A nonlinear microseismic source location method based on Simplex method and its residual analysis

Source location is one of the most valuable features of the microseismic technique due to its ability to delineate the unstable areas. In this paper, the precise formulas of the station residual and event residual are derived for the L1 norm statistical standard and the L2 norm statistical standard based on the residual analysis. Then, the error space for microseismic source location is proposed and analyzed. Based on the above research, a nonlinear microseismic source location method using the Simplex method is developed. This new method can search the microseismic source directly in the error space through four deformations of the simplex figures, and it is able to make use of both P-wave and S-wave velocities. Finally, the performance of the Simplex microseismic source location method is tested and verified by laboratory experiments. Test results show that the Simplex microseismic source location method can improve the accuracy and stability of the source location greatly when P-wave and S-wave velocities are involved simultaneously and correctly. The results also demonstrate that the L1 norm statistical standard always provides more accurate and reliable solutions than the L2 norm statistical standard when there are some major but isolated errors in the input data. However, none of the optimization methods are able to function when the errors in the input data are systematic and extreme, which indicates that an early detection and correction of these errors is of primary importance for microseismic source location.     

Two types of multiple solutions for microseismic source location based on arrival-time-difference approach

The arrival-time-difference approach is the dominant source location approach used in the microseismic source location area. Multiple solutions problem is one of the major concerns in microseismic source location, which is closely related to the microseismic network. This paper categorizes the multiple solutions into two types based on the origin times when using the arrival-time-difference approach. Type I multiple solutions are those which have the same origin time; type II multiple solutions are those with different origin times. The sufficient and necessary conditions to produce type I multiple solutions are that all sensors are located in a straight line for two-dimensional cases and on a plane for three-dimensional cases. The sufficient and necessary conditions to produce type II multiple solutions are that all sensors are located on a hyperbola for two-dimensional cases and on a hyperboloid for three-dimensional cases. Furthermore, the proofs indicate that type I multiple solutions are preventable, while a microseismic network consisting of the minimum number of sensors can never be free of type II multiple solutions. It means, besides the minimum number of sensors, at least one more sensor which is not on this hyperbola or hyperboloid is needed to uniquely determine a source. The results from field tests and applications indicate that when the sensors of a network lie on a hyperbola, the type II multiple solutions may not be the necessary outcome under the influence of errors in real data. However, the accuracy of the microseismic source location is affected significantly by this kind of networks. The results also show that not only the multiple solutions problem can be avoided effectively, but more importantly, the accuracy of the source location will be greatly improved by the optimization of network based on the characteristics of the microseismic network and field conditions.     

微地震震源定位中目标函数的研究与应用

针对常规微地震震源定位中走时目标函数的多解性问题,基于三分量微地震数据,建立了联合走时和三分量微震数据方位信息的矢量目标函数,把矢量目标函数运用于Geiger定位方法中,得到了改进的Geiger定位法。模型数据测试表明:该方法对震源的方位信息敏感,定位精度更高。      

微震震源定位新方法——混合差定位法

当微地震事件个数较多时,传统双差定位算法的数据存储量和计算量巨大,难以适应微震震源的定位。提出一种新的微震震源定位算法——混合差定位法。这种算法综合了双差定位算法和Geiger定位法的优点,不仅数据的存储量和计算量大大减小,且与双差定位相比,其定位结果不受初始震源丛的质心位置的影响。模型数据和实际微地震数据测试结果验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。      

基于波形参数的微震P波到时拾取值质量控制方法

微震事件中常常包含一些异常信号、强噪声干扰信号和弱信号,这些通道信号的P波到时自动拾取精度往往很低,甚至拾取错误。目前国内外微震监测系统进行自动定位时,并不对各个P波到时拾取值预先筛选,而需要技术人员手动剔除或修正部分无效P波到时,然后才能进行正确定位。为此,首先引入了一种Akaike信息准则（AIC）两步骤拾取算法,并基于某深埋隧道微震监测案例定量分析了P波到时拾取误差与震源定位精度之间的关系,从而引入了P波到时拾取值容许误差的概念。然后,利用AIC两步骤拾取算法拾取微震波形的P波到时,并计算各项波形参数,进行大量统计,深入研究了影响P波到时拾取精度的波形参数。以容许误差为基准,将P波到时拾取值分为有效（标签为1）和无效（标签为?1）两类,并以相应的波形参数为数据输入,采用支持向量机方法（SVM）训练数据,最终建立了P波到时拾取值质量控制模型。实际应用表明：P波到时拾取值质量控制方法能有效剔除错误拾取值,从而大幅度提高数据自动处理效率和震源定位精度。     

基于差分进化算法的微震定位

针对传统基于走时微震定位方法存在的定位精度依赖于走时精度问题,提出了改进定位目标函数的差分进化微震定位方法。基于传统微震P波走时定位方法,在定位目标函数中加入了误差加权系数,通过降低初至拾取精度低的微震信号道对定位误差的影响,减弱了初至拾取精度对微震定位的影响;利用差分进化算法,通过种群初始化、变异、交叉和选择等操作,求解改进的微震定位目标函数,实现微震定位;对模型数据和实测数据进行试处理,结果表明:改进的目标函数能明显降低误差较大分量对总误差的贡献;提出的改进定位目标函数的差分进化微震定位方法,在部分微震信号道走时拾取误差较大甚至错误的情况下,能很大程度减弱拾取误差对定位精度的影响,可以获得较好的定位结果。      

基于快速行进迎风线性插值的微震定位算法研究

准确的微震定位方法是微震监测技术进行岩体稳定性分析的基础,而初至波走时计算方法是决定微震定位精度重要因素之一。引入一种由快速行进法(fast marching methods, FMM)与线性插值射线追踪法(LTI ray tracing)改进而来的线性插值算法,实现了在复杂岩体中相对准确的微震初至走时计算,并在均一速度模型和Marmousi模型中得到了验证。在此基础上,采用常微分方程数值算法中的单步高精度Runge-Kutta法,得到了震源点和传感器之间的射线路径,并在分层和带空洞的岩体模型中验证了其合理性。选取最小二乘法为目标函数,通过寻找目标函数值最小的方式来获得最优节点实现微震定位。在所建立的加入地下硐室的Marmousi岩体模型中,对于预设震源点的定位结果误差分别为1.41、1.00、2.83、1.41、1.41m,验证了所提方法在复杂岩体速度模型中能够实现较准确的微震定位,为进一步提高工程岩体的微震定位精度提供了新思路。     

含采空区层状岩体微震信号传播规律试验研究

微震信号在层状岩体中传播规律的研究对于实现震源准确定位具有重要的现实意义。在天然岩体中,微震信号在岩层中传播的速度,不仅受其内部因素即岩石自身物理性质的影响,还受外部因素如地质结构面、断层及采空区等条件的影响。通过室内试验的方法对微震信号在不同岩层及采空区处的传播规律进行研究。结果表明：波速随着传播距离的增加而逐渐衰减,且岩层密度越大衰减越慢;穿过的结构面数量越多,微震信号传播速度衰减比例越大;能量的衰减与波速的衰减一致。采空区断面横截面积越大,微震信号通过的用时越长;采空区周围岩石密度、弹性模量等物理性质的数值越大,微震信号通过时衰减越少。边际谱分析结果表明：断层对频率高的微震信号阻碍作用更强。     

岩体破裂尺度与频率特征关系及其工程实证研究

将S变换时频分析技术引入微震信号波形分析领域,通过震源破裂尺度,研究微震信号频率特征与岩体变形破坏之间的联系。以西南地区3个水电工程作为研究对象,将大量微震监测数据作为统计样本以减小外部因素对参数计算的影响。在该基础上统计、分析岩体破裂尺度与微震信号频率之间的关系,结合大渡河猴子岩水电站地下厂房微震与多点位移计监测资料进行工程实证研究。研究结果表明,当岩体破裂尺度增大时微震信号高频成分减少,表现出低频特征;在围岩变形过程中微震信号高频成分呈现出先减少再增加的演化规律,围岩发生明显变形前微震信号出现由高频向低频转移的现象,因此,可将聚集区域内微震信号频率降低作为该区域岩体宏观变形破坏的前兆信息。研究结果可为基于微震监测的岩体工程稳定性分析及其灾害预测预报提供参考。     

The Dynamic Evaluation of Rock Slope Stability Considering the Effects of Microseismic Damage

A state-of-the-art microseismic monitoring system has been implemented at the left bank slope of the Jinping first stage hydropower station since June 2009. The main objectives are to ensure slope safety under continuous excavation at the left slope, and, very recently, the safety of the concrete arch dam. The safety of the excavated slope is investigated through the development of fast and accurate real-time event location techniques aimed at assessing the evolution and migration of the seismic activity, as well as through the development of prediction capabilities for rock slope instability. Myriads of seismic events at the slope have been recorded by the microseismic monitoring system. Regions of damaged rock mass have been identified and delineated on the basis of the tempo-spatial distribution analysis of microseismic activity during the periods of excavation and consolidation grouting. However, how to effectively utilize the abundant microseismic data in order to quantify the stability of the slope remains a challenge. In this paper, a rock mass damage evolutional model based on microseismic data is proposed, combined with a 3D finite element method (FEM) model for feedback analysis of the left bank slope stability. The model elements with microseismic damage are interrogated and the deteriorated mechanical parameters determined accordingly. The relationship between microseismic activities induced by rock mass damage during slope instability, strength degradation, and dynamic instability of the slope are explored, and the slope stability is quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that a constitutive relation considering microseismic damage is concordant with the simulation results and the influence of rock mass damage can be allowed for its feedback analysis of 3D slope stability. In addition, the safety coefficient of the rock slope considering microseismic damage is reduced by a value of 0.11, in comparison to the virgin rock slope model. Our results demonstrate that microseismic activity induced by construction disturbance only slightly affects the stability of the slope. The proposed feedback analysis technique provides a novel method for dynamically assessing rock slope stability and can be used to assess the slope stability of other similar rock slopes.     

微地震震源定位方法综述

微地震震源定位方法是微地震监测领域的一项核心技术,而考量微地震技术应用效果好坏的准则在于震源定位方法的精确程度。针对非常规油气开发过程中微地震震源定位方法的应用,本文对微地震震源定位方法进行阐述。其中：几何作图法具有稳健、效率高的优势,但震源位置较深时定位精度较低;线性定位法无需速度模型精度,但对初至拾取的精度有较大影响;非线性定位法对初至拾取较为敏感,对速度模型的精度要求较高,但计算量较小;混合优化定位法在一定程度上提高了定位的精度和效率,但在低信噪比、速度模型精度较低时优势不明显;基于波形偏移的定位方法无需考虑初至拾取的精度,但计算量较大;基于神经网络的定位方法采用训练网络进行训练,定位精度高,误差小。同时,本文还介绍了多方法多参数信息融合技术在油气藏微震震源定位中的应用。     

Downhole Microseismic Source Location Based on a Multi-Dimensional DIRECT Algorithm for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoir Exploration

Downhole microseismic data has the significant advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio and well-developed P and S waves and the core component of microseismic monitoring is microseismic event location associated with hydraulic fracturing in a relatively high confidence level and accuracy. In this study, we present a multidimensional DIRECT inversion method for microseismic locations and applicability tests over modeling data based on a downhole microseismic monitoring system. Synthetic tests inidcate that the objective function of locations can be defined as a multi-dimensional matrix space by employing the global optimization DIRECT algorithm, because it can be run without the initial value and objective function derivation, and the discretely scattered objective points lead to an expeditious contraction of objective functions in each dimension. This study shows that the DIRECT algorithm can be extensively applied in real downhole microseismic monitoring data from hydraulic fracturing completions. Therefore, the methodology, based on a multidimensional DIRECT algorithm, can provide significant high accuracy and convergent efficiency as well as robust computation for interpretable spatiotemporal microseismic evolution, which is more suitable for real-time processing of a large amount of downhole microseismic monitoring data.     

基于稳健模拟退火-单纯形混合算法的微震定位研究

为提高矿井微震的定位精度,通过模拟试验对比分析常规定位及新方法在定位求解中的适用范围及优缺点,研究反演未知变量数目、检波器的密度、波速等对各自定位方法的影响。基于单纯形法的优点,并结合模拟退火法的全局收敛性,提出采用稳健的模拟退火-单纯形法进行微震定位。研究发现,该方法不必直接搜索发震时刻,只需通过稳健方法预先估算,利用较少的检波器就可进行微震定位,且基本不受初始波速影响,从而大大减少搜索步数,有效地提高定位精度及收敛速度。以柿竹园矿人工爆破定位测试试验为例,重点分析比较模拟退火-单纯形法、稳健模拟退火-单纯形法及其他定位方法的空间绝对距离及目标函数误差,认为检波器数量较多且可获得理想的P波信息时,应用非线性最小二乘法能求出可信的结果;其余定位方法的三维定位误差及目标函数误差相差不大,但稳健模拟退火-单纯形法目标函数误差最小,稳定性最高,可在矿井微震定位中推广使用。     

Lithospheric studies based on array analysis of P-coda and microseisms

A simple coherence measure—the semblance coefficient—has been used to sample the lithosphere beneath the NORSAR array in terms of its ability to produce coherent seismic energy. The data set is comprised of two samples of teleseismic P-coda waves (south of Honshu and Hindu-Kush events) and two samples of microseismic noise data with duration of about one hour each.Concerning the constitution of the earth structure there are two possibilities for coherent energy to be present in noise-like wavefields. The first is tied to scattering effects and the second may be brought about by seismic emission effects. The emissive component represents the seismic response of the medium to variations in the background stress field which may arise from various sources: passing seismic waves (body or surface), free oscillations of the Earth, tides, an abnormal level of heat flow, or geodynamic processes in general.The presence of a well known source of seismic signal—Hunderfossen dam—in the vicinity of NORSAR area provided an opportunity to test the data processing algorithm. Results obtained for two independent microseismic data samples point to the same location in close vicinity to the dam.For P-coda data the signal energy from the upper mantle areas, as indicated by the maximum of semblance measure values at the depth around 116 km, reaches about 3.8% and 5% of the total P-coda energy for Honshu and Hindu-Kush events, respectively. For microseismic noise data this value is about 1% at a depth around 100 km. Comparison with the results of holographic studies supports the assumption that, in the case of microseismic data, the detected signal energy is of emissive nature, while for P-coda data we need more coda samples to make a sound judgement about the nature (scattering or emission) of the detected signals.     

蓄水期坝肩岩质边坡微震活动性及其时频特性研究

以锦屏一级水电站左岸坝肩边坡微震监测数据为基础,研究蓄水期微震活动性规律,利用S变换（ST）对波形进行分解,并将其应用于左岸坝肩边坡蓄水期与施工期的微震波形处理,以研究其岩石微破裂信号的时频特性。研究表明,(1) 微震活动性与地质构造及蓄水活动密切相关,与施工期相比,蓄水期坝肩边坡岩体趋于稳定状态;(2) S变换综合了短时傅里叶变换（STFT）与小波变换（WT）的优点,其在微震等非平稳信号的时频分析中具有独特的优势;(3) 时频特性与波形特征相比更加稳定,基于S变换的微震波形分解能较好的揭示波形中包含的震源破坏信息;(4) 与施工期相比,左岸坝肩边坡岩石微破裂信号在蓄水期频率升高,持续时间减小,单震型微震事件比例增大,主要是由于在蓄水期左岸坝肩边坡岩体整体性和强度提高,岩体趋于稳定,从而使微震信号表现出不同的时频特征。微震时频参数可以反映岩体的内部微破裂信息,并为其稳定性分析提供参考。     

微地震事件不同初至拾取方法的对比分析

微地震事件初至的精确拾取是微震时空定位的关键技术之一。简述了STA/LTA (Short–Term to Long–Term Average)、AIC (Akaike Information Criteria)、分形维数3种微地震初至拾取方法的基本原理;采用理论模型数据对不同初至拾取方法进行了方法测试效果分析;并选取不同信噪比的实际数据对初至拾取精度、算法效率两个方面进行了比较。结果显示:高信噪比时,3种方法初至拾取的精度都比较高;在信噪比降低时,分形维数法初至拾取的精度仍然较高,具有较好的抗噪性;但是,分形维数法的效率较低,且受算法原理限制,并且与AIC法很难单独拾取事件初至。因此,采用STA/LTA识别微地震事件,初步确定初至范围,然后再使用AIC方法精确拾取初至,是微地震事件初至拾取的较好方法。      

振幅叠加的井地联合微地震监测技术研究

微地震地面监测主要缺陷在于垂向定位分辨率不足,而井下监测则存在横向定位分辨率较低问题。针对这些问题,通过井中-地面联合监测的方法提高微地震定位可信度,并结合振幅叠加方法对地面噪声进行压制。模拟三维地震数据的反演实验证明该方法的可行性,反演得到的震源位置与模拟震源点位置一致。以山西宁武盆地一次水力压裂监测为例,证明笔者所提出的方法在实际应用中具有可行性。     

基于引力搜索法的隧道围岩微震定位研究

针对目前深埋隧道围岩微震源定位难且精度不高等问题,采用启发式算法——引力搜索法（GSA）对隧道围岩微震源位置进行搜索,并将该算法与粒子群算法和单纯形法的搜索结果进行对比。发现在双速度模型和三速度模型下,引力搜索法相较于粒子群算法和单纯形法,都具有快速收敛、精度较高的优点,且与震源位置的距离能够控制在10 m以内。对双速度模型,引力搜索法的精度相对于单纯形法提高了83.71%,相对于粒子群算法提高了7.77%。对三速度模型,引力搜索法的精度相对于单纯形法提高了70.67%,相对于粒子群算法提高了39.36%。可见,该方法为深埋隧道微围岩震源定位提供了一种新思路。     

利用P波S波相结合的逆时偏移方法监测微地震群

微地震定位是油气资源开采中评估水力压裂质量和评估矿山地震和水库地震安全的重要手段。但是,采用地震震相 到时定位的方法很难对具有相近到时的微地震事件群精确定位地震。本文尝试用P波和S波结合的逆时偏移方法对具有相 近到时的微地震定位。先用绝对振幅记录做逆时偏移,获得P波和S波以及P波与S波结合的综合波场,再采用波前在震源 位置成像前后的汇聚到散射的转换过程作为成像条件,提取震源位置和发震时刻。用数值模拟生成具有相近到时的微地震 群,然后用该方法定位微地震。结果表明该方法可以有效提取各个震源位置和发震时刻。