｅ（汤洁），ＷｅｎＹｕｐｕ（温玉璞），ＸｕＸｉａｏｂｉｎ（徐晓斌），ＺｈｅｎｇＸｉａｎｇｄｏｎｇ（郑...     

30—50天振荡动能演变及维持机制的诊断分析

本文采用带通滤波的方法,选取赤道附近(5°S—5°N,80—120°E)和中纬度区域(40—BO°N,140—180°E)的平均量作为研究对象,分析动能平衡方程各项的时间演变特征、季节平均的垂直分布特征以及各作用项与动能变化的可能联系。指出30—50天振荡动能的维持主要与平流作用和平均气流的正压相互作用有关,但其输送在赤道和中纬度地区恰好是反方向的。赤道地区是振荡的源,振荡从基本流中获得能量,同时通过平流作用向外输送,振荡动能对各项作用的响应为5—7天;中纬度地区是振荡的汇,向基本流中输送能量,动能变化对各项作用的响应为2—3天。      

Boreal winter rainfall anomaly over the tropical indo-pacific and its effect on northern hemisphere atmospheric circulation in CMIP5 models

Experimental outputs of 11 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project （AMIP） models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5） are analyzed to assess the atmospheric circulation anomaly over Northern Hemisphere induced by the anomalous rainfall over tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean during boreal winter.The analysis shows that the main features of the interannual variation of tropical rainfall anomalies,especially over the Central Pacific （CP） （5°S-5°N,175°E-135°W） and Indo-western Pacific （IWP） （20°S-20°N,110°-150°E） are well captured in all the CMIP5/AMIP models.For the IWP and western Indian Ocean （WIO） （10°S-10°N,45°-75°E）,the anomalous rainfall is weaker in the 11 CMIP5/AMIP models than in the observation.During El Ni（n）o/La Ni（n）a mature phases in boreal winter,consistent with observations,there are geopotential height anomalies known as the Pacific North American （PNA） pattern and Indo-western Pacific and East Asia （IWPEA） pattern in the upper troposphere,and the northwestern Pacific anticyclone （cyclone） （NWPA） in the lower troposphere in the models.Comparison between the models and observations shows that the ability to simulate the PNA and NWPA pattern depends on the ability to simulate the anomalous rainfall over the CP,while the ability to simulate the IWPEA pattern is related to the ability to simulate the rainfall anomaly in the IWP and WIO,as the SST anomaly is same in AMIP experiments.It is found that the tropical rainfall anomaly is important in modeling the impact of the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean on the extratropical atmospheric circulation anomaly.     

西太平洋热带地区大气能量收支分析——中美西太平洋海-气合作考察观测事实之二

依据1986年2月8—14日中美西太平洋海气合作考察资料,计算了西太平洋热带海域(140—160°E,18°N—14°S)内的大气能量收支。结果表明,该区域的能量是由外界向区域内输送的。在东、南、西、西北四个边界积上以能量输到为主,只有在东北边界上,以输出为主。该区内的能量输送是以平均输送为主,扰动输送的数量级较小。考察期间,该区域内大气有明显的增温现象。     

On the relationship between Arabian Sea warm pool and formation of onset vortex over east-central Arabian Sea

The interannual variability in the formation of mini warm pool (MWP, SST ≥ 30.5°C) and its impact on the formation of onset vortex (OV) over the east-central Arabian Sea (ECAS) are addressed by analyzing the NCEP OIV 2-weekly SST data and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis 850 hPa wind fields from May to June (prior to the onset of monsoon) over the north Indian Ocean for a period of 12 years from 1992 to 2003. Strong interannual variability in the formation and intensification of MWP was observed. Further, the 850 hPa wind fields showed that OV developed into an intense system only during 1994, 1998 and 2001. It formed in the region north of the MWP and on the northern flank of the low-level jet axis, which approached the southern tip of India just prior to the onset of monsoon, similar to the vortex of MONEX-79. The area-averaged zonal kinetic energy (ZKE) over the ECAS (8–15°N, 65–75°E) as well as over the western Arabian Sea (WAS, 5°S–20°N, 50–70°E) showed a minimum value of 5–15 m² s^?2 prior to monsoon onset over Kerala (MOK), whereas a maximum value of 280 m² s^?2 (40–70 m² s^?2) was observed over the ECAS (WAS) during and after MOK. The study further examined the plausible reasons for the occurrence of MWP and OV.     

热带500百帕动能的基本特征与季节变化——南、北半球的比较

本文利用1980—1988年30°S—30°N的风场资料,计算了逐日的平均动能,涡动动能及相互转换和波数域动能;并分析了南、北半球热带对流层中层动能的演变特征,季节调整规律,指出了热带与中高纬动能的差异。      

Precipitation chemistry and ozone and sulfate concentrations in the ocean atmosphere observed by multi-year cruising in East Asia and West Oceania (35°N–35°S, 100–135°E) in August and September

A comprehensive study on the chemistry of deposition and the concentration of tropospheric ozone and particulate sulfate in the ocean atmosphere was carried out for the data sets in 1990’s. It is important to study the atmospheric situation over the past years as well as the latest, especially in the East Asian region where emission amount of anthropogenic air pollutants have increased year by year due to rapid economic growth. The survey was conducted for 5 years in East Asia and West Oceania (35°N–35°S, 100–135°E) in August and September in 1990’s. The purpose of the survey was to study and understand the chemistry of deposition and the concentration of tropospheric ozone and particulate sulfate in the ocean atmosphere comprehensively in one project. Rainfall over the ocean was insufficiently neutralized. Gas and aerosol over the ocean were mature, i.e., well-mixed, during the period of the transportation. The characteristic latitudinal dependence was observed in the tropospheric ozone concentration, namely, higher in the southern hemisphere and lower in the northern hemisphere (approximately 25 ppb in the 10–40°S region and 5–15 ppb in the 20–40°N region). On the other hand, high concentrations of tropospheric ozone of over 30 ppb were observed in the northern hemisphere, which was attributable to the long-range transportation. The TSP concentration was approximately under the level of 40 μg m^?3 irrespectively of the latitude; in contrast, the nss-SO₄ ^2- concentration showed a clear latitudinal dependence, i.e., higher in the northern hemisphere and lower in the southern hemisphere. The background levels of the nss-SO₄ ^2- concentration were approximately 0.5 μg m^?3 in the 10–40°S region and 2–3 μg m^?3 and 4–5 μg m^?3 in the 0–20°N and 20–40°N regions, respectively.     

Observation research of the turbulent fluxes of momentum,sensible heat and latent heat over the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area

This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.     

Disparity in the characteristic of thunderstorms and associated lightning activities over dissimilar terrains

Thunderstorms and associated lightning flash activities are studied over two different locations in India with different terrain features. Lightning imaging sensor (LIS) data from 1998 to 2008 are analyzed during the pre-monsoon months (March, April and May). The eastern sector is designated as Sector A that represents a 2° × 2° square area enclosing Kolkata (22.65°N, 88.45°E) at the centre and covering Gangetic West Bengal, parts of Bihar and Orissa whereas the north-eastern sector designated as Sector B that also represents a 2° × 2° square area encircling Guwahati (26.10°N, 91.58°E) at the centre and covering Assam and foot hills of Himalaya of India. The stations Kolkata and Guwahati are selected for the present study from Sector A and Sector B, respectively, as these are the only stations over the selected areas having Radiosonde observatory. The result of the present study reveals that the characteristics of thunderstorms over the two locations are remarkably different. Lightning frequency is observed to be higher in Sector B than Sector A. The result further reveals that though the lightning frequency is less in Sector A, but the associated radiance is higher in Sector A than Sector B. It is also observed that the radiance increases linearly with convective available potential energy (CAPE) and their high correlation reveals that the lightning intensity can be estimated through the CAPE values. The sensitivity of lightning activity to CAPE is higher at the elevated station Guwahati (elevation 54 m) than Kolkata (elevation 6 m). Moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) data products are used to obtain aerosol optical depth and cloud top temperature and employed to find their responses on lightning radiance.     

Quasi-periodic, global oscillations in sea level pressure on intraseasonal timescales

The sea level pressure (SLP) variability in 30–60 day intraseasonal timescales is investigated using 25 years of reanalysis data addressing two issues. The first concerns the non-zero zonal mean component of SLP near the equator and its meridional connections, and the second concerns the fast eastward propagation (EP) speed of SLP compared to that of zonal wind. It is shown that the entire globe resonates with high amplitude wave activity during some periods which may last for few to several months, followed by lull periods of varying duration. SLP variations in the tropical belt are highly coherent from 25°S to 25°N, uncorrelated with variations in mid latitudes and again significantly correlated but with opposite phase around 60°S and 65°N. Near the equator (8°S–8°N), the zonal mean contributes significantly to the total variance in SLP, and after its removal, SLP shows a dominant zonal wavenumber one structure having a periodicity of 40 days and EP speeds comparable to that of zonal winds in the Indian Ocean. SLP from many of the atmospheric and coupled general circulation models show similar behaviour in the meridional direction although their propagation characteristics in the tropical belt differ widely.     

ERA40再分析资料揭示的北半球和东亚地区温带气旋生成频率变化

本文利用欧洲中心再分析数据ERA40的6小时间隔海平面气压场和一种改进的客观判定和追踪方法研究19582001年北半球和东亚地区温带气旋生成频率的气候态、年代际变化及可能原因。结果表明:(1)北半球温带气旋的源地主要位于北美东部(落基山下游地区)、西北大西洋地区、格陵兰至欧洲北部地区、蒙古地区和日本至西北太平洋地区。大洋的西岸和陡峭地形的背风坡有利于大气斜压性的增强和正涡度的发展,从而有利于地面气旋的形成。(2)年、冬季和春季30°～60°N气旋生成数目呈现减少的变化趋势,60°～90°N地区的气旋生成数呈增加的变化趋势。这在一定程度上支持了北半球风暴路径北移的观点。60°N以南和以北的温带气旋数目同北极涛动指数(AO)分别呈现负相关和正相关,这种相关性在年、春季和秋季最为显著。(3)1 958—2001年东亚地区的年气旋数目呈现明显的年代际变化。20世纪60年代至80年代中期40°～60°N、80°～140°E地区气旋数目呈增加趋势,而80年代中期之后温带气旋数目则锐减,主要原因是80年代以后该地区大气斜压性减弱,更高纬度地区的大气斜压性增强,从而导致了气旋源地的北移。在较低纬带的20°～40°N、110°～160°E地区气旋数目线性增加,这主要是由于位于40°～55°N的北太平洋风暴轴有向低纬度偏移的变化趋势造成的。