内核地球的自转运动和地球固定参考系的研究

本文研究了内核地球模型下的地球表面的旋转运动和地球形变场的复数矢量球函数表示,以及外壳固定参考架、地球参考系的理论定义和它们之间等价性的理论证明.同时给出了液体外核（FOC）、固体内核（SIC）和整体地球的转动惯量张量和角动量的具体表达式.在考虑到引潮力位对地球形变场的影响下,研究了地幔相对角动量的具体表述.本文的工作是对前人有关理论的扩展和改进,对进一步研究内核地球自转的动力学理论是非常重要的.     

A synthetic Earth gravity model based on a topographic-isostatic model

The Earth??s gravity field is related to the topographic potential in medium and higher degrees, which is isostatically compensated. Hence, the topographic-isostatic (TI) data are indispensable for extending an available Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) to higher degrees. Here we use TI harmonic coefficients to construct a Synthetic Earth Gravitational Model (SEGM) to extend the EGMs to higher degrees. To achieve a high-quality SEGM, a global geopotential model (EGM96) is used to describe the low degrees, whereas the medium and high degrees are obtained from the TI or topographic potential. This study differes from others in that it uses a new gravimetric-isostatic model for determining the TI potential. We test different alternatives based on TI or only topographic data to determine the SEGM. Although the topography is isostatically compensated only to about degree 40?C60, our study shows that using a compensation model improves the SEGM in comparison with using only topographic data for higher degree harmonics. This is because the TI data better adjust the applied Butterworth filter, which bridges the known EGM and the new high-degree potential field than the topographic data alone.     

How dissipation and selection of the Earth model on the quality of the Earth tidal prediction

The influence exerted by dissipation and mass correction when calculating the gravimetric ocean effect, as well as by selection of the Earth model, on the degree of closeness of the predicted parameter values of the Earth’s tidal parameters to the observed values computed by the network of superconducting gravimeters is estimated. The role of the latitude dependence of the loading delta factors and the applicability of the hybrid model of the latitude dependence of the amplitude delta factors for an elastic oceanless Earth is briefly discussed.     

A global experimental model for gravity tides of the Earth

The long-term, continuous and high-quality tidal gravity data, recorded with the superconducting gravimeters (SGs) at 19 stations in the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP), were simultaneously used to investigate the global pattern of the tidal gravity variations. The atmospheric effects were removed from the gravity observations by using the simultaneous pressure records at the stations. A total of six global co-tidal models were employed to remove the loading effects of oceanic tides. The resonance parameters of the Earth's free core nutation (FCN), as well as the spheroidal constant components in the gravimetric factors of waves O₁ and M₂, were accurately retrieved. As a result, a global experimental model for gravity tides (GEMGT) was developed, considering the nearly diurnal resonance and the latitude-dependence of the gravimetric amplitude factors. The final results indicate that the mean discrepancy of the four main tidal waves (i.e. O₁, K₁, M₂ and S₂) between the GEMGT and SG observations is less than 0.2% on average. The GEMGT is in good agreement with the theoretical models based on the inelastic non-hydrostatic equilibrium Earth models [Dehant, V., Defraigne, P., Wahr, J., 1999. Tides for a convective Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1035–1058; Mathews, P.M., 2001. Love numbers and gravimetric factor for diurnal tides. J. Geodetic Soc. Jpn. 46 (4), 231–236] with a mean discrepancy less than 0.15%. However, the GEMGT is in closer accordance with the theoretical model given by Mathews [Mathews, P.M., 2001. Love numbers and gravimetric factor for diurnal tides. J. Geodetic Soc. Jpn. 46 (4), 231–236] for the diurnal tides while it is in closer agreement with one obtained by Dehant et al. [Dehant, V., Defraigne, P., Wahr, J., 1999. Tides for a convective Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 1035–1058] for the semi-diurnal tides.     

球形地球模型的地震位错理论及其应用

地震位错理论是研究地震断层滑动与地球物理场变化之间关系的理论,是震源机制、地球内部构造、地震预测等基本地球物理问题与大地测量、地球物理观测数据之间的联系纽带。被广泛使用的半无限空间介质模型的位错理论,由于其几何模型的限制,在地震变形和地球动力学等应用研究中会导致一定程度的误差。此外,现代大地测量技术可以在全球和区域尺度上精确地观测地震变形,亟需一个适用于全球地震变形研究的地震位错理论。为此,本团队基于球形地球模型,经过多年系统性研究,建立了地震位错理论新体系。所构建的球形地球模型的地震位错理论,促进了全球地震变形和地球动力学变化的研究,是近年来地球物理学领域取得的重要理论进展之一。本文简要地介绍了国内球形地球模型地震位错理论的发展及其应用研究。首先,介绍了弹性球形地球模型、三维不均匀地球模型和黏弹地球模型的位错理论;其次,介绍球形地球模型的位错理论在地球动力学变化研究、断层与地下介质结构反演和地震大地测量学研究方面的相关应用;最后,对球形地球模型的位错理论的发展方向作出展望。     

M5 model tree based modelling of reference evapotranspiration

This paper investigates the potential of M5 model tree based regression approach to model daily reference evapotranspiration using climatic data of Davis station maintained by California irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS). Four inputs including solar radiation, average air temperature, average relative humidity, and average wind speed whereas reference evapotranspiration calculated using a relation provided by the CIMIS was used as output. To compare the performance of M5 model tree in predicting the reference evapotranspiration, FAO–56 Penman–Monteith equation and calibrated Hargreaves–Samani relation was used. A comparison of results suggests that M5 model tree approach works well in comparison to both FAO–56 and calibrated Hargreaves–Samani relations. To judge the generalization capability of M5 model tree approach, model created by using the Davis data set was tested with the datasets of four different sites. Results from this part of the study suggest that M5 model tree could successfully be employed in modeling the reference evapotranspiration. Further, sensitivity analysis with M5 model tree approach suggests the suitability of solar radiation, average air temperature, average relative humidity, and average wind speed as input parameters to model the reference evapotranspiration Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MHD evolutionary processes in the Earth’s model magnetic resonator

Specific features of the spatial-temporal dynamics of LF disturbances of the Earth’s magnetosphere have been analyzed by the method of numerical simulation of magnetic hydrodynamic equations taking into account plasma temperature variations. The effects related to the appearance of long-living magnetospheric jumps of density and temperature, MHD wave scattering on such inhomogeneities, Alfvén wave reflection from the near-Earth region, and magnetospheric plasma heating as a result of dissipative processes at a repeated propagation of MHD waves between magnetically conjugate regions have been considered. The problems of conformity of the discrete mathematical model with continuous equations of magnetic hydrodynamics are discussed.     

Non-singular expression for the gradient of the Earth gravitational potential in the local north-oriented ellipsoidal reference frame

In this contribution we continue our earlier research, concerning the ellipsoidal harmonic expansions of the Earth disturbing gravitational potential and its derivatives on an external reference ellipsoid confocal with respect to the normal ellipsoid and close to it. One of the results of the previous investigation is represented by a new expression for the derivative of the Jekeli’s Legendre function of the second kind, entering the ellipsoidal harmonics in the potential derivative. The derived expression depends on two Gauss hypergeometric functions which converge better than the hypergeometric functions of other authors. In the present paper we construct another expression for the derivative of the Jekeli’s Legendre function, depending on two alternative hypergeometric functions. While our earlier hypergeometric series in the expression for the derivative of this function converge better when the orders of the terms do not exceed a half of their degrees, the series constructed in the present paper converge more rapidly when the orders surpass a half of the degrees. We deduce an improved expression for the derivative of the Jekeli’s Legendre function by combining these results and then construct a corresponding new expression for the derivative of the disturbing potential. This expression is applied for constructing non-singular expressions for the components of the gradient of the potential in the local north-oriented ellipsoidal reference frame. The new expressions for these components have no these deficiencies and the expression for the potential gradient depends on very quickly convergent hypergeometric series.     

基于热点参考系的板块绝对运动模型

本文在最新一代板块相对运动模型（MORVEL模型）的基础上,通过最小二乘反演观测热点方向数据建立板块绝对运动模型.经过对前人用于约束板块绝对运动模型的所有热点数据与MORVEL模型的一致性作系统的统计学检验,发现存在离群数据.相应地,提出两种系统剔除离群数据的新方法：逐一剔除法和全局搜索法.结合对总残差的卡方检验和对残差频率分布的正态检验,逐步筛选最优模型,最终得到一个基于热点参考系的板块绝对运动新模型（T87模型）.该模型能够合理拟合全球分布的87个热点方向数据,而模型预测的板块绝对运动速率比观测热点火山的迁移速率系统偏小,最大偏差达到4 cm·a^-1.这样的偏差可由观测热点速率的系统误差或地幔返回流造成的热点间运动解释.不论是哪种解释成立,本文结果表明热点方向数据能够独立、有效地定义全球热点参考系.这样定义的热点参考系可方便地应用于板块绝对运动、地幔对流及真极移的研究.

     

An analytical model of seismic travel times for a spherically asymmetric Earth

Summary A general analytical model for travel times of seismic waves propagating in a radially asymmetric Earth, is suggested. It is represented by a series of irreducible spherical tensor products with bipolar spherical coefficients. The main term of the series describes the travel times in a radially symmetric Earth, the others represent corrections due to the spherical assymmetry. The method of least squares is suggested for determining the bipolar spherical coefficients from observed seismic travel times. Since the proposed theory assumes that the analytical representation is related to the reference earth, the corrections to the non-zero focal depth and non-zero sea-level height of the seismographic station must be introduced.

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Approximate solutions of the surface mass loading of a spherical Earth model

Summary Simple linear representation of the components of an approximate plane solution of point mass loading of the Earth's surface in a conveniently chosen coordinate system leads to selection of a 2nd-degree curve which is the best fit of the spherical solution for the given Earth model. The new approximate solution, which, analogously to the plane solution, can be called a parabolic solution, enables the simple input parameters of the plane solution to be used also for substantially larger angular distances. The comparison with the spherical solution is carried out by computing the effects of the M₂-wave of ocean tides. The results of the computations for the tidal station Brussels prove the two solutions to be in sufficient agreement for global problems as well.

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Shock compression of iron-silicon alloys with reference to the possible concentration of silicon in the Earth’s core

The results of shock wave studies of iron-silicon alloys are compared with data of static measurements. The possible representation of data and parameters of the equation of state in the form of interpolated dependences on the atomic fraction of the alloy components is examined. The data obtained are used to calculate the Hugoniot curves with different Si concentrations and are compared with the existing model ideas of the density distribution in the Earth’s outer core.     

Application of the theoretical reference ionosphere model for calculating HF-radiowave propagation characteristics

We study the possibilities of the Theoretical Ionosphere Model (TIM) developed at the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, for calculating the HF-radiowave propagation characteristics. The results of simulation based on the TIM are compared with calculations based on the IRI model and data from experimental observations. Analysis of the results of calculations for the maximum usable frequency (MUF) have shown that with the same input data (coordinates of the receipt and transmission points, the route length, date, and time), the differences in the calculated MUFs (using two different models supplying radio routes with ionospheric information) amount to ∼1% in the daytime and reach 10% at night.     

中层顶区域钾层静态模型的初步建立

以流星烧蚀为源, 大气沉降为汇, 并利用连续方程和涡旋扩散方程为动力学控制方程, 求解总含钾成分随高度的分布, 再根据各含钾成分之间闭合的化学反应, 计算每个高度处各含钾成分的浓度配比, 初步建立了一个钾层静态模型.本文详细的阐述了钾层静态模型的建立过程, 输入参数和模拟结果.此模型能够模拟出钾原子浓度随高度的分布, 并与北京激光雷达观测的钾原子浓度的夜间年平均曲线进行了对比.钾层峰值密度和质心高度的模拟值与观测值仅相差0.2%和0.7%, 但柱密度和RMS宽度的模拟值却比观测值明显偏小.模拟结果与观测并不完全一致, 其差别主要来自于钾层的下部.钾层静态模型的建立和不断完善为研究钾层的特性和演化规律提供了有力的支撑.

     

大庆台网地壳速度模型初步研究

采用两种方法，分别利用VSP测井资料确定沉积层的P、S波波速，利用牡丹江爆破观测资料确定黑龙江省及其邻区的地壳速度结构，再将两个结果综合起来，作为大庆台网的地壳速度模型，并与J-B走时表进行了比较。     

Preliminary model of nitrogen loads from southern bluefin tuna aquaculture

Farming of wild tuna in coastal areas is a relatively new aquaculture industry and little is known about the magnitude of nutrient discharges to the environment. In this work we present a preliminary model of nitrogen loads from southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) aquaculture in lower Spencer Gulf, South Australia. The model was developed based on feed inputs, estimates of fish metabolism and environmental data. Two pens were monitored over a full grow-out season to determine nitrogen sedimentation fluxes, remineralization at the sediment-water interface and accumulation in the sediments. The model suggests that the high metabolic rates of tuna lead to low retention of nitrogen in fish tissues (7-12% of feed inputs) and high environmental losses (260-502kg Ntonne(-1) growth). Considering Australian annual production of 4380tonnes over initial stocked biomass, total loads can reach 1137tonnes N per year, 86-92% lost as dissolved wastes. The nature of wastes suggests low localized impacts at current stocking densities and holding periods.     

A note on the calculation of travel times in a transversely isotropic Earth model

Some explicit formulae are presented for the calculation of travel times in transversely isotropic Earth models.     

基于新型能量插值法精确建立GRACE-only地球重力场模型

本文基于新型能量插值法,利用美国喷气推进实验室(JPL)公布的2008年的GRACE-Level-1B实测数据,反演了120阶GRACE地球重力场.首先,由于GPS轨道测量精度相对较低,通过将K波段测距仪高精度的星间距离观测量插值引入双星动能差中,进而建立了新型能量插值卫星观测方程.其次,详细对比分析了2点、4点、6点和8点能量插值观测方程对地球重力场反演精度的影响.研究结果表明:基于最优的信噪比,6点能量插值公式有利于提高120阶GRACE地球重力场的反演精度.最后,基于美国、欧洲和澳大利亚的GPS/水准观测数据检验了本文新建立的WHIGG-GEGM03S地球重力场模型的正确性和有效性.     

“活着”的地球

依据太阳光子辐射产生的光压理论,作者揭示出了自然界存在有如下两种自然现象:(1)揭示了日-地闻天然形成的能量(动量)相耦舍的"轧制"式和"摇摆"式物理机制及其存在的证据.阐明了包括地壳运动、地震和火山活动在内的地球内动力地质作用所需要的能源(力源)不是传统地质学所理解的仅来自于地球内部,而主要是来自于太阳.太阳与其系内行星之间不单是先前人们所理解的靠万有引力作用所维系的那种家族式的首领关系,而且也是靠太阳辐射的斥力作用形成的"母子"关系.地球自生成以来,主要是靠太阳光子的能量(动量)的"哺育"才"活"下来的,地球目前还生机勃勃地"活着".地球的自转与公转及赤、黄交角的存在,不是先前人们所理解的只具有行星运动几何学上的意义,它在日一地之间能量(动量)相耦合转换机制中还起着更为关键的作用,它是整个地球能有效地、连续不断地获得太阳辐射能量(动量)使其能"活"下去而必须具有的最为简单的天然条件.(2)揭示了自然界任一恒星系内部恒星与行星或星际物质间的斥力作用普遍存在.众所周知,太阳是一颗质量较小的恒星,在银河星云系中类似太阳的发光恒星大约就有4000亿颗,在宇宙更是不计其数.这说明宇宙中的任一恒星系内恒星与它系内的行星及星际物质(除暗物质外)之间的能量(动量)耦合与交换主要是靠光子来实现的.光予是宇宙中既普遍存在又具有特殊性能的一种物质.光子不带电,其电荷、电偶极矩和磁矩皆为零,它是一种稳定的粒子,其寿命为无限大.宇宙中任一恒星辐射出的光子可以对外任何可见物体起作用.光子对受体的作用方式是碰撞,它不但把自身的能量传递给受体,还把自身的动量(以光压斥力的形式)传递给受体,其斥力方向与恒星与受体之间的引力方向恰恰相反,以阻止行星或星际物质在万有引力作用下向恒星内部凝聚,保持恒星系基本空间构架的相对稳定.由此推知,宇宙中物质之间的(光)斥力作用是普遍存在的,它与万有引力作用构成了相互依存的两个对立面,它们之闻的对立与统一构成了和谐一致的自然界.日一地间天然形成的能量(动量)相耦合的"轧制"式和"摇摆"式物理机制的发现与证实,为自然界星际(恒星与行星)尺度间的斥力作用普遍存在提供了有力的证据.这是自牛顿发现万有引力之后,首次对宇宙中星际间存在的"反引力"作用这一宏观自然现象的揭示.